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Xie M, Gong T, Wang Y, Li Z, Lu M, Luo Y, Min L, Tu C, Zhang X, Zeng Q, Zhou Y. Advancements in Photothermal Therapy Using Near-Infrared Light for Bone Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4139. [PMID: 38673726 PMCID: PMC11050412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone tumors, particularly osteosarcoma, are prevalent among children and adolescents. This ailment has emerged as the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality in adolescents. Conventional treatment methods comprise extensive surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Consequently, the management of bone tumors and bone regeneration poses significant clinical challenges. Photothermal tumor therapy has attracted considerable attention owing to its minimal invasiveness and high selectivity. However, key challenges have limited its widespread clinical use. Enhancing the tumor specificity of photosensitizers through targeting or localized activation holds potential for better outcomes with fewer adverse effects. Combinations with chemotherapies or immunotherapies also present avenues for improvement. In this review, we provide an overview of the most recent strategies aimed at overcoming the limitations of photothermal therapy (PTT), along with current research directions in the context of bone tumors, including (1) target strategies, (2) photothermal therapy combined with multiple therapies (immunotherapies, chemotherapies, and chemodynamic therapies, magnetic, and photodynamic therapies), and (3) bifunctional scaffolds for photothermal therapy and bone regeneration. We delve into the pros and cons of these combination methods and explore current research focal points. Lastly, we address the challenges and prospects of photothermal combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhang Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Taojun Gong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Zhuangzhuang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Minxun Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Li Min
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Biomaterials, Sichuan University Research Center for Chengdu, Chengdu 610064, China;
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterials, Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- National Engineering Biomaterials, Sichuan University Research Center for Chengdu, Chengdu 610064, China;
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Control of Tissue Regenerative Biomaterials, Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (M.X.); (T.G.); (Y.W.); (Z.L.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (L.M.); (C.T.)
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Chen X, Yang L, Wu Y, Wang L, Li H. Advances in the Application of Photothermal Composite Scaffolds for Osteosarcoma Ablation and Bone Regeneration. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46362-46375. [PMID: 38107965 PMCID: PMC10720008 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy is a promising approach to cancer treatment. The energy generated by the photothermal effect can effectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells without harming normal tissues, while the right amount of heat can also promote cell proliferation and accelerate tissue regeneration. Various nanomaterials have recently been used as photothermal agents (PTAs). The photothermal composite scaffolds can be obtained by introducing PTAs into bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds, which produces a photothermal effect that can be used to ablate bone cancer with subsequent further use of the scaffold as a support to repair the bone defects created by ablation of osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma is the most common among primary bone malignancies. However, a review of the efficacy of different types of photothermal composite scaffolds in osteosarcoma is lacking. This article first introduces the common PTAs, BTE materials, and preparation methods and then systematically summarizes the development of photothermal composite scaffolds. It would provide a useful reference for the combination of tumor therapy and tissue engineering in bone tumor-related diseases and complex diseases. It will also be valuable for advancing the clinical applications of photothermal composite scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Department
of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Haining
Central Hospital, Jiaxing 314400, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- Department
of Nursing, Tongxiang Traditional Chinese
Medicine Hospital, Jiaxing 314500, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- Department
of Hematology, The First People’s
Hospital of Fuyang Hangzhou, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department
of Internal Medicine, The Second People’s
Hospital of Luqiao Taizhou, Taizhou 318058, China
| | - Huafeng Li
- Department
of General Surgery, Haining Central Hospital, Jiaxing 314400, China
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Chao B, Jiao J, Yang L, Wang Y, Jiang W, Yu T, Wang L, Liu H, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wu M. Application of advanced biomaterials in photothermal therapy for malignant bone tumors. Biomater Res 2023; 27:116. [PMID: 37968707 PMCID: PMC10652612 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant bone tumors are characterized by severe disability rate, mortality rate, and heavy recurrence rate owing to the complex pathogenesis and insidious disease progression, which seriously affect the terminal quality of patients' lives. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as an attractive adjunctive treatment offering prominent hyperthermal therapeutic effects to enhance the effectiveness of surgical treatment and avoid recurrence. Simultaneously, various advanced biomaterials with photothermal capacity are currently created to address malignant bone tumors, performing distinctive biological functions, including nanomaterials, bioceramics (BC), polymers, and hydrogels et al. Furthermore, PTT-related combination therapeutic strategies can provide more significant curative benefits by reducing drug toxicity, improving tumor-killing efficiency, stimulating anti-cancer immunity, and improving immune sensitivity relative to monotherapy, even in complex tumor microenvironments (TME). This review summarizes the current advanced biomaterials applicable in PTT and relevant combination therapies on malignant bone tumors for the first time. The multiple choices of advanced biomaterials, treatment methods, and new prospects for future research in treating malignant bone tumors with PTT are generalized to provide guidance. Malignant bone tumors seriously affect the terminal quality of patients' lives. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as an attractive adjunctive treatment enhancing the effectiveness of surgical treatment and avoiding recurrence. In this review, advanced biomaterials applicable in the PTT of malignant bone tumors and their distinctive biological functions are comprehensively summarized for the first time. Simultaneously, multiple PTT-related combination therapeutic strategies are classified to optimize practical clinical issues, contributing to the selection of biomaterials, therapeutic alternatives, and research perspectives for the adjuvant treatment of malignant bone tumors with PTT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minfei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People's Republic of China.
