1
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Mukherjee P, Kundu S, Ganguly R, Barui A, RoyChaudhuri C. Deformed graphene FET biosensor on textured glass coupled with dielectrophoretic trapping for ultrasensitive detection of GFAP. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:295502. [PMID: 38604130 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3d65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Numerous efforts have been undertaken to mitigate the Debye screening effect of FET biosensors for achieving higher sensitivity. There are few reports that show sub-femtomolar detection of biomolecules by FET mechanisms but they either suffer from significant background noise or lack robust control. In this aspect, deformed/crumpled graphene has been recently deployed by other researchers for various biomolecule detection like DNA, COVID-19 spike proteins and immunity markers like IL-6 at sub-femtomolar levels. However, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach for graphene fabrication suffers from various surface contamination while the transfer process induces structural defects. In this paper, an alternative fabrication methodology has been proposed where glass substrate has been initially texturized by wet chemical etching through the sacrificial layer of synthesized silver nanoparticles, obtained by annealing of thin silver films leading to solid state dewetting. Graphene has been subsequently deposited by thermal reduction technique from graphene oxide solution. The resulting deformed graphene structure exhibits higher sensor response towards glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) detection with respect to flat graphene owing to the combined effect of reduced Debye screening and higher surface area for receptor immobilization. Additionally, another interesting aspect of the reported work lies in the biomolecule capture by dielectrophoretic (DEP) transport on the crests of the convex surfaces of graphene in a coplanar gated topology structure which has resulted in 10 aM and 28 aM detection limits of GFAP in buffer and undiluted plasma respectively, within 15 min of application of analyte. The detection limit in buffer is almost four decades lower than that documented for GFAP using biosensors which is is expected to pave way for advancing graphene FET based sensors towards ultrasensitive point-of-care diagnosis of GFAP, a biomarker for traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mukherjee
- Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India
| | - S Kundu
- Dr Bholanath Chakraborty Memorial Fundamental Research Laboratory (under CCRH), Centre of Healthcare Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India
| | - R Ganguly
- Centre of Healthcare Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India
| | - A Barui
- Centre of Healthcare Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India
| | - C RoyChaudhuri
- Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, India
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2
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Rodríguez-Penedo A, Costa-Rama E, Fernández B, García-Cabo C, Benavente L, Calleja S, Fernández-Abedul MT, Pereiro R. Palladium nanoclusters as a label to determine GFAP in human serum from donors with stroke by bimodal detection: inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and linear sweep voltammetry. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:493. [PMID: 38032374 PMCID: PMC10689531 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble, stable, and monodisperse palladium nanoclusters (PdNCs) were synthesized using NaBH4 as a reductant and lipoic acid as a ligand. PdNCs, measured by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, showed a round shape and a diameter of 2.49 ± 0.02 nm. It was found that each PdNC contains 550 Pd atoms on average. These PdNCs offer high amplification as a label of biochemical reactions when inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used as a detector. In addition, PdNCs have catalytic activity on electrochemical reactions, allowing detection by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). As a proof of applicability, a competitive immunoassay based on PdNC labels was developed for the determination of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in human serum, comparing ICP-MS and LSV detection. GFAP is a biomarker for differentiating between patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). The limit of detection (LoD), corresponding to IC10 (4-parameter logistic curve), was 0.03 pM of GFAP, both by ICP-MS and LSV, being lower than the 0.31 pM LoD provided by the ELISA commercial kit. Using the error profile method, 0.03 pM and 0.11 pM LoDs were obtained respectively by ICP-MS and LSV: LoD is lower by ICP-MS due to the better precision of the measurements. The analyses of human serum samples from IS, HS, and control (CT) donors using PdNC labels and detection by ICP-MS and LSV were validated with a commercial ELISA kit (for CT donors only ICP-MS provided enough sensitivity). Results point out toward the future use of PdNCs as a label in other immunoprobes for the determination of specific proteins requiring very low LoDs as well as the development of electrochemical decentralized methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez-Penedo
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estefanía Costa-Rama
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Carmen García-Cabo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorena Benavente
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio Calleja
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Teresa Fernández-Abedul
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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3
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Shi L, Ma Y, Zhang H, Tan Y, Zhu L, Liu Y, Yin J, Chen Q, Yang D, Qian Y, Ma Y. A fluorescent probe for protein tyrosine kinase 7 detection in serum and cell imaging. Talanta 2023; 254:124139. [PMID: 36470013 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine protein kinase 7 (PTK7) is overexpressed in breast cancer, which is considered as a cancer marker for breast cancer diagnosis. Therefore, a simple fluorescent probe for PTK7 detection and cell imaging was developed. In the developed probe, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were used as the fluorescent separator, and the fluorescence of carbon dots were used as the detection signal. The probe was worked by control the configurations of the aptamer of PTK7, the aptamer would be open chains by recognition of PTK7, which bond with carbon dots and show fluorescent signal. Based on the remarkably high affinity and selectivity of aptamer for PTK7, the excellent fluorescence property of carbon dots and the outstanding magnetism of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, the developed probe showed satisfied results for PTK7 detection in serum and MCF-7 cell imaging. The probe detected PTK7 in the range of 0.2-200 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.0347 ng mL-1, and successfully imaged the cancer cell expressed PTK7. The results indicate that the nano-fluorescent probe has great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China.
