1
|
Garcia de Carvalho G, Maquera-Huacho PM, Silva Pontes C, Annunzio SRD, Fontana Mendonça CR, Nara de Souza Rastelli A, de Oliveira KT, Teughels W, Chorilli M, Leal Zandim-Barcelos D, Palomari Spolidorio DM. Chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion enhances photodynamic therapy against multi-species biofilms related to periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103725. [PMID: 37500031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In our previous studies, Chlorin-e6 (Ce6) demonstrated a significant reduction of microorganisms' viability against multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis while irradiated with blue light. However, the conjugation of Ce6 and antimicrobial peptides, and the incorporation of this photosensitizer in a nanocarrier, is still poorly explored. We hypothesized that chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion could inhibit a multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis during photodynamic therapy (PDT), the pre-treatment with hydrogen peroxide was also tested. The nanoemulsion (NE) incorporated with Ce6 was characterized regarding the physiochemical parameters. Images were obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Later, the Ce6 and LL-37 incorporated in NE was submitted to UV-Vis analysis and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay. Finally, the combined formulation (Ce6+LL-37 in nanoemulsion) was tested against multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis. The formed nanoformulation was kinetically stable, optically transparent with a relatively small droplet diameter (134.2 unloaded and 146.9 loaded), and weak light scattering. The NE system did not impact the standard UV-VIS spectra of Ce6, and the ROS production was improved while Ce6 was incorporated in the NE. The combination of Ce6 and LL-37 in NE was effective to reduce the viability of all bacteria tested. The treatment with hydrogen peroxide previous to PDT significantly impacted bacterial viability. The current aPDT regimen was the best already tested against periodontal biofilm by our research team. Our results suggest that this combined protocol must be exploited for clinical applications in localized infections such as periodontal disease. - Nanoemulsion demonstrated to be an excellent nanocarrier for photodynamic application. - Chlorin-e6 incorporated in nanoemulsion showed great physicochemical and biophotonic parameters. - The combination of chlorin-e6 and LL-37 peptide in nanoemulsion is effective to eliminate periodontal pathogenic bacteria. - The treatment with hydrogen peroxide previous to PDT significantly impacted bacterial viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Silva Pontes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, International School of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh M, Rehman A, Hassan N, Anfey Faheem A, Das A, Rahman M, Ansari MJ, Sharma N, Dudeja M, Aqil M, Mirza MA, Iqbal Z. Exploration of a W/O Nanoemulsion for Antibiofilm Activity against Cariogenic Enterococcus faecalis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2871-2879. [PMID: 36713714 PMCID: PMC9878626 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A ciprofloxacin-loaded water-in-oil nanoemulsion (CPX-NE) was prepared and evaluated for the antimicrobial effect against oral biofilms produced by Enterococcus faecalis. CPX-NE was prepared by ultrasonication using functional excipients oleic acid (oil phase), Span 80 (surfactant), and Transcutol P (cosurfactant). Rheological parameters (viscosity = 20 ± 1.24 cp) confirmed optimum values for CPX-NE, a pH of 6.5 ± 0.23 suggested the simulation of CPX-NE with the pH of the mouth cavity, refractive index (1.46 ± 0.22), and % transmittance (92.34 ± 0.02) indicated the isotropic nature of the NE. The droplet size (72.19 ± 1.68 nm), polydispersity index (0.142 ± 0.02), and ζ potential (-28 mV) demonstrated a narrow size distribution and electrostatically stabilized NE. The morphology of the optimized formulation showed uniform spherical nanodroplets, as seen in fluorescence microscopy. In vitro drug release showed an initial burst effect followed by sustained release for 48 h, following Fick's diffusion. The minimum biofilm inhibitory and eradication concentration (MBIC/MBEC) was determined to compare CPX-NE with ciprofloxacin plain drug solution (CPX-PS) for their efficacy. CPX-NE demonstrated a significant inhibitory and eradication effect compared to CPX-PS. It was concluded that the developed CPX-NE has effective antibiofilm activity against E. faecalis and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of dental caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manvi Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram122505, India
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| | - Nazia Hassan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| | - Abdul Anfey Faheem
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| | - Ayan Das
- Department
of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science and Research
(HIMSR), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| | - MohammadAkhlaquer Rahman
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj16273, Saudia Arabia
| | - Nilima Sharma
- Department
of Dentistry, HIMSR & HakimAbdul Hamid (HAH) Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| | - Mridu Dudeja
- Department
of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science and Research
