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Kumar A, Kumari P, Senthil Kumar M, Gupta G, Shivagan DD, Bapna K. A high-performance flexible humidity sensor based on a TiO 2-MWCNT nanocomposite for human healthcare applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:21186-21196. [PMID: 39072697 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The present work shows the improved humidity sensing characteristics of TiO2 nanoparticles in the form of a nanocomposite with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) prepared by a hydration-dehydration method. The structural and morphological characterizations of TiO2-MWCNTs confirm the nanocomposite formation without any other impurities and with an improved surface area. The pure TiO2 and nanocomposite films are deposited on IDE coated flexible poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates by a drop casting method. The nanocomposite shows improved sensitivity (1246.2 MΩ/%RH) and an ultrafast response/recovery time (2 s/1 s) with a minimal hysteresis of 0.27%RH. Further, the flexible nanocomposite sensor is tested for human healthcare applications including respiratory monitoring, apnea like situations, and skin moisture detection. The sensor can distinguish different breath patterns like normal, fast, deep and apnea like situations significantly. Skin moisture detection can also be performed using the nanocomposite sensor in a non-invasive manner. Overall, this study represents an environmentally friendly, easy to fabricate, flexible TiO2-MWCNT nanocomposite based improved humidity sensor for application in human healthcare and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- Temperature and Humidity Metrology, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Parvesh Kumari
- Temperature and Humidity Metrology, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - M Senthil Kumar
- Sensor Devices and Metrology, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Temperature and Humidity Metrology, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - D D Shivagan
- Temperature and Humidity Metrology, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Komal Bapna
- Temperature and Humidity Metrology, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Ku CA, Chung CK. Advances in Humidity Nanosensors and Their Application: Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23042328. [PMID: 36850926 PMCID: PMC9960561 DOI: 10.3390/s23042328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As the technology revolution and industrialization have flourished in the last few decades, the development of humidity nanosensors has become more important for the detection and control of humidity in the industry production line, food preservation, chemistry, agriculture and environmental monitoring. The new nanostructured materials and fabrication in nanosensors are linked to better sensor performance, especially for superior humidity sensing, following the intensive research into the design and synthesis of nanomaterials in the last few years. Various nanomaterials, such as ceramics, polymers, semiconductor and sulfide, carbon-based, triboelectrical nanogenerator (TENG), and MXene, have been studied for their potential ability to sense humidity with structures of nanowires, nanotubes, nanopores, and monolayers. These nanosensors have been synthesized via a wide range of processes, including solution synthesis, anodization, physical vapor deposition (PVD), or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The sensing mechanism, process improvement and nanostructure modulation of different types of materials are mostly inexhaustible, but they are all inseparable from the goals of the effective response, high sensitivity and low response-recovery time of humidity sensors. In this review, we focus on the sensing mechanism of direct and indirect sensing, various fabrication methods, nanomaterial geometry and recent advances in humidity nanosensors. Various types of capacitive, resistive and optical humidity nanosensors are introduced, alongside illustration of the properties and nanostructures of various materials. The similarities and differences of the humidity-sensitive mechanisms of different types of materials are summarized. Applications such as IoT, and the environmental and human-body monitoring of nanosensors are the development trends for futures advancements.