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Chehelgerdi M, Chehelgerdi M, Allela OQB, Pecho RDC, Jayasankar N, Rao DP, Thamaraikani T, Vasanthan M, Viktor P, Lakshmaiya N, Saadh MJ, Amajd A, Abo-Zaid MA, Castillo-Acobo RY, Ismail AH, Amin AH, Akhavan-Sigari R. Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:169. [PMID: 37814270 PMCID: PMC10561438 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the detection and treatment of cancer. Developments in protein engineering and materials science have led to the emergence of new nanoscale targeting techniques, which offer renewed hope for cancer patients. While several nanocarriers for medicinal purposes have been approved for human trials, only a few have been authorized for clinical use in targeting cancer cells. In this review, we analyze some of the authorized formulations and discuss the challenges of translating findings from the lab to the clinic. This study highlights the various nanocarriers and compounds that can be used for selective tumor targeting and the inherent difficulties in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology provides a promising platform for improving cancer detection and treatment in the future, but further research is needed to overcome the current limitations in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Institute, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran.
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran.
| | - Matin Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Institute, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran
| | | | | | - Narayanan Jayasankar
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM College Of Pharmacy, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College, Kanpur-208001, U.P, India
| | - Tamilanban Thamaraikani
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM College Of Pharmacy, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Manimaran Vasanthan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM College Of Pharmacy, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Patrik Viktor
- Keleti Károly Faculty of Business and Management, Óbuda University, Tavaszmező U. 15-17, 1084, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Natrayan Lakshmaiya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Ayesha Amajd
- Faculty of Organization and Management, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEMMPRE, University of Coimbra, Polo II, 3030-788, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mabrouk A Abo-Zaid
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, 82817, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed H Ismail
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, 82817, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Amin
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Yu T, Cai Z, Chang X, Xing C, White S, Guo X, Jin J. Research Progress of Nanomaterials in Chemotherapy of Osteosarcoma. Orthop Surg 2023; 15:2244-2259. [PMID: 37403654 PMCID: PMC10475694 DOI: 10.1111/os.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common malignant bone tumor that occurs mostly in children and adolescents. At present, surgery after chemotherapy or postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is the main treatment plan. However, the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs is limited by the occurrence of chemotherapeutic resistance, toxicity to normal cells, poor pharmacokinetic performance, and drug delivery failure. The delivery of chemotherapy drugs to the bone to treat OS may fail for a variety of reasons, such as a lack of selectivity for OS cells, initial sudden release, short-term release, and the presence of biological barriers (such as the blood-bone marrow barrier). Nanomaterials are new materials with at least one dimension on the nanometer scale (1-100 nm) in three-dimensional space. These materials have the ability to penetrate biological barriers and can accumulate preferentially in tumor cells. Studies have shown that the effective combination of nanomaterials and traditional chemotherapy can significantly improve the therapeutic effect. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research progress on the use of nanomaterials in OS chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Zongyan Cai
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xingyu Chang
- The First Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Chengwei Xing
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Sylvia White
- Pathology DepartmentYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Xiaoxue Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jiaxin Jin
- The Second Clinical Medical CollegeLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouChina
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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Liang Y, Liao C, Guo X, Li G, Yang X, Yu J, Zhong J, Xie Y, Zheng L, Zhao J. RhRu Alloy-Anchored MXene Nanozyme for Synergistic Osteosarcoma Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205511. [PMID: 36871143 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanozymes hold promise in cancer therapy due to adjustable enzyme-like activities, unique physicochemical properties, etc. But catalytic activities of monometallic nanozyme are confined. In this study, 2D titanium carbide (Ti3 C2 Tx )-supported RhRu alloy nanoclusters (RhRu/Ti3 C2 Tx ) are prepared by a hydrothermal method and utilized for synergistic therapy of chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT) on osteosarcoma. The nanoclusters are small in size (3.6 nm), uniform in distribution, and have excellent catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD)-like activities. Density functional theory calculations show that there is a significant electron transfer interaction between RhRu and Ti3 C2 Tx , which has strong adsorption to H2 O2 and is beneficial to enhance the enzyme-like activity. Furthermore, RhRu/Ti3 C2 Tx nanozyme acts as both PTT agent for converting light into heat, and photosensitizer for catalyzing O2 to 1 O2 . With the NIR-reinforced POD- and CAT-like activity, excellent photothermal and photodynamic performance, the synergistic CDT/PDT/PTT effect of RhRu/Ti3 C2 Tx on osteosarcoma is verified by in vitro and in vivo experiments. This study is expected to provide a new research direction for the treatment of osteosarcoma and other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liang
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Chuanan Liao
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Xinqi Guo
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Guanhua Li
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Zhong
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xie
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for High-Incidence Tumor Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P. R. China
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Jiang Y, He K. Nanobiotechnological approaches in osteosarcoma therapy: Versatile (nano)platforms for theranostic applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115939. [PMID: 37088317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Constructive achievements in the field of nanobiotechnology and their translation into clinical course have led to increasing attention towards evaluation of their use for treatment of diseases, especially cancer. Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the primary bone malignancies that affects both males and females in childhood and adolescence. Like other types of cancers, genetic and epigenetic mutations account for OS progression and several conventional therapies including chemotherapy and surgery are employed. However, survival rate of OS patients remains low and new therapies in this field are limited. The purpose of the current review is to provide a summary of nanostructures used in OS treatment. Drug and gene delivery by nanoplatforms have resulted in an accumulation of therapeutic agents for tumor cell suppression. Furthermore, co-delivery of genes and drugs by nanostructures are utilized in OS suppression to boost immunotherapy. Since tumor cells have distinct features such as acidic pH, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles have been developed to appropriately target OS. Besides, nanoplatforms can be used for biosensing and providing phototherapy to suppress OS. Furthermore, surface modification of nanoparticles with ligands can increase their specificity and selectivity towards OS cells. Clinical translation of current findings suggests that nanoplatforms have been effective in retarding tumor growth and improving survival of OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
| | - Ke He
- Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
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Nanoparticles-based phototherapy systems for cancer treatment: Current status and clinical potential. Bioact Mater 2022; 23:471-507. [PMID: 36514388 PMCID: PMC9727595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress in phototherapy has been made in recent decades, due to its non-invasiveness and instant therapeutic efficacy. In addition, with the rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, phototherapy systems based on nanoparticles or nanocomposites also evolved as an emerging hotspot in nanomedicine research, especially in cancer. In this review, first we briefly introduce the history of phototherapy, and the mechanisms of phototherapy in cancer treatment. Then, we summarize the representative development over the past three to five years in nanoparticle-based phototherapy and highlight the design of the innovative nanoparticles thereof. Finally, we discuss the feasibility and the potential of the nanoparticle-based phototherapy systems in clinical anticancer therapeutic applications, aiming to predict future research directions in this field. Our review is a tutorial work, aiming at providing useful insights to researchers in the field of nanotechnology, nanoscience and cancer.