(HIMSR), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| | - Mohd. Aamir Mirza
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi110062, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Souza TH, Sarmento-Neto JF, Souza SO, Raposo BL, Silva BP, Borges CP, Santos BS, Cabral Filho PE, Rebouças JS, Fontes A. Advances on antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation mediated by Zn(II) porphyrins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
4
|
Vital-Fujii DG, Baptista MS. Progress in the photodynamic therapy treatment of Leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e11570. [PMID: 34730683 PMCID: PMC8555448 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious and endemic infectious disease that has been reported in more than 90 countries and territories. The classical treatment presents a series of problems ranging from difficulty in administration, development of resistance, and a series of side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has already shown great potential for use as a treatment for leishmaniasis that is effective and non-invasive, with very minor side effects. PDT can also be inexpensive and easy to administer. In this review, we will report the most recent developments in the field, starting with the chemical diversity of photosensitizers, highlighting important mechanistic aspects, and noting information that may assist in designing and developing new and promising photosensitizer molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Vital-Fujii
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stefanov SR, Andonova VY. Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Advances in the Treatment of Skin Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1083. [PMID: 34832865 PMCID: PMC8619682 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional role of the human skin is well known. It acts as a sensory and immune organ that protects the human body from harmful environmental impacts such as chemical, mechanical, and physical threats, reduces UV radiation effects, prevents moisture loss, and helps thermoregulation. In this regard, skin disorders related to skin integrity require adequate treatment. Lipid nanoparticles (LN) are recognized as promising drug delivery systems (DDS) in treating skin disorders. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) together with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) exhibit excellent tolerability as these are produced from physiological and biodegradable lipids. Moreover, LN applied to the skin can improve stability, drug targeting, occlusion, penetration enhancement, and increased skin hydration compared with other drug nanocarriers. Furthermore, the features of LN can be enhanced by inclusion in suitable bases such as creams, ointments, gels (i.e., hydrogel, emulgel, bigel), lotions, etc. This review focuses on recent developments in lipid nanoparticle systems and their application to treating skin diseases. We point out and consider the reasons for their creation, pay attention to their advantages and disadvantages, list the main production techniques for obtaining them, and examine the place assigned to them in solving the problems caused by skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan R. Stefanov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cationic zinc (II) phthalocyanine nanoemulsions for photodynamic inactivation of resistant bacterial strains. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102301. [PMID: 33894372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing emergence of microbial resistance to antibiotics represents a worldwide challenge. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) has been introduced as an alternative technique, especially when combined with nanotechnology. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the therapeutic merits of combined aPDI and nanoemulsion in infections caused by resistant bacterial strains. METHODS Cationic zinc (II) phthalocyanine nanoemulsions (ZnPc-NE) were prepared using isopropyl myristate (IPM) as oil phase, egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) as emulsifier, and N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Nanoemulsions were characterized for particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, viscosity, and skin deposition. The in-vitro aPDI was investigated on human resistant pathogens; gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and gram-negative Multidrug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli), under different experimental conditions. In addition, in-vivo model of abrasion wound infected by MDR E. coli was induced in rats to investigate the therapeutic potential of the selected formulation. RESULTS It was evident that the selected ZnPc formulation (20 % IPM, 2 % egg PC and 0.5 % CTAB) displayed a particle size of 209.9 nm, zeta potential +73.1 mV, and 23.66 % deposition of ZnPc in skin layers. Furthermore, the selected formulation combined with light achieved almost 100 % eradication of the two bacterial strains, with superior bacterial load reduction and wound healing propertiesin-vivo, compared to either the nanoemulsion formulation or laser alone. CONCLUSION ZnPc nanoemulsion improved antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in inactivating resistant bacterial infections and provided a promising therapeutic means of treating serious infections, and hence could be applied in diseases caused by other bacterial strains.
