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Barabas AZ, Sequeira I, Yang Y, Barajas-Aguilar AH, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Sanchez-Yamagishi JD. Mechanically reconfigurable van der Waals devices via low-friction gold sliding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9558. [PMID: 37027469 PMCID: PMC10081839 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces of van der Waals (vdW) materials, such as graphite and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), exhibit low-friction sliding due to their atomically flat surfaces and weak vdW bonding. We demonstrate that microfabricated gold also slides with low friction on hBN. This enables the arbitrary post-fabrication repositioning of device features both at ambient conditions and in situ to a measurement cryostat. We demonstrate mechanically reconfigurable vdW devices where device geometry and position are continuously tunable parameters. By fabricating slidable top gates on a graphene-hBN device, we produce a mechanically tunable quantum point contact where electron confinement and edge-state coupling can be continuously modified. Moreover, we combine in situ sliding with simultaneous electronic measurements to create new types of scanning probe experiments, where gate electrodes and even entire vdW heterostructure devices can be spatially scanned by sliding across a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z. Barabas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ian Sequeira
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Japan
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2
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Cihan E, Dietzel D, Jany BR, Schirmeisen A. Effect of Amorphous-Crystalline Phase Transition on Superlubric Sliding. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:126205. [PMID: 37027841 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.126205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Structural superlubricity describes the state of greatly reduced friction between incommensurate atomically flat surfaces. Theory predicts that, in the superlubric state, the remaining friction sensitively depends on the exact structural configuration. In particular the friction of amorphous and crystalline structures for, otherwise, identical interfaces should be markedly different. Here, we measure friction of antimony nanoparticles on graphite as a function of temperature between 300 and 750 K. We observe a characteristic change of friction when passing the amorphous-crystalline phase transition above 420 K, which shows irreversibility upon cooling. The friction data is modeled with a combination of an area scaling law and a Prandtl-Tomlinson type temperature activation. We find that the characteristic scaling factor γ, which is a fingerprint of the structural state of the interface, is reduced by 20% when passing the phase transition. This validates the concept that structural superlubricity is determined by the effectiveness of atomic force canceling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Cihan
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Dietzel
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Benedykt R Jany
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30348 Krakow, Poland
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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3
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Gao H, Müser MH. Structural lubricity of physisorbed gold clusters on graphite and its breakdown: Role of boundary conditions and contact lines. Front Chem 2022; 10:935008. [PMID: 36118319 PMCID: PMC9470919 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.935008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sliding motion of gold slabs adsorbed on a graphite substrate is simulated using molecular dynamics. The central quantity of interest is the mean lateral force, that is, the kinetic friction rather than the maximum lateral forces, which correlates with the static friction. For most setups, we find Stokesian damping to resist sliding. However, velocity-insensitive (Coulomb) friction is observed for finite-width slabs sliding parallel to the armchair direction if the bottom-most layer of the three graphite layers is kept at zero stress rather than at zero displacement. Although the resulting kinetic friction remains much below the noise produced by the erratic fluctuations of (conservative) forces typical for structurally lubric contacts, the nature of the instabilities leading to Coulomb friction could be characterized as quasi-discontinuous dynamics of the Moiré patterns formed by the normal displacements near a propagating contact line. It appears that the interaction of graphite with the second gold layer is responsible for the symmetry break occurring at the interface when a contact line moves parallel to the armchair rather than to the zigzag direction.
