|
1
|
Mazraeh-Fard I, Alighanbari A. Theoretical method for the analysis and design of tunable terahertz graphene-based Faraday polarization rotators. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8042-8051. [PMID: 38038099 DOI: 10.1364/ao.497603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical method is presented that facilitates the analysis and design of graphene-based tunable terahertz polarization rotators. Most previous designs are based on a three-dimensional (3-D) full-wave electromagnetic simulation; thus, it is time-consuming to get well-tuned structural parameters. Using the proposed method, the transmission response of the polarization rotator is directly calculated for a given set of structural parameters. Hence, the need of the electromagnetic simulation is lifted. The accuracy of the proposed method is rigorously validated, as excellent agreement between the theoretical and simulation results is observed. Using the method, a rotator of 12 THz central frequency with a small magnetic bias field of 0.5 T and a small unit cell of 0.5 by 0.5(µm)2 is designed. It is shown that the center frequency can be increased to any desired frequency, without the need of a large magnetic bias, by reducing the unit cell size. The method presented in this work can be extended for the analysis and design of other tunable terahertz nonreciprocal devices, such as isolators, circulators, phase shifters, and switches.
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Yang B, Gao L, Xue M, Wang H, Hou Y, Luo Y, Xiao H, Hu H, Cui C, Wang H, Zhang J, Li YF, Xie G, Tong X, Xie Y. Experimental and Simulation Research on the Preparation of Carbon Nano-Materials by Chemical Vapor Deposition. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237356. [PMID: 34885507 PMCID: PMC8658281 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nano-materials have been widely used in many fields due to their electron transport, mechanics, and gas adsorption properties. This paper introduces the structure and properties of carbon nano-materials the preparation of carbon nano-materials by chemical vapor deposition method (CVD)—which is one of the most common preparation methods—and reaction simulation. A major factor affecting the material structure is its preparation link. Different preparation methods or different conditions will have a great impact on the structure and properties of the material (mechanical properties, electrical properties, magnetism, etc.). The main influencing factors (precursor, substrate, and catalyst) of carbon nano-materials prepared by CVD are summarized. Through simulation, the reaction can be optimized and the growth mode of substances can be controlled. Currently, numerical simulations of the CVD process can be utilized in two ways: changing the CVD reactor structure and observing CVD chemical reactions. Therefore, the development and research status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for CVD are summarized, as is the potential of combining experimental studies and numerical simulations to achieve and optimize controllable carbon nano-materials growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; (B.Y.); (Y.H.)
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Lanxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Miaoxuan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Haihe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- Guizhou Ecological and Environment Monitoring Center, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yanqing Hou
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; (B.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yingchun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Han Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hailiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Can Cui
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huanjiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.X.); (X.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Gang Xie
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; (B.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Common Associated Non-Ferrous Metal Resources Pressure Hydrometallurgy Technology, Kunming 650503, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.X.); (X.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.X.); (X.T.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yadian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Big Data, School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China; (L.G.); (M.X.); (H.W.); (Y.L.); (H.X.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (H.W.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (G.X.); (X.T.); (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Saeed M, Alshammari Y, Majeed SA, Al-Nasrallah E. Chemical Vapour Deposition of Graphene-Synthesis, Characterisation, and Applications: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3856. [PMID: 32854226 PMCID: PMC7503287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene as the 2D material with extraordinary properties has attracted the interest of research communities to master the synthesis of this remarkable material at a large scale without sacrificing the quality. Although Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches produce graphene of different quality, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) stands as the most promising technique. This review details the leading CVD methods for graphene growth, including hot-wall, cold-wall and plasma-enhanced CVD. The role of process conditions and growth substrates on the nucleation and growth of graphene film are thoroughly discussed. The essential characterisation techniques in the study of CVD-grown graphene are reported, highlighting the characteristics of a sample which can be extracted from those techniques. This review also offers a brief overview of the applications to which CVD-grown graphene is well-suited, drawing particular attention to its potential in the sectors of energy and electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Saeed
- Energy and Building Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait;
| | - Yousef Alshammari
- Waikato Centre for Advanced Materials, School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Shereen A. Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait;
| | - Eissa Al-Nasrallah
- Energy and Building Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait;