Collapse
|
7
|
Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Dermal and Transdermal Applications. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of the skin, protects the body against environmental hazards and presents a highly selective barrier for the passage of drugs and cosmetic products deeper into the skin and across the skin. Nanomaterials can effectively increase the permeation of active molecules across the stratum corneum and enable their penetration into deeper skin layers, often by interacting with the skin and creating the distinct sites with elevated local concentration, acting as reservoirs. The flux of the molecules from these reservoirs can be either limited to the underlying skin layers (for topical drug and cosmeceutical delivery) or extended across all the sublayers of the epidermis to the blood vessels of the dermis (for transdermal delivery). The type of the nanocarrier and the physicochemical nature of the active substance are among the factors that determine the final skin permeation pattern and the stability of the penetrant in the cutaneous environment. The most widely employed types of nanomaterials for dermal and transdermal applications include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanovesicular carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles. The recent advances in the area of nanomaterial-assisted dermal and transdermal delivery are highlighted in this review.
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva A, Costa A, Jain S, Coelho E, Fujiwara R, Scher R, Nunes R, Dolabella S. Application of Poloxamers for the Development of Drug Delivery System to Treat Leishmaniasis: A Review. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:296-309. [PMID: 33155921 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201106145022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting more than 1.5 million people annually, with an annual mortality of over 20.000. The drugs used for its treatment are toxic, expensive, require extended treatment times and present variable efficacy. The disease severity and therapy limitations suggest the need for new antileishmanial agents. In this context, in order to identify new options for treatment, a number of studies based on nanotechnological strategies have been carried out. Poloxamers are triblock copolymers very often utilized for nanotherapeutic solutions, resulting in products with better solubility, higher stability, superior therapeutic efficacy and less toxicity. This review will discuss the physicochemical properties of the copolymers, as well as describe the use of poloxamers for the development of therapeutic formulations to treat leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Silva
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Amanda Costa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Sona Jain
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biotecnologia Industrial, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Coelho
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Scher
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rogéria Nunes
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Silvio Dolabella
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pinto JG, Marcolino LM, Ferreira-Strixino J. Photodynamic activity of Photogem ® in Leishmania promastigotes and infected macrophages. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:95-106. [PMID: 33459574 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Photogem® in promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania major, and in infected macrophages. Materials & methods: The following parameters were analyzed: Photogem® internalization, mitochondrial activity, viability, tubulin marking and morphological alterations in promastigotes and viability in infected macrophages. Results: Photogem® accumulated in the cytosol and adhered to the flagellum. Changes were observed in the mitochondrial activity in groups maintained in the dark, with no viability alteration. After PDT, viability decreased up to 80%, and morphology was affected. Conclusion: The results point out that PDT with Photogem® can reduce parasite and macrophage viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana G Pinto
- Photobiology Applied to Health, Research & Development Institute, Univap Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mc Marcolino
- Photobiology Applied to Health, Research & Development Institute, Univap Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Photobiology Applied to Health, Research & Development Institute, Univap Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leal Pinto SM, Muehlmann LA, Ojeda LLM, Vera Arias AM, Cordero MVR, Santos MDFMA, Azevedo RB, Rivero PE. Nanoemulsions with Chloroaluminium Phthalocyanine and Paromomycin for Combined Photodynamic and Antibiotic Therapy for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Infect Chemother 2021; 53:342-354. [PMID: 34216127 PMCID: PMC8258284 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2021.