| | - Yu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China.
| | - Huaiyin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China.
| | - Yiping Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Jiangyin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214400, PR China.
| | - Yongjie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China.
| | - Jiacheng Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China.
| | - Qianqian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China.
| | - Dongzhi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China.
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, PR China.
| | - Yunsu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22004, PR China; Jiangsu Yuanlong Hospital Management Co. LTD, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 22000, PR China.
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4
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Hu H, Chen X, Zhao K, Zheng W, Gao C. Recent Advances in Biomaterials-Based Therapies for Alleviation and Regeneration of Traumatic Brain Injury. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200577. [PMID: 36758541 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a major public health problem accompanied with numerous complications, usually leads to serve disability and huge financial burden. The adverse and unfavorable pathological environment triggers a series of secondary injuries, resulting in serious loss of nerve function and huge obstacle of endogenous nerve regeneration. With the advances in adaptive tissue regeneration biomaterials, regulation of detrimental microenvironment to reduce the secondary injury and to promote the neurogenesis becomes possible. The adaptive biomaterials could respond and regulate biochemical, cellular, and physiological events in the secondary injury, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, to rebuild circumstances suitable for regeneration. In this review, the development of pathology after TBI is discussed, followed by the introduction of adaptive biomaterials based on various pathological characteristics. The adaptive biomaterials carried with neurotrophic factors and stem cells for TBI treatment are then summarized. Finally, the current drawbacks and future perspective of biomaterials for TBI treatment are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kefei Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,Center for Healthcare Materials, Shaoxing Institute, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, 312099, China
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5
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Li LS, Zhang YX, Gong W, Li J. Novel β-cyclodextrin doped carbon dots for host-guest recognition-assisted sensing of isoniazid and cell imaging. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30104-30112. [PMID: 36329931 PMCID: PMC9585529 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, novel β-cyclodextrin doped carbon dots (CCDs) were prepared via a simple one-pot hydrothermal method at a mild temperature (140 °C), using mixtures of β-cyclodextrin and citric acid as precursors. By characterizing the chemical properties of CCDs prepared at 140 °C and 180 °C, the importance of low-temperature reaction for preservation of the specific structure of β-CD was elucidated. The CCDs showed excellent optical properties and were stable to changes in pH, ionic strength and light irradiation. Since the fluorescence of the CCDs could be selectively quenched by isoniazid (INZ) through specific host-guest recognition effects, a convenient isoniazid fluorescence sensor was developed. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a relatively low detection limit of 0.140 μg mL-1 and a wide detection range from 0.2 μg mL-1 to 50 μg mL-1 for INZ detection. Furthermore, the sensor was employed successfully for the determination of INZ in urine samples with satisfactory recovery (91.1-109.5%), displaying potential in clinical applications. Finally, low cytotoxicity of the prepared CCDs was confirmed using the CCK-8 method, followed by application in HepG2 cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Ying-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Gong
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts & Science Xiangyang 441021 China
| | - Jing Li
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts & Science Xiangyang 441021 China
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6
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Mehmandoust M, Erk EE, Soylak M, Erk N, Karimi F. Metal–Organic Framework Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Label-Free Detection of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as a Biomarker. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehmandoust
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erknaz Ecehan Erk
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, 06700 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Erk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, 9477177870 Quchan, Iran
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7
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Assisting dementia diagnosis through the electrochemical immunosensing of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Talanta 2022; 246:123526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Ghirardello M, Shyam R, Liu X, Garcia-Millan T, Sittel I, Ramos-Soriano J, Kurian KM, Galan MC. Carbon dot-based fluorescent antibody nanoprobes as brain tumour glioblastoma diagnostics. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1770-1778. [PMID: 35434521 PMCID: PMC8962998 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and sensitive tools for the detection of brain cancer in patients is of the utmost importance particularly because many of these tumours go undiagnosed until the disease has advanced and when treatment is less effective. Current strategies employ antibodies (Abs) to detect Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) in tissue samples, since GFAP is unique to the brain and not present in normal peripheral blood, and it relies on fluorescent reporters. Herein we describe a low cost, practical and general method for the labelling of proteins and antibodies with fluorescent carbon dots (CD) to generate diagnostic probes that are robust, photostable and applicable to the clinical setting. The two-step protocol relies on the conjugation of a dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-functionalised CD with azide functionalised proteins by combining amide conjugation and strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) ligation chemistry. The new class of Ab-CD conjugates developed using this strategy was successfully used for the immunohistochemical staining of human brain tissues of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) validating the approach. Overall, these novel fluorescent probes offer a promising and versatile strategy in terms of costs, photostability and applicability which can be extended to other Abs and protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhe Shyam
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Xia Liu
- Bristol Medical School, Public Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | | | - Imke Sittel
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | | | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Bristol Medical School, Public Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Jović M, Prim D, Saini E, Pfeifer ME. Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:172. [PMID: 35323442 PMCID: PMC8946848 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, 70 million people are annually affected by TBI. A significant proportion of all TBI cases are actually mild TBI (concussion, 70-85%), which is considerably more difficult to diagnose due to the absence of apparent symptoms. Current clinical practice of diagnosing mTBI largely resides on the patients' history, clinical aspects, and CT and MRI neuroimaging observations. The latter methods are costly, time-consuming, and not amenable for decentralized or accident site measurements. As an alternative (and/or complementary), mTBI diagnostics can be performed by detection of mTBI biomarkers from patients' blood. Herein, we proposed two strategies for the detection of three mTBI-relevant biomarkers (GFAP, h-FABP, and S100β), in standard solutions and in human serum samples by using an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay on (i) a commercial ECL platform in 96-well plate format, and (ii) a "POC-friendly" platform with disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and a portable ECL reader. We further demonstrated a proof-of-concept for integrating three individually developed mTBI assays ("singleplex") into a three-plex ("multiplex") assay on a single SPCE using a spatially resolved ECL approach. The presented methodology demonstrates feasibility and a first step towards the development of a rapid POC multiplex diagnostic system for the detection of a mTBI biomarker panel on a single SPCE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Emil Pfeifer
- Diagnostic Systems Research Group, Institute of Life Technologies, School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), 1950 Sion, Switzerland; (M.J.); (D.P.); (E.S.)