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Li P, Lu J, Wang WY, Sui X, Zou C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Lin D, Lu Z, Song H, Fan X, Hao J, Li J, Liu W. Lattice distortion-enhanced superlubricity of (Mo, X)S 2 (X = Al, Ti, Cr and V) with moiré superlattice. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16234-16243. [PMID: 34546276 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials with the advantage of low interlayer shear strain are ultilized as lubricants in aerospace and precision manufacturing. Moiré superlattices (MSL), with attractive physical properties of electronic structures, interlayer hybridization and atomic forces, have been widely investigated in superlubricity, which is caused by elimination of interlayer lock-in by incommensurate atomic reconstruction. Although the foundations of superlubricity and the development of 2D lubricants via vanishing friction have been investigated, it is still important to comprehensively reveal the influence of MSL on the interlayer van der Waals (vdW) interactions of 2D lubricants. Here, the contributions of lattice distortions of solute-doped twisted bilayers (Mo, X)S2 (X = Al, Ti, V and Cr) to superlubricity are comprehensively investigated by high-throughput modelling and DFT-D2 calculations. It is revealed that the lattice distortion not only breaks the interlayer balance of repulsion and van der Waals interactions but also yields layer corrugation. These layer-corrugation-induced changes of the interlayer interactions and spacing distances are utilized to optimize lubricity, which matches with the experimental friction coefficients in the order of (Mo, Al)S2 > (Mo, Cr)S2 > MoS2 >(Mo, V)S2 >(Mo, Ti)S2. The evolutions of the band structures show an exponential relationship of the band edge width and layer deformations, paving a path to accelerate the development of advanced superlubricity materials via lattice distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- School of Science, Shenyang Ligong University, Liaoning, 110159, China
| | - William Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical Univerisity, 401135, Chongqing, China
| | - Xudong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chengxiong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical Univerisity, 401135, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical Univerisity, 401135, Chongqing, China
| | - Deye Lin
- CAEP Code Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Junying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical Univerisity, 401135, Chongqing, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Qu C, Wang K, Wang J, Gongyang Y, Carpick RW, Urbakh M, Zheng Q. Origin of Friction in Superlubric Graphite Contacts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:126102. [PMID: 33016762 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.126102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
More than thirty years ago, it was theoretically predicted that friction for incommensurate contacts between atomically smooth, infinite, crystalline materials (e.g., graphite, MoS_{2}) is vanishing in the low speed limit, and this corresponding state was called structural superlubricity (SSL). However, experimental validation of this prediction has met challenges, since real contacts always have a finite size, and the overall friction arises not only from the atoms located within the contact area, but also from those at the contact edges which can contribute a finite amount of friction even when the incommensurate area does not. Here, we report, using a novel method, the decoupling of these contributions for the first time. The results obtained from nanoscale to microscale incommensurate contacts of graphite under ambient conditions verify that the average frictional contribution of an inner atom is no more than 10^{-4} that of an atom at the edge. Correspondingly, the total friction force is dominated by friction between the contact edges for contacts up to 10 μm in lateral size. We discuss the physical mechanisms of friction observed in SSL contacts, and provide guidelines for the rational design of large-scale SSL contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangyu Qu
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kunqi Wang
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology & Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujie Gongyang
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Robert W Carpick
- Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19147, USA
| | - Michael Urbakh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Quanshui Zheng
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology & Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Oras S, Vlassov S, Vigonski S, Polyakov B, Antsov M, Zadin V, Lõhmus R, Mougin K. The effect of heat treatment on the morphology and mobility of Au nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:61-67. [PMID: 31976197 PMCID: PMC6964656 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we investigate the effect of heat treatment on the geometry and mobility of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on a Si substrate. Chemically synthesized Au NPs of diameter ranging from 5 to 27 nm were annealed at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C for 1 h. A change in the geometry from faceted to more rounded shapes were observed with increasing annealing temperature. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the NPs become rounded due to the minimization of the surface area and the transition to lower energy surface types {111} and {100}. The NPs were manipulated on a silica substrate with an atomic force microscope (AFM) in tapping mode. Initially, the NPs were immovable by AFM energy dissipation. However, annealed NPs became movable, and less energy was required to displace the NPs annealed at higher temperature. However, after annealing at 800 °C, the particles became immovable again. This effect was attributed to the diffusion of Au into the Si substrate and to the growth of the SiO2 layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Oras
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi tn 1, 50412, Tartu, Estonia
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, Institut de Science des Matériaux, IS2M-CNRS-UMR 7361, 15 Rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
- Tallinn University of Technology, Tartu College, Puiestee 78, Tartu, 51008, Estonia
| | - Sergei Vlassov
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi tn 1, 50412, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Simon Vigonski
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Boris Polyakov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga street 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mikk Antsov
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi tn 1, 50412, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vahur Zadin
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rünno Lõhmus
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi tn 1, 50412, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karine Mougin
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute Alsace, Institut de Science des Matériaux, IS2M-CNRS-UMR 7361, 15 Rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
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7
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Wang J, Cao W, Song Y, Qu C, Zheng Q, Ma M. Generalized Scaling Law of Structural Superlubricity. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7735-7741. [PMID: 31646868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Structural superlubricity, which promises an ultralow sliding friction due to the cancellation of the lateral force between two incommensurate interfaces, is a fundamental phenomenon in modern tribology. Achieving macroscale superlubricity is critical to its practical application, and the key is understanding how friction scales with real contact area, that is, the scaling law, especially for kinetic friction which accounts for most of the energy dissipation during sliding. Here, inspired by extensive molecular dynamics simulations we introduce an analytical general theory for the scaling law of structural superlubricity, which could well explain existing experimental measurements on the nanoscale. On the microscale, the scaling law is validated by measuring the friction of several microscale superlubric graphite/hexagonal boron nitride heterojunctions. The proposed theory predicts a characteristic size D = O(100 nm) above which the scaling transits from sublinear to linear. Our results provide insights in the origin of friction for structural superlubricity and benefit its application on macroscale.