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Deb M, Chen MY, Chang PY, Li PH, Chan MJ, Tian YC, Yeh PH, Soppera O, Zan HW. SnO 2-Based Ultra-Flexible Humidity/Respiratory Sensor for Analysis of Human Breath. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:81. [PMID: 36671916 PMCID: PMC9856198 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing ultraflexible sensors using metal oxides is challenging due to the high-temperature annealing step in the fabrication process. Here, we demonstrate the ultraflexible relative humidity (RH) sensor on food plastic wrap by using 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser annealing for 1 min at a low temperature (26.2-40.8 °C). The wettability of plastic wraps coated with sol-gel solution is modulated to obtain uniform films. The surface morphology, local temperature, and electrical properties of the SnO2 resistor under NIR laser irradiation with a power of 16, 33, and 84 W/cm2 are investigated. The optimal device can detect wide-range RH from 15% to 70% with small incremental changes (0.1-2.2%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the relation between the surface binding condition and sensing response. Finally, the proposed sensor is attached onto the face mask to analyze the real-time human breath pattern in slow, normal, and fast modes, showing potential in wearable electronics or respiration monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Deb
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yi Chang
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pin-Hsuan Li
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Chan
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hung Yeh
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Olivier Soppera
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hsiao-Wen Zan
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Yin Y, Guo C, Li H, Yang H, Xiong F, Chen D. The Progress of Research into Flexible Sensors in the Field of Smart Wearables. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5089. [PMID: 35890768 PMCID: PMC9319532 DOI: 10.3390/s22145089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In modern society, technology associated with smart sensors made from flexible materials is rapidly evolving. As a core component in the field of wearable smart devices (or 'smart wearables'), flexible sensors have the advantages of excellent flexibility, ductility, free folding properties, and more. When choosing materials for the development of sensors, reduced weight, elasticity, and wearer's convenience are considered as advantages, and are suitable for electronic skin, monitoring of health-related issues, biomedicine, human-computer interactions, and other fields of biotechnology. The idea behind wearable sensory devices is to enable their easy integration into everyday life. This review discusses the concepts of sensory mechanism, detected object, and contact form of flexible sensors, and expounds the preparation materials and their applicability. This is with the purpose of providing a reference for the further development of flexible sensors suitable for wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Yin
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Cheng Guo
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Hong Li
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Hongying Yang
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
- Henan Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Fan Xiong
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Dongyi Chen
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
- College of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 611731, China
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Chaloeipote G, Samarnwong J, Traiwatcharanon P, Kerdcharoen T, Wongchoosuk C. High-performance resistive humidity sensor based on Ag nanoparticles decorated with graphene quantum dots. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210407. [PMID: 34295526 PMCID: PMC8292773 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a low-cost, fast and simple fabrication of resistive-type humidity sensors based on the graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) nanocomposites. The GQDs and AgNPs were synthesized by hydrothermal method and green reducing agent route, respectively. UV-Vis spectrophotometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and field-emission transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize quality, chemical bonding states and morphology of the nanocomposite materials and confirm the successful formation of core/shell-like AgNPs/GQDs structure. According to sensing humidity results, the ratio of GQDs/AgNPs 1 : 1 nanocomposite exhibits the best humidity response of 98.14% with exponential relation in the humidity range of 25-95% relative humidity at room temperature as well as faster response/recovery times than commercial one at the same condition. The sensing mechanism of the high-performance GQDs/AgNPs humidity sensor is proposed via Schottky junction formation and intrinsic synergistic effects of GQDs and AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Chaloeipote
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Samarnwong
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Teerakiat Kerdcharoen
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University and Research Network of NANOTEC at Mahidol University, National Nanotechnology Center, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chatchawal Wongchoosuk
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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A Systematic Study of Compositionally Dependent Dielectric Tensors of SnSxSe1-x Alloys by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the dielectric tensors on the cleavage plane of biaxial SnSxSe1-x alloys in the spectral energy region from 0.74 to 6.42 eV obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Single-crystal SnSxSe1-x alloys were grown by the temperature-gradient method. Strongly anisotropic optical responses are observed along the different principal axes. An approximate solution yields the anisotropic dielectric functions along the zigzag (a-axis) and armchair (b-axis) directions. The critical point (CP) energies of SnSxSe1-x alloys are obtained by analyzing numerically calculated second derivatives, and their physical origins are identified by energy band structure. Blue shifts of the CPs are observed with increasing S composition. The fundamental bandgap for Se = 0.8 and 1 in the armchair axis arises from band-to-band transitions at the M0 minimum point instead of the M1 saddle point as in SnS. These optical data will be useful for designing optoelectronic devices based on SnSxSe1-x alloys.