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10
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Habli Z, Kobeissy F, Khraiche ML. Advances in point-of-care platforms for traumatic brain injury: recent developments in diagnostics. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:327-345. [PMID: 35170265 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, affecting 2 million people annually in the US alone, with direct and indirect costs of $76.3 billion per year. TBI is a progressive disease with no FDA-approved drug for treating patients. Early, accurate and rapid diagnosis can have significant implications for successful triaging and intervention. Unfortunately, current clinical tests for TBI rely on CT scans and MRIs, both of which are expensive, time-consuming, and not accessible to everyone. Recent evidence of biofluid-based biomarkers being released right after a TBI incident has ignited interest in developing point-of-care (POC) platforms for early and on-site TBI diagnosis. These efforts face many challenges to accurate, sensitive, and specific diagnosis and monitoring of TBI. This review includes a deep dive into the latest advances in chemical, mechanical, electrical, and optical sensing systems that hold promise for TBI-POC diagnostic testing platforms. It also focuses on the performance of these proposed biosensors compared to biofluid-based orthodox diagnostic techniques in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and limits of detection. Finally, it examines commercialized TBI-POCs present in the market, the challenges associated with them, and the future directions and prospects of these technologies and the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Habli
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Massoud L Khraiche
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Xu L, Ramadan S, Akingbade OE, Zhang Y, Alodan S, Graham N, Zimmerman KA, Torres E, Heslegrave A, Petrov PK, Zetterberg H, Sharp DJ, Klein N, Li B. Detection of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Patient Plasma Using On-Chip Graphene Field-Effect Biosensors, in Comparison with ELISA and Single-Molecule Array. ACS Sens 2022; 7:253-262. [PMID: 34908400 PMCID: PMC8805154 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Glial
fibrillary
acidic protein (GFAP) is a discriminative blood
biomarker for many neurological diseases, such as traumatic brain
injury. Detection of GFAP in buffer solutions using biosensors has
been demonstrated, but accurate quantification of GFAP in patient
samples has not been reported, yet in urgent need. Herein, we demonstrate
a robust on-chip graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensing
method for sensitive and ultrafast detection of GFAP in patient plasma.
Patients with moderate–severe traumatic brain injuries, defined
by the Mayo classification, are recruited to provide plasma samples.
The binding of target GFAP with the specific antibodies that are conjugated
on a monolayer GFET device triggers the shift of its Dirac point,
and this signal change is correlated with the GFAP concentration in
the patient plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) values of 20 fg/mL
(400 aM) in buffer solution and 231 fg/mL (4 fM) in patient plasma
have been achieved using this approach. In parallel, for the first
time, we compare our results to the state-of-the-art single-molecule
array (Simoa) technology and the classic enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) for reference. The GFET biosensor shows competitive
LOD to Simoa (1.18 pg/mL) and faster sample-to-result time (<15
min), and also it is cheaper and more user-friendly. In comparison
to ELISA, GFET offers advantages of total detection time, detection
sensitivity, and simplicity. This GFET biosensing platform holds high
promise for the point-of-care diagnosis and monitoring of traumatic
brain injury in GP surgeries and patient homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhou Xu
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sami Ramadan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Oluwatomi E. Akingbade
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Yuanzhou Zhang
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sarah Alodan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Neil Graham
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Karl A. Zimmerman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Elias Torres
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Peter K. Petrov
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal 43141, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal 43141, Sweden
- Hong Kong Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - David J. Sharp
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Norbert Klein
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
- Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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12
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Biocompatibility and Antioxidant Capabilities of Carbon Dots Obtained from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2004, carbon dots have attracted strong interest in the scientific community due to their characteristic properties, particularly their luminescence and their ease of synthesis and derivatization. Carbon dots can be obtained from different carbon sources, including natural products, resulting in a so-called ’green synthesis’. In this work, we obtain carbon dots from tomato juice in order to obtain nanoparticles with the antioxidant capabilities of the natural antioxidants present in that fruit. The obtained material is characterized regarding nanoparticle size distribution, morphology, surface functional groups and optic properties. Antioxidant properties are also evaluated through the DPPH method and their cytotoxicity is checked against human dermal fibroblast and A549 cell-lines. The results indicate that carbon dots obtained from tomato have a higher antioxidant power than other already-published antioxidant carbon dots. The bandgap of the synthesized materials was also estimated and coherent with the literature values. Moreover, carbon dots obtained from tomato juice are barely toxic for healthy cells up to 72 h, while they induce a certain cytotoxicity in A549 lung carcinoma cells.