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Chen S, Zehri A, Wang Q, Yuan G, Liu X, Wang N, Liu J. Manufacturing Graphene-Encapsulated Copper Particles by Chemical Vapor Deposition in a Cold Wall Reactor. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:58-63. [PMID: 30652066 PMCID: PMC6333243 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional fillers, such as Ag, are commonly employed for effectively improving the thermal or electrical conductivity in polymer composites. However, a disadvantage of such a strategy is that the cost and performance cannot be balanced simultaneously. Therefore, the drive to find a material with both a cost efficient fabrication process and excellent performance attracts intense research interest. In this work, inspired by the core-shell structure, we developed a facile manufacturing method to prepare graphene-encapsulated Cu nanoparticles (GCPs) through utilizing an improved chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system with a cold wall reactor. The obtained GCPs could retain their spherical shape and exhibited an outstanding thermal stability up to 179 °C. Owing to the superior thermal conductivity of graphene and excellent oxidation resistance of GCPs, the produced GCPs are practically used in a thermally conductive adhesive (TCA), which commonly consists of Ag as the functional filler. Measurement shows a substantial 74.6 % improvement by partial replacement of Ag with GCPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Chen
- SMIT Center School of Mechatronic Engineering and AutomationShanghai University20 Chengzhong Rd.Shanghai201800China
| | - Abdelhafid Zehri
- Electronics Materials and Systems Laboratory Department of Microtechnology and NanoscienceChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 9SE-412 96GöteborgSweden
| | - Qianlong Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Graphene Application and Technology (SIAGAT)Shenzhen518106China
| | - Guangjie Yuan
- SMIT Center School of Mechatronic Engineering and AutomationShanghai University20 Chengzhong Rd.Shanghai201800China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Shanghai Shang Da Ruihu Microsystem Integration Technology Co. Ltd. Room 203, Building 2, No 1919Fengxiang Road Baoshan DistrictShanghai200444China
| | - Nan Wang
- SHT Smart High Tech AB Hugo Grauers Gatan 3ASE-411 33GöteborgSweden
| | - Johan Liu
- SMIT Center School of Mechatronic Engineering and AutomationShanghai University20 Chengzhong Rd.Shanghai201800China
- Electronics Materials and Systems Laboratory Department of Microtechnology and NanoscienceChalmers University of TechnologyKemivägen 9SE-412 96GöteborgSweden
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
The Impact of Graphene on the Fabrication of Thin Film Solar Cells: Current Status and Future Prospects. MATERIALS 2017; 11:ma11010036. [PMID: 29280964 PMCID: PMC5793534 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Commercial solar cells have a power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the range of 10–22% with different light absorbers. Graphene, with demonstrated unique structural, physical, and electrical properties, is expected to bring the positive effects on the development of thin film solar cells. Investigations have been carried out to understand whether graphene can be used as a front and back contacts and active interfacial layer in solar cell fabrication. In this review, the current progress of this research is analyzed, starting from the graphene and graphene-based Schottky diode. Also, the discussion was focused on the progress of graphene-incorporated thin film solar cells that were fabricated with different light absorbers, in particular, the synthesis, fabrication, and characterization of devices. The effect of doping and layer thickness of graphene on PCE was also included. Currently, the PCE of graphene-incorporated bulk-heterojunction devices have enhanced in the range of 0.5–3%. However, device durability and cost-effectiveness are also the challenging factors for commercial production of graphene-incorporated solar cells. In addition to the application of graphene, graphene oxides have been also used in perovskite solar cells. The current needs and likely future investigations for graphene-incorporated solar cells are also discussed.
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Zhu Z, Zhan L, Wan W, Zhao Z, Shih TM, Cai W. Capabilities of transition metals in retarding the bonding of carbon atoms to minimize dendritic graphene. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14804-14808. [PMID: 28956047 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05253g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The avoidance of growing dendritic graphene on the copper substrate during the chemical vapor deposition process is greatly desired. Here we have identified a mechanism, in which (1) transition metal plates placed inside the copper pockets reduce the majority of active carbon atoms to eventually suppress the graphene growth rate, and (2) transition metals etch graphene C-C bonds along defective edges to grow into zigzag-edge ending domains with higher priorities. Via isotopic labeling of the methane method, we have observed bright-dark-alternating hexagonal-shaped rings, which are shown in Raman mapping images. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, we are capable of acquiring hexagonal openings within graphene domains by means of transition-metal-driven catalytic etching. This methodology may work as a simple and convenient way to determine graphene size and crystal orientation, and may enable the etching of graphene into smooth and ordered zigzag edge nanoribbons without compromising the quality of graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Alnuaimi A, Almansouri I, Saadat I, Nayfeh A. Toward fast growth of large area high quality graphene using a cold-wall CVD reactor. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10336k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we provide a detailed analysis on graphene synthesis by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) using a cold wall CVD reactor to achieve fast production of large area high quality graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaesha Alnuaimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
- Masdar Institute
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibraheem Almansouri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
- Masdar Institute
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Irfan Saadat
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
- Masdar Institute
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Ammar Nayfeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
- Masdar Institute
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|