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Maquera-Huacho PM, de Carvalho GG, Jafelicci M, Marcantonio E, Spolidorio DMP. Physical-chemical influences and cell behavior of natural compounds on titanium dental surfaces. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:53-62. [PMID: 38133473 PMCID: PMC10759949 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the influence of carvacrol, terpinene-4-ol, and chlorhexidine on the physical-chemical properties of titanium surfaces, cell viability, proliferation, adhesion, and spreading of fibroblasts and osteoblasts in vitro. Titanium surfaces (Ti) were treated with Carvacrol (Cvc), Terpinen-4-ol (T4ol), Chlorhexidine (CHX), DMSO, and ultrapure water (Control group). Physical-chemical modifications were evaluated by surface wettability, the surface free energy (SFE) calculated from the contact angle values using the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaeble (OWRK) equation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry probe (EDS) system. Cells were seeded onto Ti-treated surfaces and incubated for 24 h and 72 h, then evaluated by Alamar blue assay and fluorescence microscopy. Surfaces treated with Cvc and T4ol showed the presence of Na, O, and Cl. All surfaces showed hydrophilic characteristics and SFE values between 5.5 mN/m and 3.4 mN/m. On the other hand, EDS peaks demonstrated the presence of O and Cl after CHX treatment. A reduction of cell viability and adhesion was noted on titanium surfaces treated with CHX after 24 and 72h. In conclusion, the results indicate that the decontamination with Cvc and T4ol on Ti surfaces does not alter the surface proprieties and allows an adequate interaction with cells involved in the re-osseointegration process such as fibroblasts and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Jafelicci
- Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Colloids, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Elcio Marcantonio
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Garcia de Carvalho G, Maquera-Huacho PM, Silva Pontes C, Annunzio SRD, Fontana Mendonça CR, Nara de Souza Rastelli A, de Oliveira KT, Teughels W, Chorilli M, Leal Zandim-Barcelos D, Palomari Spolidorio DM. Chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion enhances photodynamic therapy against multi-species biofilms related to periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103725. [PMID: 37500031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In our previous studies, Chlorin-e6 (Ce6) demonstrated a significant reduction of microorganisms' viability against multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis while irradiated with blue light. However, the conjugation of Ce6 and antimicrobial peptides, and the incorporation of this photosensitizer in a nanocarrier, is still poorly explored. We hypothesized that chlorin-e6 conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 loaded nanoemulsion could inhibit a multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis during photodynamic therapy (PDT), the pre-treatment with hydrogen peroxide was also tested. The nanoemulsion (NE) incorporated with Ce6 was characterized regarding the physiochemical parameters. Images were obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Later, the Ce6 and LL-37 incorporated in NE was submitted to UV-Vis analysis and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay. Finally, the combined formulation (Ce6+LL-37 in nanoemulsion) was tested against multi-species biofilm related to periodontitis. The formed nanoformulation was kinetically stable, optically transparent with a relatively small droplet diameter (134.2 unloaded and 146.9 loaded), and weak light scattering. The NE system did not impact the standard UV-VIS spectra of Ce6, and the ROS production was improved while Ce6 was incorporated in the NE. The combination of Ce6 and LL-37 in NE was effective to reduce the viability of all bacteria tested. The treatment with hydrogen peroxide previous to PDT significantly impacted bacterial viability. The current aPDT regimen was the best already tested against periodontal biofilm by our research team. Our results suggest that this combined protocol must be exploited for clinical applications in localized infections such as periodontal disease. - Nanoemulsion demonstrated to be an excellent nanocarrier for photodynamic application. - Chlorin-e6 incorporated in nanoemulsion showed great physicochemical and biophotonic parameters. - The combination of chlorin-e6 and LL-37 peptide in nanoemulsion is effective to eliminate periodontal pathogenic bacteria. - The treatment with hydrogen peroxide previous to PDT significantly impacted bacterial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Garcia de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Silva Pontes
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, International School of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Leal Zandim-Barcelos
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Maquera-Huacho PM, Spolidorio DP, Manthey J, Grenier D. Effect of Hesperidin on Barrier Function and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in an Oral Epithelial Cell Model, and on Secretion of Macrophage-Derived Inflammatory Mediators during Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10389. [PMID: 37373533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontopathogenic bacterium that can adhere to and colonize periodontal tissues, leading to an inflammatory process, and, consequently, tissue destruction. New therapies using flavonoids, such as hesperidin, are being studied, and their promising properties have been highlighted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hesperidin on the epithelial barrier function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and on the inflammatory response caused by P. gingivalis in in vitro models. The integrity of the epithelial tight junctions challenged by P. gingivalis was determined by monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). P. gingivalis adherence to a gingival keratinocyte monolayer and a basement membrane model were evaluated by a fluorescence assay. A fluorometric assay was used to determine the ROS production in gingival keratinocytes. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion was evaluated by ELISA; to assess NF-κB activation, the U937-3xjB-LUC monocyte cell line transfected with a luciferase reporter gene was used. Hesperidin protected against gingival epithelial barrier dysfunction caused by P. gingivalis and reduced the adherence of P. gingivalis to the basement membrane model. Hesperidin dose-dependently inhibited P. gingivalis-mediated ROS production by oral epithelial cells as well as the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, MMP-2, and MMP-9 by macrophages challenged with P. gingivalis. Additionally, it was able to attenuate NF-κB activation in macrophages stimulated with P. gingivalis. These findings suggest that hesperidin has a protective effect on the epithelial barrier function, in addition to reducing ROS production and attenuating the inflammatory response associated with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Moquegua, Moquegua 18001, Peru
| | - Denise Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara 14801-903, SP, Brazil
| | - John Manthey
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Santos VCED, Maquera-Huacho PM, Imbriani MJM, Minhaco VMTR, Spolidorio DMP. Effects of BlueM® against Streptococcus mutans biofilm and its virulence gene expression. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:19-28. [PMID: 36888841 PMCID: PMC10027103 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the antimicrobial capacity of BlueM® mouthwash against the bacterium Streptococcus mutans and its influence on gbpA gene expression as well as its cytotoxic effect on fibroblast cells. BlueM® showed antimicrobial activity, with MIC and MBC values of 0.005% and 0.01%, respectively. The MBIC was 6.25% for S. mutans. CFU count and confocal microscopy revealed significant effect of BlueM® on S. mutans biofilm pre-formed on dentin surfaces. Interestingly, the analysis of gbpA gene expression indicated a decrease in gene expression after 15 min of treatment with BlueM® at a concentration of 25%. Moreover, BlueM® exhibited low levels of cytotoxicity. In conclusion, our results showed the antimicrobial effectiveness of BlueM® against S. mutans, its ability to modulate the expression of the gbpA gene and its low cytotoxicity. This study supports the therapeutic potential of BlueM® as an alternative agent for the control of oral biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Júlia Mancim Imbriani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian M Tellaroli Rodrigues Minhaco
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise M Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University(Unesp), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Maquera-Huacho PM, Spolidorio DP, Manthey JA, Grenier D. Eriodictyol Suppresses Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Gingival Keratinocytes and the Inflammatory Response of Macrophages. Front Oral Health 2022; 3:847914. [PMID: 35295880 PMCID: PMC8918503 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.847914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that affects the tooth-supporting tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the flavanone eriodictyol on P. gingivalis-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by gingival keratinocytes and the inflammatory response of macrophages. Porphyromonas gingivalis and H2O2 acted synergistically to induce ROS production by keratinocytes. The presence of eriodictyol significantly attenuated ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. We used a macrophage model to show that eriodictyol decreases the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α induced by P. gingivalis. Evidence has been brought that this anti-inflammatory property of eriodictyol may be related to its ability to prevent the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by P. gingivalis. This periodontal pathogen was also found to be a potent inducer of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production by macrophages, including MMP-2, MMP-8, and MMP-9. Eriodictyol dose-dependently inhibited the production of all three MMPs. Lastly, eriodictyol inhibited the catalytic activity of both MMP-9 and P. gingivalis collagenase. In conclusion, eriodictyol may be a potential therapeutic agent for preventing and/or treating periodontal disease due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proteinase properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Denise Palomari Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - John A. Manthey
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Daniel Grenier
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Carvalho JDS, Ramadan D, de Paiva Gonçalves V, Maquera-Huacho PM, Assis RP, Lima TFO, Brunetti IL, Spolidorio DMP, Cesar T, Manthey JA, Spolidorio LC. Impact of citrus flavonoid supplementation on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal disease in mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:5007-5017. [PMID: 33950049 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In general, the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods may influence the control/dysregulation of the magnitude and duration of inflammation and oxidative stress, which are known to contribute to multiple pathologies. Information regarding the impact of citrus flavonoid dietary supplementation on periodontal disease is still scarce. Herein, we investigated whether a diet supplemented with eriocitrin and eriodictyol could alter the course of the inflammatory response associated with LPS-induced periodontal disease in mice. Sixty BALB/c mice received a standard diet or a diet supplemented with different concentrations of eriocitrin or eriodictyol. After 30 days of food supplementation, a solution containing LPS from Escherichia coli was injected into the gingival tissues three times per week for four weeks. Neutrophils, mononuclear cells and eosinophils were assessed using a severity analysis system