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A Review of the Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Bulk and Two-Dimensional Tin (II) Sulfide (SnS). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11052062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tin(II) sulfide (SnS) is an attractive semiconductor for solar energy conversion in thin film devices due to its bandgap of around 1.3 eV in its orthorhombic polymorph, and a band gap energy of 1.5–1.7 eV for the cubic polymorph—both of which are commensurate with efficient light harvesting, combined with a high absorption coefficient (10−4 cm−1) across the NIR–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, leading to theoretical power conversion efficiencies >30%. The high natural abundance and a relative lack of toxicity of its constituent elements means that such devices could potentially be inexpensive, sustainable, and accessible to most nations. SnS exists in its orthorhombic form as a layer structure similar to black phosphorus; therefore, the bandgap energy can be tuned by thinning the material to nanoscale dimensions. These and other properties enable SnS applications in optoelectronic devices (photovoltaics, photodetectors), lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, and sensors among others with a significant potential for a variety of future applications. The synthetic routes, structural, optical and electronic properties as well as their applications (in particular photonic applications and energy storage) of bulk and 2D tin(II) sulfide are reviewed herein.
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Nguyen HT, Le VL, Nguyen TMH, Kim TJ, Nguyen XA, Kim B, Kim K, Lee W, Cho S, Kim YD. Temperature dependence of the dielectric function and critical points of α-SnS from 27 to 350 K. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18396. [PMID: 33110190 PMCID: PMC7591561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the temperature dependence of the dielectric function ε = ε1 + iε2 and critical point (CP) energies of biaxial α-SnS in the spectral energy region from 0.74 to 6.42 eV and temperatures from 27 to 350 K using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Bulk SnS was grown by temperature gradient method. Dielectric response functions were obtained using multilayer calculations to remove artifacts due to surface roughness. We observe sharpening and blue-shifting of CPs with decreasing temperature. A strong exciton effect is detected only in the armchair direction at low temperature. New CPs are observed at low temperature that cannot be detected at room temperature. The temperature dependences of the CP energies were determined by fitting the data to the phenomenological expression that contains the Bose-Einstein statistical factor and the temperature coefficient for describing the electron-phonon interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Tung Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van Long Le
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Minh Hai Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest-Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jung Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xuan Au Nguyen
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bogyu Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyujin Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjun Lee
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunglae Cho
- Department of Physics and Energy Harvest-Storage Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dong Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Lou C, Hou K, Zhu W, Wang X, Yang X, Dong R, Chen H, Guo L, Liu X. Human Respiratory Monitoring Based on Schottky Resistance Humidity Sensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E430. [PMID: 31963285 PMCID: PMC7013617 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two types of Schottky structure sensors (silicon nanowire (SiNW)/ZnO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and SiNW/TiO2/rGO) were designed, their humidity resistance characteristics were studied, and the sensors were applied to detect sleep apnea through breath humidity monitoring. The results show that the resistance of the sensors exhibited significant changes with increasing humidity, the response times of the two sensors within the relative humidity range of 23-97% were 49 s and 67 s, and the recovery times were 24 s and 43 s, respectively. Meanwhile, continuous breathing monitoring results indicate that the sensitivity of the sensors remained basically unchanged during 10 min of normal breathing and simulated apnea. The response of the sensor is still good after 30 days of use. We believe that the Schottky structure composite sensor is a very promising technology for human breathing monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunguang Lou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronic Information Engineering & Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; (C.L.); (K.H.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (R.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Kaixuan Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronic Information Engineering & Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; (C.L.); (K.H.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (R.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Weitong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronic Information Engineering & Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; (C.L.); (K.H.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (R.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronic Information Engineering & Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; (C.L.); (K.H.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (R.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronic Information Engineering & Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; (C.L.); (K.H.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (R.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Rihe Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronic Information Engineering & Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; (C.L.); (K.H.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (R.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Hongjia Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronic Information Engineering & Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; (C.L.); (K.H.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (R.D.); (H.C.)
| | - Linjuan Guo
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Xiuling Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronic Information Engineering & Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China; (C.L.); (K.H.); (W.Z.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (R.D.); (H.C.)
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