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) and paromomycin sulfate (PM) can be effective against New World Leishmania species involved in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The aim of this study is to assay the skin permeation and the antileishmanial effects of a nanoemulsion (NE) containing both ClAlPc and PM in experimental CL by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cremophor ELP/castor oil-based NEs were prepared by a low-energy method and characterized for their physicochemical parameters. The NEs were used to deliver both ClAlPc and PM to leishmania cells. The in vitro toxicity of NEs were tested in vitro against L. (V.) braziliensis and THP-1 cells. The in vivo toxicity was assessed in non-infected BALB/c mice. Ex-vivo permeation and retention studies using healthy mice skin were also conducted. Finally, the in vivo activity of NE-PM+ClAlPc after PDT was tested in BALB/c mice infected with parasites. RESULTS NEs are colloidally stable with average droplet diameter of 30 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) below 0.2, and zeta potential near zero. Both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes treated with NE-PM, NE-ClAlPc and NE-PM+ClAlPc were inhibited at >50%, >95%, >88%, respectively, after PDT with a phototoxic index (PI) >1.2. No skin ClAlPc permeation was observed. In contrast, PM skin permeation was 80-fold higher using PM-loaded NE formulation in comparison to aqueous PM solution. Topical treatment with NE formulations showed no signs of local toxicity or genotoxicity. In addition, concentrations of PM between 27.3 - 292.5 μM/25 mg of tissue were detected in different organs. In vivo, the NE-PM+ClAlPc treatment did not reduce skin lesions. CONCLUSION The Cremophor ELP/castor oil NE formulation increases the permeation of PM through the skin and can be used to co-deliver PM plus ClAlPc for combined PDT protocols. However, the lack of efficacy in the in vivo model evidences that the therapeutical scheme has to be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Immunology, Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
| | | | - Angélica María Vera Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP-UIS), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | | | - Ricardo Bentes Azevedo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasilia, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | - Patricia Escobar Rivero
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP-UIS), Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Digitoxigenin presents an effective and selective antileishmanial action against Leishmania infantum and is a potential therapeutic agent for visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:321-335. [PMID: 33191446 PMCID: PMC7667010 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is hampered mainly by drug toxicity, their high cost, and parasite resistance. Drug development is a long and pricey process, and therefore, drug repositioning may be an alternative worth pursuing. Cardenolides are used to treat cardiac diseases, especially those obtained from Digitalis species. In the present study, cardenolide digitoxigenin (DIGI) obtained from a methanolic extract of Digitalis lanata leaves was tested for its antileishmanial activity against Leishmania infantum species. Results showed that 50% Leishmania and murine macrophage inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and CC50, respectively) were of 6.9 ± 1.5 and 295.3 ± 14.5 μg/mL, respectively. With amphotericin B (AmpB) deoxycholate, used as a control drug, values of 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.79 ± 0.12 μg/mL, respectively, were observed. Selectivity index (SI) values were of 42.8 and 6.1 for DIGI and AmpB, respectively. Preliminary studies suggested that the mechanism of action for DIGI is to cause alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, to increase the levels of reactive oxygen species and induce accumulation of lipid bodies in the parasites. DIGI was incorporated into Pluronic® F127-based polymeric micelles, and the formula (DIGI/Mic) was used to treat L. infantum–infected mice. Miltefosine was used as a control drug. Results showed that animals treated with either miltefosine, DIGI, or DIGI/Mic presented significant reductions in the parasite load in their spleens, livers, bone marrows, and draining lymph nodes, as well as the development of a specific Th1-type response, when compared with the controls. Results obtained 1 day after treatment were corroborated with data corresponding to 15 days after therapy. Importantly, treatment with DIGI/Mic induced better parasitological and immunological responses when compared with miltefosine- and DIGI-treated mice. In conclusion, DIGI/Mic has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent to protect against L. infantum infection, and it is therefore worth of consideration in future studies addressing VL treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Martins YA, Fonseca MJV, Pavan TZ, Lopez RFV. Bifunctional Therapeutic Application of Low-Frequency Ultrasound Associated with Zinc Phthalocyanine-Loaded Micelles. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:8075-8095. [PMID: 33116519 PMCID: PMC7586016 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s264528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a new therapeutic modality for the noninvasive cancer treatment based on the association of ultrasound and sonosensitizer drugs. Topical SDT requires the development of delivery systems to properly transport the sonosensitizer, such as zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), to the skin. In addition, the delivery system itself can participate in sonodynamic events and influence the therapeutic response. This study aimed to develop ZnPc-loaded micelle to evaluate its potential as a topical delivery system and as a cavitational agent for low-frequency ultrasound (LFU) application with the dual purpose of promoting ZnPc skin penetration and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for SDT. Methods ZnPc-loaded micelles were developed by the thin-film hydration method and optimized using the Quality by Design approach. Micelles’ influence on LFU-induced cavitation activity was measured by potassium iodide dosimeter and aluminum foil pits experiments. In vitro skin penetration of ZnPc was assessed after pretreatment of the skin with LFU and simultaneous LFU treatment using ZnPc-loaded micelles as coupling media followed by 6 h of passive permeation of ZnPc-loaded micelles. The singlet oxygen generation by LFU irradiation of the micelles was evaluated using two different hydrophilic probes. The lipid peroxidation of the skin was estimated using the malondialdehyde assay after skin treatment with simultaneous LFU using ZnPc-loaded micelles. The viability of the B16F10 melanoma cell line was evaluated using resazurin after treatment with different concentrations of ZnPc-loaded micelles irradiated or not with LFU. Results The micelles increased the solubility of ZnPc and augmented the LFU-induced cavitation activity in two times compared to water. After 6 h ZnPc-loaded micelles skin permeation, simultaneous LFU treatment increased the amount of ZnPc in the dermis by more than 40 times, when compared to non-LFU-mediated treatment, and by almost 5 times, when compared to LFU pretreatment protocol. The LFU irradiation of micelles induced the generation of singlet oxygen, and the lipoperoxidation of the skin treated with the simultaneous LFU was enhanced in three times in comparison to the non-LFU-treated skin. A significant reduction in cell viability following treatment with ZnPc-loaded micelles and LFU was observed compared to blank micelles and non-LFU-treated control groups. Conclusion LFU-irradiated mice can be a potential approach to skin cancer treatment by combining the functions of increasing drug penetration and ROS generation required for SDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yugo A Martins
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maria J V Fonseca
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Theo Z Pavan
- School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, 14090-900, Brazil
| | - Renata F V Lopez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Development, characterization and photobiological activity of nanoemulsion containing zinc phthalocyanine for oral infections treatment. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 211:112010. [PMID: 32890891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, when applied to PDT's, allows the encapsulation of ZnPc in nanocarriers, producing thus nanoemulsions that permit the use of ZnPc as photosensitizers. The Enterococcus faecalis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are microorganisms present in biofilms which can cause resistant endodontic infections. The objective of this work is the development and characterization of clove essential oil nanoemulsions containing ZnPc. The formulations were developed according to factorial experimental planning and characterized by the determination of the mean drop size, Polydispersity Index (PdI), content, organoleptic characteristics, stability, morphology, cytotoxicity in the dark and evaluation of the photobiological activity. The experimental planning was able to indicate the maximum amount of ZnPc that could be encapsulated in the nanoemulsion while maintaining droplet size <50 nm and PdI < 0.2. The surface plots for the response variables indicated a robust region for the combination of Pluronic® F-127 and clove oil factors. The result of this study was the choice of the nanoemulsion containing ZnPc solution at 5%, clove oil at 5%, Pluronic® F-127 at 10% and will be codified as ZnPc-NE. The nanoemulsion presented a mean diameter of 30.52 nm, PDI < 0.2 and a concentration of 17.5 μg/mL, as well as stability at room temperature for 180 days. TEM showed that the drops are spherical with nanometric size, which corroborates the results of dynamic light scattering. Concerning the photobiological activity, the ZnPc-NE exhibited MIC 1.09 μg/mL for Enterococcus faecalis and 0.065 μg/mL for MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). ZnPc-NE showed higher photobiological activity than free ZnPc. Besides, cytotoxicity studies showed that blank-NE (nanoemulsions without PS) showed good antimicrobial activity. Thus, clove oil nanoemulsion is an excellent nanocarrier to promote the photobiological activity of the ZnPc against pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pucek A, Tokarek B, Waglewska E, Bazylińska U. Recent Advances in the Structural Design of Photosensitive Agent Formulations Using "Soft" Colloidal Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E587. [PMID: 