in H&E-stained sections and modified picrosirius red. The activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a marker of granulocyte infiltration, and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) were determined spectrophotometrically. The oxidative damage was determined by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and anti-oxidative activity through the assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Interleukin (IL)-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 were quantified by multiplex immunoassay. Periodontal inflammation was significantly inhibited by citrus flavonoid supplementation, including reduced flatness of the gingival epithelium and chronic and acute inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as loss of connective tissue in the gingival papillae. Both eriocitrin and eriodictyol inhibited gingival IL-1β and TNF-α and increased IL-10 secondary to periodontitis. Significant protection and decreased MPO and EPO activity were detected in the periodontal tissue of citrus flavonoid-treated animals. In comparison with the LPS group, SOD, CAT and GPx activities were increased, while the MDA content was reduced, indicating decreased oxidative damage. These results suggest that a diet supplemented with the citrus flavonoids eriocitrin or eriodictyol may aid in the prevention of periodontitis, representing a potential method to enhance local immunity and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatan de Souza Carvalho
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dania Ramadan
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Paiva Gonçalves
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Renata Pires Assis
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayra Ferreira Oliveira Lima
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iguatemy Lourenço Brunetti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Cesar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John A Manthey
- U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 2001 South Rock Road/Port Fierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Luís Carlos Spolidorio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Francisconi RS, Maquera-Huacho PM, Tonon CC, Calixto GMF, de Cássia Orlandi Sardi J, Chorilli M, Spolidorio DMP. Terpinen-4-ol and nystatin co-loaded precursor of liquid crystalline system for topical treatment of oral candidiasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12984. [PMID: 32737401 PMCID: PMC7395782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to develop a liquid crystalline system (LCS) incorporated with terpinen-4-ol and nystatin to evaluate its antifungal, antibiofilm, and synergistic/modulatory activity against Candida albicans. The LCS was composed of a dispersion containing 40% propoxylated and ethoxylated cetyl alcohol, 40% oleic acid, and 0.5% chitosan dispersion. According to analysis by polarized light microscopy, rheology, and mucoadhesion studies, the incorporation of 100% artificial saliva increased the pseudoplasticity, consistency index, viscosity, and mucoadhesion of the formulation. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and rate of biofilm development were used to evaluate antifungal activity; the LCS containing terpinen-4-ol and nystatin effectively inhibited C. albicans growth at a lower concentration, displaying a synergistic action. Therefore, LCS incorporated with terpinen-4-ol and nystatin is a promising alternative for preventing and treating infections and shows potential for the development of therapeutic strategies against candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Serignoli Francisconi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical of Araraquara, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Maquera-Huacho PM, Tonon CC, Correia MF, Francisconi RS, Bordini EAF, Marcantonio É, Spolidorio DMP. In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol against biofilm formation on titanium implant surfaces. Biofouling 2018; 34:699-709. [PMID: 30187780 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1485892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the antibacterial properties of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum and its cytotoxic effects on fibroblast cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were examined. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) was evaluated by XTT assay. Biofilm decontamination on titanium surfaces was quantified (CFU ml-1), evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and cytotoxic activity by MTT. The MIC and MBC for carvacrol were 0.007% and 0.002% for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, and 0.06% for terpinen-4-ol for both microorganisms. The MBIC for carvacrol was 0.03% and 0.06% for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, and for terpinen-4-ol was 0.06% and 0.24%. The results indicated anti-biofilm activity using carvacrol (0.26%, 0.06%) and terpinen-4-ol (0.95%, 0.24%) and showed cytotoxic activity similar to chlorohexidine (CHX). However, terpinen-4-ol (0.24%) showed higher cell viability than other treatments. Carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol showed antibacterial activity in respect of reducing biofilms. Moreover, CHX-like cytotoxicity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Milagros Maquera-Huacho
- a Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Caroline Coradi Tonon
- a Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marilia Ferreira Correia
- b Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Araraquara, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Renata Serignoli Francisconi
- b Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Araraquara, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ester Alves Ferreira Bordini
- c Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Élcio Marcantonio
- a Department of Oral Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry , São Paulo State University (Unesp) , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
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