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Sakunpongpitiporn P, Morarad R, Naeowong W, Niamlang S, Sirivat A. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as an insulin carrier in silk fibroin hydrogels for transdermal delivery via iontophoresis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1549-1562. [PMID: 38179091 PMCID: PMC10763702 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, silk fibroin (SF) was utilized as the starting material to fabricate physically crosslinked hydrogels. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) was synthesized and characterized as a drug carrier, with insulin as the model drug. PEDOT:PSS, with a high electrical conductivity of 1666 ± 49 S cm-1, interacted with insulin molecules via electrostatic interaction by replacing the dopant PSS molecules. Insulin-loaded PEDOT:PSS embedded in the SF hydrogel resulted in an increase in the degree of swelling, pore size, and mesh size of the hydrogel. In the in vitro release and release-permeation experiments, the amounts of insulin release and release-permeation were investigated using a modified Franz diffusion cell, under the effects of SF concentrations, electric fields, and pH values. The amounts of insulin release and release-permeation from the pristine SF hydrogel and the PEDOT:PSS/SF hydrogel followed the power laws with the scaling exponents close to 0.5, indicating the Fickian diffusion or the concentration gradient. Under electric fields, with or without PEDOT:PSS used as the drug carrier, the insulin amount and diffusion coefficient were shown to increase with the increasing electric field due to the electro-repulsive forces between the cathode and insulin molecules and SF chains, electroosmosis, and SF matrix swelling. The SF hydrogel and PEDOT:PSS as the drug carrier are demonstrated herein as new components in the transdermal delivery system for the iontophoretically controlled insulin basal release applicable to diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phimchanok Sakunpongpitiporn
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Rawita Morarad
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Witthawat Naeowong
- Division of Perioperative and Ambulatory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Sumonman Niamlang
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi Pathumthani 12110 Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- The Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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Self-Healing, Flexible and Smart 3D Hydrogel Electrolytes Based on Alginate/PEDOT:PSS for Supercapacitor Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030571. [PMID: 36771872 PMCID: PMC9918896 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel electrolytes for energy storage devices have made great progress, yet they present a major challenge in the assembly of flexible supercapacitors with high ionic conductivity and self-healing properties. Herein, a smart self-healing hydrogel electrolyte based on alginate/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (alginate/PEDOT:PSS)(A/P:P) was prepared, wherein H2SO4 was employed as a polymeric initiator, as well as a source of ions. PEDOT:PSS is a semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) that has been used in recent studies to exhibit quick self-healing properties with the H₂SO₃ additive, which further improves its mechanical strength and self-healing performance. A moderate amount of PEDOT:PSS in the hydrogel (5 mL) was found to significantly improve the ionic conductivity compared to the pure hydrogel of alginate. Interestingly, the alginate/PEDOT:PSS composite hydrogel exhibited an excellent ability to self-heal and repair its original composition within 10 min of cutting. Furthermore, the graphite conductive substrate-based supercapacitor with the alginate/PEDOT:PSS hydrogel electrolyte provided a high specific capacitance of 356 F g-1 at 100 mV/s g-1. The results demonstrate that the A/P:P ratio with 5 mL PEDOT:PSS had a base sheet resistance of 0.9 Ω/square. This work provides a new strategy for designing flexible self-healing hydrogels for application in smart wearable electronics.
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Substrate-free, ultra-conformable PEDOT: PSS E-tattoo achieved by energy regulation on skin. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 206:114118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The application of flexible electronics in the field of communication has made the transition from rigid physical form to flexible physical form. Flexible electrode technology is the key to the wide application of flexible electronics. However, flexible electrodes will break when large deformation occurs, failing flexible electronics. It restricts the further development of flexible electronic technology. Flexible stretchable electrodes are a hot research topic to solve the problem that flexible electrodes cannot withstand large deformation. Flexible stretchable electrode materials have excellent electrical conductivity, while retaining excellent mechanical properties in case of large deformation. This paper summarizes the research results of flexible stretchable electrodes from three aspects: material, process, and structure, as well as the prospects for future development.
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Wang J, Li Q, Li K, Sun X, Wang Y, Zhuang T, Yan J, Wang H. Ultra-High Electrical Conductivity in Filler-Free Polymeric Hydrogels Toward Thermoelectrics and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109904. [PMID: 35064696 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conducting hydrogels have attracted much attention for the emerging field of hydrogel bioelectronics, especially poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) based hydrogels, because of their great biocompatibility and stability. However, the electrical conductivities of hydrogels are often lower than 1 S cm-1 which are not suitable for digital circuits or applications in bioelectronics. Introducing conductive inorganic fillers into the hydrogels can improve their electrical conductivities. However, it may lead to compromises in compliance, biocompatibility, deformability, biodegradability, etc. Herein, a series of highly conductive ionic liquid (IL) doped PEDOT:PSS hydrogels without any conductive fillers is reported. These hydrogels exhibit high conductivities up to ≈305 S cm-1 , which is ≈8 times higher than the record of polymeric hydrogels without conductive fillers in literature. The high electrical conductivity results in enhanced areal thermoelectric output power for hydrogel-based thermoelectric devices, and high specific electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency which is about an order in magnitude higher than that of state-of-the-art conductive hydrogels in literature. Furthermore, these stretchable (strain >30%) hydrogels exhibit fast self-healing, and shape/size-tunable properties, which are desirable for hydrogel bioelectronics and wearable organic devices. The results indicate that these highly conductive hydrogels are promising in applications such as sensing, thermoelectrics, EMI shielding, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Qing Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Kuncai Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Tiantian Zhuang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of energy and power engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- School of energy and power engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Zhejiang YunFeng New Materials Technology Co., Ltd, No. 755 Hongji Street, Jinghua Zhejiang, 321015, China
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