32599791 PMCID: PMC7356306 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for effective delivery of photosensitive active compounds has resulted in the development of colloid chemistry and nanotechnology. Recently, many kinds of novel formulations with outstanding pharmaceutical potential have been investigated with an expansion in the design of a wide variety of "soft" nanostructures such as simple or multiple (double) nanoemulsions and lipid formulations. The latter can then be distinguished into vesicular, including liposomes and "smart" vesicles such as transferosomes, niosomes and ethosomes, and non-vesicular nanosystems with solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. Encapsulation of photosensitive agents such as drugs, dyes, photosensitizers or antioxidants can be specifically formulated by the self-assembly of phospholipids or other amphiphilic compounds. They are intended to match unique pharmaceutic and cosmetic requirements and to improve their delivery to the target site via the most common, i.e., transdermal, intravenous or oral administration routes. Numerous surface modifications and functionalization of the nanostructures allow increasing their effectiveness and, consequently, may contribute to the treatment of many diseases, primarily cancer. An increasing article number is evidencing significant advances in applications of the different classes of the photosensitive agents incorporated in the "soft" colloidal nanocarriers that deserved to be highlighted in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Urszula Bazylińska
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.P.); (B.T.); (E.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A review of current treatments strategies based on paromomycin for leishmaniasis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
16
|
Xiao S, Chen X, Ye Q, Chen K, Xiao W, Guan X, Huang B, Liu G, Wei H, Peng Y. Prop-2-ynyloxybenzyloxy substituted phthalocyanine-based polymeric nanoparticles: synthesis, photophysical properties and in vitro PDT efficacy. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1766683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghuang Xiao
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuhao Ye
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kuizhi Chen
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenling Xiao
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinqiao Guan
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bingcheng Huang
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guowei Liu
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiru Peng
- College of Chemistry & Material, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wierzchowski M, Sobotta L, Łażewski D, Kasprzycki P, Fita P, Goslinski T. Spectroscopic and quantum chemical study of phthalocyanines with 1,4,7-trioxanonyl moieties. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Cabral FV, Pelegrino MT, Sauter IP, Seabra AB, Cortez M, Ribeiro MS. Nitric oxide-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as an innovative antileishmanial platform. Nitric Oxide 2019; 93:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
19
|
Lopes SC, Silva RA, Novais MV, Coelho LD, Ferreira LA, Souza PE, Tedesco A, Azevedo RB, Aguiar MG, Oliveira MC. Topical photodynamic therapy with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine liposomes is as effective as systemic pentavalent antimony in the treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:210-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
20
|
Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira L, Matos APDS, Cardoso VDS, Villanova JCO, Guimarães BDCLR, Dos Santos EP, Beatriz Vermelho A, Santos-Oliveira R, Ricci Junior E. Clove oil nanoemulsion showed potent inhibitory effect against Candida spp. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:425101. [PMID: 31290755 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab30c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing resistance to current fungicides is a clinical problem that leads to the need for new treatment strategies. Clove oil (CO) has already been described as having antifungal action. However, it should not be applied directly to the skin as it may be irritating. One option for CO delivery and suitable topical application would be nanoemulsions (NEs). NEs have advantages such as decreased irritant effects and lower dose use. The purpose of this work was the development of NEs containing CO and in vitro evaluation against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The NEs were produced by an ultrasonic processor with different proportions of CO and Pluronic® F-127. In order to determine the best composition and ultrasound amplitude, an experimental design was performed. For the evaluation, droplet size and polydispersity index (PdI) were used. After the stability study, in vitro activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata was evaluated. NEs selected for the stability study, with diameter <40 nm and PdI <0.2, remained stable for 420 d. Activity against Candida spp. was improved when the CO was nanoemulsified, for it possibly leads to a better interaction between the active and the microorganisms, mainly in C. albicans.