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Tan G, Xu J, Yu Q, Yang Z, Zhang H. The safety and efficiency of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of osteosarcoma: A systematic review of in vitro experiment and animal model reports. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103093. [PMID: 36031143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive malignant bone tumour with high mortality. A poor prognosis is noted in patients with distal metastases or multidrug resistance. As an emerging antitumor strategy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by visible and near infrared light has attracted intensive attention given its target selectivity, remote controllability, minimal or non-invasive features. However, PDT also has obvious limitations. Specifically, due to the limited penetration of light, it is mainly used in the clinical treatment of superficial malignant tumours, such as musculoskeletal sarcomas and melanoma, but it has not been applied to the clinical treatment of deep malignant bone tumours except for a very small number of experiments on deep canine OS models. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched for studies that focused on the effectiveness and safety of PDT for OS based on in vitro experiments and animal models in the last decade. A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Cochrane Library. INCLUSION CRITERIA (1) original research articles about PDT for OS; (2) articles in English; (3) in vitro or animal model research; and (4) detailed information, including cell name, fluence, irradiation wavelength, time of incubation with PS, duration between PS treatment and irradiation, and duration between irradiation and viability assays. EXCLUSION CRITERIA (1) study was a review/systemic review article, patent, letter, or conference abstract/paper; (2) articles were not published in English; (3) studies containing overlapping or insufficient data. RESULTS We identified 201 publications, and 44 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis. Unfortunately, there are no relevant clinical reports of the use of PDT in the treatment of human OS. In these studies, 8 studies only employed in vivo experiments to evaluate the efficiency of PDT in an OS animal model, 19 studies exclusively performed in vitro viability assays of cells treated with PDT under different conditions, and 17 studies included in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal OS models to evaluate the effect of PDT on OS in vivo and in vitro. All studies have shown that PDT is cytotoxic to OS cells or can inhibit the growth of OS in heterologous or homologous animal OS models but exhibits minimal cytotoxicity at a certain range of dosages. CONCLUSION Based on this systematic review, PDT can eradicate OS cells in cell culture and there is some evidence for efficacy in animal models. However, the ability for PDT to control human OS is unclear, the animal and human reports do not show evidence of human OS control, they just do show feasibility. The major issues concerning the potential for treatment of osteosarcoma with PDT are that adequate light should be transmitted to tumor loci and if the disease is caught before metastasis and irradiation of tumor sites is feasible, curative potential is there. Otherwise, PDT may be mainly palliative. To determine whether PDT can safely and efficiently be used in the clinical treatment of OS, many preclinical orthotopic animal OS models and OS models of multiple systemic metastases must be performed and interstitial PDT or intraoperative PDT may be a good and potential candidate for human OS treatment. If these problems can be well solved, PDT may be a potentially effective strategy for the treatment of OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Orthopedics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Operating Room, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Rotex Tech.Ltd.Co. Room 1104, floor 11, building 6, No. 599, Shijicheng South Road, high tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Yang J, Fu Q, Jiang H, Li Y, Liu M. Progress of phototherapy for osteosarcoma and application prospect of blue light photobiomodulation therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1022973. [PMID: 36313662 PMCID: PMC9606592 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1022973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor that mainly affects the pediatric and adolescent population; limb salvage treatment has become one of the most concerned and expected outcomes of OS patients recently. Phototherapy (PT), as a novel, non-invasive, and efficient antitumor therapeutic approach including photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), has been widely applied in superficial skin tumor research and clinical treatment. OS is the typical deep tumor, and its phototherapy research faces great limitations and challenges. Surprisingly, pulse mode LED light can effectively improve tissue penetration and reduce skin damage caused by high light intensity and has great application potential in deep tumor research. In this review, we discussed the research progress and related molecular mechanisms of phototherapy in the treatment of OS, mainly summarized the status quo of blue light PBMT in the scientific research and clinical applications of tumor treatment, and outlooked the application prospect of pulsed blue LED light in the treatment of OS, so as to further improve clinical survival rate and prognosis of OS treatment and explore corresponding cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Fu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yinghua Li, ; Muqing Liu,
| | - Muqing Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
- *Correspondence: Yinghua Li, ; Muqing Liu,
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11