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Abstract
Structural lubricity is an intriguing tribological concept, where extremely low friction is anticipated, if two surfaces in relative motion do not share the same lattice structure and consequently instabilities originating from interlocking surface potentials are strongly reduced. Currently, the challenges related to the phenomenon of structural lubricity are considered to be twofold. On one hand, experimental systems suitable for showing structural lubricity must be identified, while at the same time, it is also crucial to understand the intricate details of interface interaction. Here, we introduce a new material combination, namely NaCl-particles on highly oriented pyrolithic graphite (HOPG), where the nanoparticles coalesce under the influence of ambient humidity. Our experiments reveal that the interfacial friction can be described by the concept of structural lubricity despite the seemingly unavoidable contamination of the interface. By systematically analyzing the friction versus area scaling, this unlikely candidate for structural lubricity then shows two separate friction branches, with distinct differences of the friction versus area scaling. The exact tribological behavior of the nanoparticles can ultimately be understood by a model that considers the influence of nanoparticle preparation on the interface conditions. By taking into account an inevitable water layer at the interface between particle and substrate that can exist in different crystalline configurations all friction phenomena observed in the experiments can be understood.
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9
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Sun T, Wu Z, Li Z, Zheng Q, Lin L. A Hybrid Two-Axis Force Sensor for the Mesoscopic Structural Superlubricity Studies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:s19153431. [PMID: 31387294 PMCID: PMC6696239 DOI: 10.3390/s19153431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Structural superlubricity (SSL) is a state of nearly zero friction and zero wear between two directly contacted solid surfaces. Recently, SSL was achieved in mesoscale and thus opened the SSL technology which promises great applications in Micro-electromechanical Systems (MEMS), sensors, storage technologies, etc. However, load issues in current mesoscale SSL studies are still not clear. The great challenge is to simultaneously measure both the ultralow shear forces and the much larger normal forces, although the widely used frictional force microscopes (FFM) and micro tribometers can satisfy the shear forces and normal forces requirements, respectively. Here we propose a hybrid two-axis force sensor that can well fill the blank between the capabilities of FFM and micro tribometers for the mesoscopic SSL studies. The proposed sensor can afford 1mN normal load with 10 nN lateral resolution. Moreover, the probe of the sensor is designed at the edge of the structure for the convenience of real-time optical observation. Calibrations and preliminary experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Sun
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanghui Wu
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Quanshui Zheng
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Lin
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Grillo F, La Zara D, Mulder P, Kreutzer MT, Ruud van Ommen J. Oriented Attachment and Nanorod Formation in Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO 2 on Graphene Nanoplatelets. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:19981-19991. [PMID: 30197725 PMCID: PMC6120748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spontaneous organization of atoms on well-defined surfaces promises to enable control over the shape and size of supported nanostructures. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) boasts atomic-scale control in the synthesis of thin films and nanoparticles. Yet, the possibility to control the shape of ALD-grown nanostructures remains mostly unexplored. Here, we report on the bottom-up formation of both linear and V-shaped anatase TiO2 nanorods (NRs) on graphene nanoplatelets during TiCl4/H2O ALD carried out at 300 °C. NRs as large as 200 nm form after only five ALD cycles, indicating that diffusional processes rather than layer-by-layer growth are behind the NR formation. In particular, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the TiO2 NRs and graphene nanoplatelets are in rotational alignment as a result of lattice matching. Crucially, we also show that individual nanocrystals can undergo in-plane oriented attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Mulder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel T. Kreutzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. Ruud van Ommen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Vanossi A, Dietzel D, Schirmeisen A, Meyer E, Pawlak R, Glatzel T, Kisiel M, Kawai S, Manini N. Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1995-2014. [PMID: 30116691 PMCID: PMC6071713 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Friction is the oldest branch of non-equilibrium condensed matter physics and, at the same time, the least established at the fundamental level. A full understanding and control of friction is increasingly recognized to involve all relevant size and time scales. We review here some recent advances on the research focusing of nano- and mesoscale tribology phenomena. These advances are currently pursued in a multifaceted approach starting from the fundamental atomic-scale friction and mechanical control of specific single-asperity combinations, e.g., nanoclusters on layered materials, then scaling up to the meso/microscale of extended, occasionally lubricated, interfaces and driven trapped optical systems, and eventually up to the macroscale. Currently, this "hot" research field is leading to new technological advances in the area of engineering and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vanossi
- CNR-IOM Democritos National Simulation Center, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Dirk Dietzel
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Giessen, 33492 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andre Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Giessen, 33492 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Kisiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nicola Manini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
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