Collapse
|
21
|
Green Micro- and Nanoemulsions for Managing Parasites, Vectors and Pests. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9091285. [PMID: 31505756 PMCID: PMC6781030 DOI: 10.3390/nano9091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The management of parasites, insect pests and vectors requests development of novel, effective and eco-friendly tools. The development of resistance towards many drugs and pesticides pushed scientists to look for novel bioactive compounds endowed with multiple modes of action, and with no risk to human health and environment. Several natural products are used as alternative/complementary approaches to manage parasites, insect pests and vectors due to their high efficacy and often limited non-target toxicity. Their encapsulation into nanosystems helps overcome some hurdles related to their physicochemical properties, for instance limited stability and handling, enhancing the overall efficacy. Among different nanosystems, micro- and nanoemulsions are easy-to-use systems in terms of preparation and industrial scale-up. Different reports support their efficacy against parasites of medical importance, including Leishmania, Plasmodium and Trypanosoma as well as agricultural and stored product insect pests and vectors of human diseases, such as Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Overall, micro- and nanoemulsions are valid options for developing promising eco-friendly tools in pest and vector management, pending proper field validation. Future research on the improvement of technical aspects as well as chronic toxicity experiments on non-target species is needed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wagner V, Minguez-Menendez A, Pena J, Fernández-Prada C. Innovative Solutions for the Control of Leishmaniases: Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1582-1592. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190621154552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Leishmania are sandfly-transmitted protozoan parasites that harbour within the macrophages
of a mammalian host and cause leishmaniasis, a serious zoonotic disease that threatens the lives of millions
worldwide. Its numerous forms (cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral) are currently treated with a sparse
arsenal of drugs, specifically antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, and paromomycin, for which drug resistance
and clinical failure are rampant. Medicine is presently trending towards nanotechnology to aid in the successful
delivery of drugs. Vehicles such as lipid-based nanocarriers, polymer-based nanoparticles, and metal ions
and oxides have been previously demonstrated to improve bioavailability of drugs and decrease toxicity for the
patient. These cutting-edge solutions can be combined with existing active molecules, as well as novel drugs or
plant extracts with promising antileishmanial activity.
Conclusion:
This review explores the current evidence for the treatment of leishmaniases using nanoscale drug
delivery systems (specifically lipid-, polymer- and metal-based systems) and encourages further development of
the aforementioned nanotechnologies for treatment of Leishmania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wagner
- Departement de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculte de Medecine Veterinaire Universite de Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aida Minguez-Menendez
- Departement de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculte de Medecine Veterinaire Universite de Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joan Pena
- Departement de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculte de Medecine Veterinaire Universite de Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Fernández-Prada
- Departement de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculte de Medecine Veterinaire Universite de Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sundar S, Agrawal N, Singh B. Exploiting knowledge on pharmacodynamics-pharmacokinetics for accelerated anti-leishmanial drug discovery/development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:595-612. [PMID: 31174439 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1629417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Being on the top list of neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis has been marked for elimination by 2020. In the light of small armamentarium of drugs and their associated drawbacks, the understanding of pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics becomes a priority to achieve and sustain disease elimination. Areas covered: The authors have looked into pharmacological aspects of existing and emerging drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis. An in-depth understanding of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics (PKPD) provides a rationale for drug designing and optimizing the treatment strategies. It forms a key to prevent drug resistance and avoid drug-associated adverse effects. The authors have compiled the researches on the PKPD of different anti-leishmanial formulations that have the potential for improved and/or effective disease intervention. Expert opinion: Understanding the pharmacological aspects of drugs forms the basis for the clinical application of novel drugs. Tailoring drug dosage and individualized treatment can avoid the adverse events and bridge gap between the in vitro models and their clinical application. An integrated approach, with pragmatic use of technological advances can improve phenotypic screening and physiochemical properties of novel drugs. Concomitantly, this can serve to improve clinical efficacies, reduce the incidence of relapse and accelerate the drug discovery/development process for leishmaniasis elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Neha Agrawal
- b Hepatology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Bhawana Singh