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13
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An CZ, Li CQ, Song LB, He YF, Chen W, Liu B, Zhao YD. A simple fluorescent strategy for liver capillary labeling with carbon quantum dot-lectin nanoprobe. Analyst 2022; 147:1952-1960. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02364k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on lycopersicon esculentum lectin that can target vascular endothelial cells and carbon quantum dots, we designed a carbon-based probe for the fluorescence labeling and imaging of hepatic blood vessels of liver tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zhi An
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Qing Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lai-Bo Song
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fei He
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Di Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Photonics (HUST), Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
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14
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Krausz AD, Korley FK, Burns MA. The Current State of Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarker Measurement Methods. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:319. [PMID: 34562909 PMCID: PMC8469272 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality partially due to the limited tools available for diagnosis and classification. Measuring panels of protein biomarkers released into the bloodstream after injury has been proposed to diagnose TBI, inform treatment decisions, and monitor the progression of the injury. Being able to measure these protein biomarkers at the point-of-care would enable assessment of TBIs from the point-of-injury to the patient's hospital bedside. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of devices reported in the academic literature and available on the market that have been designed to measure TBI protein biomarkers in various biofluids and contexts. We also assess the challenges associated with TBI biomarker measurement devices and suggest future research directions to encourage translation of these devices to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyse D. Krausz
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Frederick K. Korley
- Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Mark A. Burns
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Rosato E, Bonelli M, Locatelli M, de Grazia U, Tartaglia A, Savini F, D’Ovidio C. Forensic Biochemical Markers to Evaluate the Agonal Period: A Literature Review. Molecules 2021; 26:3259. [PMID: 34071519 PMCID: PMC8198460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, forensic research is multidisciplinary with new methods and parameters useful to define the cause and time of death as well as survival/agony times. The identification of biochemical markers able to estimate agonal period has been studied by many forensic researchers. It is known that the estimation of agonal time in different types of death is not always easy, hence our interest in literature's data. The studies analyzed in this review confirm the important role of thanatobiochemistry for the estimation of survival times. Regardless of the death cause, the survival/agony time between the primary event and death influences markers concentrations in biological samples (e.g., blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid). Different biomarkers can be used for qualitative evaluations in deaths with short and long agony (e.g., C-reactive protein, ferritin, GFAP, etc.). Instead, the quantitative interpretation showed limits due to the lack of reference cut-offs. Thanatobiochemistry is a useful tool to confirm what emerged from autopsies findings (macroscopic and histological analysis), but further studies are desirable to confirm the evidence emerging from our review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Rosato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (E.R.); (M.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Martina Bonelli
- Section of Legal Medicine, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (E.R.); (M.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Ugo de Grazia
- Laboratory of Neurological Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IRCCS Neurological Institute Foundation Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Angela Tartaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (E.R.); (M.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Fabio Savini
- Pharmatoxicology Laboratory-Hospital “Santo Spirito”, Via Fonte Romana 8, 65124 Pescara, Italy;
| | - Cristian D’Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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16
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Ma Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Shi L, Yang D. Multi-carbon dots and aptamer based signal amplification ratiometric fluorescence probe for protein tyrosine kinase 7 detection. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:47. [PMID: 33588855 PMCID: PMC7885398 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK 7) is a membrane receptor, which can be found in various kinds of cancers. In view of this, detection of PTK 7 in the peripheral circulation would be an effective way for the early diagnosis of cancer. Results In this work, a multi-carbon dots and aptamer-based signal amplification ratiometric fluorescence probe was developed. The fluorescence of the aptamer-modified y-CDs and b-CDs were respectively chosen as the detection signal and interior label. The fluorescence of y-CDs was quenched by Fe3O4 and cDNA (complement to aptamer) compound without PTK 7, but recovered by the addition of PTK 7. Then, the free aptamer was cut by DNase I, which amplified the detection signal. The ratiometric fluorescence sensor for PTK 7 was established with the LOD of 0.016 ng mL−1. Conclusions Summary, a multi-carbon dots and aptamer-based signal amplification ratiometric fluorescence probe was developed for the detection of protein tyrosine kinase 7. The developed probe was applied to PTK 7 detection in MCF-7 cells and human serum with satisfying results, thus indicating that this probe has huge potential in clinical practice. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 22004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 22004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 22004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lujia Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 22004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 22004, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Agostini M, Amato F, Vieri ML, Greco G, Tonazzini I, Baroncelli L, Caleo M, Vannini E, Santi M, Signore G, Cecchini M. Glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein (GFAP) biomarker detection in serum-matrix: Functionalization strategies and detection by an ultra-high-frequency surface-acoustic-wave (UHF-SAW) lab-on-chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 172:112774. [PMID: 33160234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein (GFAP) has recently drawn significant attention from the clinical environment as a promising biomarker. The pathologies which can be linked to the presence of GFAP in blood severely affect the human central nervous system. These pathologies are glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), multiple sclerosis (MS), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Here, we develop three different detection strategies for GFAP, among the most popular in the biosensing field and never examined side by side within the experimental frame. We compare their capability of detecting GFAP in a clean-buffer and serum-matrix by using gold-coated quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM) sensors. All the three detection strategies are based on antibodies, and each of them focuses on a key aspect of the biosensing process. The first is based on a polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain for antifouling, the second on a protein-G linker for controlling antibody-orientation, and the third on antibody-splitting and direct surface immobilization for high-surface coverage. Then, we select the best-performing protocol and validate its detection performance with an ultra-high-frequency (UHF) surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) based lab-on-chip (LoC). GFAP successful detection is demonstrated in a clean-buffer and serum-matrix at a concentration of 35 pM. This GFAP level is compatible with clinical diagnostics. This result suggests the use of our technology for the realization of a point-of-care biosensing platform for the detection of multiple brain-pathology biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agostini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy; INTA srl, Intelligent Acoustics Systems, Via Nino Pisano 14, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Amato
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - M L Vieri
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Greco
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Baroncelli
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, viale del Tirreno 331, 56128, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Caleo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - E Vannini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Santi
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Signore
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy; Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, 56017, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy; INTA srl, Intelligent Acoustics Systems, Via Nino Pisano 14, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
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18
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Ashrafizadeh M, Mohammadinejad R, Kailasa SK, Ahmadi Z, Afshar EG, Pardakhty A. Carbon dots as versatile nanoarchitectures for the treatment of neurological disorders and their theranostic applications: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 278:102123. [PMID: 32087367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel methods plays a fundamental role in early diagnosis and controlling of neurological disorders (NDs). Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the most challenging barrier for the development of neuro drug delivery systems due to its inhibiting ability to enter drugs and agents into central nervous system (CNS). Carbon dots (CDs) have shown to be very promising and outstanding agents for various biomedical applications (bio imaging studies, treatment of NDs and brain tumors). They exhibit remarkable properties such as biocompatibility, small size (less than 10 nm, enabling penetration into BBB), tunable optical properties, photostability and simple synthetic procedures, allowing them to act as ideal candidates in various fields of science. Therefore, the objective of this review is to overview the recent studies on CDs for the development of neuro drug delivery systems to reach CNS via crossing of BBB. Primarily, this review briefly outlines the unique optical properties and toxicity of CDs. The development of novel neuro drug delivery systems for various neurological disorders using CDs as carriers is described. This review also covers the potential applications of CDs in brain tumors imaging and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, the sensing applications and future prospects of CDs are summarized.
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19
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Smith ES, Porterfield JE, Kannan RM. Leveraging the interplay of nanotechnology and neuroscience: Designing new avenues for treating central nervous system disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:181-203. [PMID: 30844410 PMCID: PMC7043366 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has the potential to open many novel diagnostic and treatment avenues for disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we discuss recent developments in the applications of nanotechnology in CNS therapies, diagnosis and biology. Novel approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroinflammation, brain dysfunction, psychiatric conditions, brain cancer, and nerve injury provide insights into the potential of nanomedicine. We also highlight nanotechnology-enabled neuroscience techniques such as electrophysiology and intracellular sampling to improve our understanding of the brain and its components. With nanotechnology integrally involved in the advancement of basic neuroscience and the development of novel treatments, combined diagnostic and therapeutic applications have begun to emerge. Nanotheranostics for the brain, able to achieve single-cell resolution, will hasten the rate in which we can diagnose, monitor, and treat diseases. Taken together, the recent advances highlighted in this review demonstrate the prospect for significant improvements to clinical diagnosis and treatment of a vast array of neurological diseases. However, it is apparent that a strong dialogue between the nanoscience and neuroscience communities will be critical for the development of successful nanotherapeutics that move to the clinic, benefit patients, and address unmet needs in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Smith
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Joshua E Porterfield
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University for Cerebral Palsy Research Excellence, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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20
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Xiao P, Ke Y, Lu J, Huang Z, Zhu X, Wei B, Huang L. Photoluminescence immunoassay based on grapefruit peel-extracted carbon quantum dots encapsulated into silica nanospheres for p53 protein. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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