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.,c Department of Pathology , Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dalmolin LF, Lopez RFV. Nanoemulsion as a Platform for Iontophoretic Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs in Skin Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040214. [PMID: 30400343 PMCID: PMC6320873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic drugs do not usually benefit from iontophoresis mainly because they do not solubilize in aqueous formulations suitable for the application of electric current. To explore the influence of iontophoresis on penetration of these drugs, a cationic nanoemulsion was developed to solubilize zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), a promising drug for the treatment of skin cancer. To verify the influence of particle size on iontophoresis, an emulsion of nanoemulsion-like composition was also developed. The formulations were characterized and cutaneous and tumor penetration studies were performed in vitro and in vivo, respectively. With particles of about 200 nm, the nanoemulsion solubilized 2.5-fold more ZnPc than the 13-µm emulsion. At the same concentration of ZnPc, in vitro passive penetration studies showed that the nanoemulsion increased, after 1 h of treatment, by almost 4 times the penetration of ZnPc into the viable layers of the skin when compared to the emulsion, whereas iontophoresis of nanoemulsion resulted in a 16-fold increase in ZnPc penetration in only 30 min. An in vivo study in a murine model of melanoma showed that ZnPc reached the tumor after iontophoresis of the nanoemulsion. Therefore, iontophoresis of nanoemulsions appears to be a promising strategy for the topical treatment of tumors with lipophilic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Facco Dalmolin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Cafe s/n, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renata F V Lopez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Cafe s/n, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oliveira CA, Gouvêa MM, Antunes GR, Freitas ZMFD, Marques FFDC, Ricci-Junior E. Nanoemulsion containing 8-methoxypsoralen for topical treatment of dermatoses: Development, characterization and ex vivo permeation in porcine skin. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:1-9. [PMID: 29800737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral therapy with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) may cause major side effects, whereas the topical treatment might not be much effective due to the low penetration induced by typical formulations. Therefore, the objectives of this work are the development and characterization of a nanoemulsion (NE) containing 8-MOP together with an ex vivo permeation study, monitored by a validated HPLC-Fluo method, to determine the amount of drug retained in viable skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)) and in stratum corneum (SC). The optimized conditions for NE formulation were achieved by full factorial designs (25 and 32): 60 s and 60% of ultrasound time and potency, respectively; 10 mL of final volume; 2% v/v of oil phase (clove essential oil); and 10% m/v of Poloxamer 407. The NE showed mean droplet diameter of 24.98 ± 0.49 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.091 ± 0.23, pH values of 6.54 ± 0.06, refractive index of 1.3525 ± 0.0001 and apparent viscosity of 51.15 ± 3.66 mPa at 20 °C. Droplets with nanospherical diameters were also observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ex vivo permeation study showed that 8.5% of the applied 8-MOP dose permeated through the biological membranes, with flux (J) of 1.35 μg cm-2 h-1. The drug retention in E + D and in SC was 10.15 ± 1.36 and 1.95 ± 0.71 µg cm-2, respectively. Retention in viable skin induced by the NE was almost two-fold higher than a compounded cream (5.04 ± 0.30 μg cm-2). These results suggested that the developed NE is a promising alternative for 8-MOP topical therapy when compared to commercial formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Amorim Oliveira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro - Campus Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Martins Gouvêa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Ramos Antunes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry - Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, 24020-141 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Zaida Maria Faria de Freitas
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zanela da Silva Marques T, Santos-Oliveira R, Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira L, Cardoso VDS, de Freitas ZMF, Barros RDCDSA, Villa ALV, Monteiro MSDSDB, Dos Santos EP, Ricci-Junior E. Development and characterization of a nanoemulsion containing propranolol for topical delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2827-2837. [PMID: 29785109 PMCID: PMC5957063 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s164404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propranolol (PPN) is a therapeutic option for the treatment of infantile hemangiomas. This study aimed at the development of nanoemulsion (NE) containing 1% PPN, characterization of the system, and safety studies based on ex vivo permeation, cytotoxicity, and biodistribution in vivo. METHODS The formulation was developed and characterized in relation to the droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), pH, zeta potential, and electronic microscopy. Ex vivo permeation studies were used to evaluate the cutaneous retention of PPN in the epidermis and dermis. Cytotoxicity studies were performed in fibroblasts, macrophages, and keratinocytes. In vivo biodistribution assay of the formulations was performed by means of labeling with technetium-99m. RESULTS NE1 exhibited droplet size of 26 nm, PDI <0.4, pH compatible with the skin, and zeta potential of -20 mV, which possibly contributes to the stability. Electron microscopy showed that the NE presented droplets of nanometric size and spherical shape. NE1 provided excellent stability for PPN. In the ex vivo cutaneous permeation assay, the NE provided satisfactory PPN retention particularly in the dermis, which is the site of drug action. In addition, NE1 promoted cutaneous permeation of the PPN in small amount. In vivo biodistribution showed that the radiolabeled formulation remained in the skin and a small amount reached the bloodstream. NE1 presented low cytotoxicity to fibroblasts, macrophages, and keratinocytes in the concentrations evaluated in the cytotoxicity assay. CONCLUSION We concluded that the formulation is safe for skin administration; however, cutaneous irritation studies should be performed to confirm the safety of the formulation before clinical studies in patients with infantile hemangiomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Verônica da Silva Cardoso
- Unit of Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy (Bioinivar), Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|