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Lim SA, Cox A, Tung M, Chung EJ. Clinical progress of nanomedicine-based RNA therapies. Bioact Mater 2022; 12:203-213. [PMID: 35310381 PMCID: PMC8897211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver RNA for therapy has progressed rapidly since the FDA approval of Onpattro® in 2018 for the treatment of polyneuropathy associated with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. The emergency use authorization or approval and widespread global use of two mRNA-NP based vaccines developed by Moderna Therapeutics Inc. and Pfizer-BioNTech in 2021 has highlighted the translatability of NP technology for RNA delivery. Furthermore, in clinical trials, a wide variety of NP formulations have been found to extend the half-life of RNA molecules such as microRNA, small interfering RNA, and messenger RNA, with limited safety issues. In this review, we discuss the NP formulations that are already used in the clinic to deliver therapeutic RNA and highlight examples of RNA-NPs which are currently under evaluation for human use. We also detail NP formulations that failed to progress through clinical trials, in hopes of guiding future successful translation of nanomedicine-based RNA therapeutics into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyoung A. Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alysia Cox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Madelynn Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Zhang M, Lin J, Jin J, Yu W, Qi Y, Tao H. Delivery of siRNA Using Functionalized Gold Nanorods Enhances Anti-Osteosarcoma Efficacy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:799588. [PMID: 34987409 PMCID: PMC8721171 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.799588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) are intensively explored for the application in cancer therapy, which has motivated the development of photothermal therapy (PTT) multifunctional nanoplatforms based on GNRs to cure osteosarcoma (OS). However, the major limitations include the toxicity of surface protectants of GNRs, unsatisfactory targeting therapy, and the resistant effects of photothermal-induced autophagy, so the risk of relapse and metastasis of OS increase. In the present study, the GNR multifunctional nanoplatforms were designed and synthesized to deliver transcription factor EB (TFEB)-siRNA-targeting autophagy; then, the resistance of autophagy to PTT and the pH-sensitive cell-penetrating membrane peptide (CPP) was weakened, which could improve the tumor-targeting ability of the GNR nanoplatforms and realize an efficient synergistic effect for tumor treatment. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that the GNR nanoplatform groups have anti-lung metastasis of OS. This study provides a new reference to improve the efficacy of OS clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiakang Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiying Qi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Klimkevicius V, Voronovic E, Jarockyte G, Skripka A, Vetrone F, Rotomskis R, Katelnikovas A, Karabanovas V. Polymer brush coated upconverting nanoparticles with improved colloidal stability and cellular labeling. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:625-636. [PMID: 34989749 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess great potential for biomedical application. UCNPs absorb and convert near-infrared (NIR) radiation in the biological imaging window to visible (Vis) and even ultraviolet (UV) radiation. NIR excitation offers reduced scattering and diminished autofluorescence in biological samples, whereas the emitted UV-Vis and NIR photons can be used for cancer treatment and imaging, respectively. However, UCNPs are usually synthesized in organic solvents and are not readily suitable for biomedical application due to the hydrophobic nature of their surface. Herein, we have removed the hydrophobic ligands from the synthesized UCNPs and coated the bare UCNPs with two custom-made hydrophilic polyelectrolytes (synthesized via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method). Polymers containing different amounts of PEGylated and carboxylic groups were studied. Coating with both polymers increased the upconversion (UC) emission intensity and photoluminescence lifetime values of the UCNPs, which directly translates to more efficient cancer cell labeling nanoprobes. The polymer composition plays a crucial role in the modification of UCNPs, not only with respect to their colloidal stability, but also with respect to the cellular uptake. Colloidally unstable bare UCNPs aggregate in cell culture media and precipitate, rendering themselves unsuitable for any biomedical use. However, stabilization with polymers prevents UCNPs from aggregation, increases their uptake in cells, and improves the quality of cellular labeling. This investigation sheds light on the appropriate coating for UCNPs and provides relevant insights for the rational development of imaging and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidas Klimkevicius
- Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Evelina Voronovic
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory of National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania.,Life Science Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Greta Jarockyte
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory of National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Life Science Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Artiom Skripka
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650, boul. Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, QC, Canada
| | - Fiorenzo Vetrone
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650, boul. Lionel-Boulet, J3X 1S2, Varennes, QC, Canada
| | - Ricardas Rotomskis
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory of National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Biophotonics Group of Laser Research Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 9, c.3, LT-10222, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arturas Katelnikovas
- Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vitalijus Karabanovas
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory of National Cancer Institute, Baublio 3B, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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14
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Xie J, Wang Y, Choi W, Jangili P, Ge Y, Xu Y, Kang J, Liu L, Zhang B, Xie Z, He J, Xie N, Nie G, Zhang H, Kim JS. Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9152-9201. [PMID: 34223847 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and immune activation ability. It can be a promising treatment modality in several medical fields, including oncology, immunology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, pneumology, and dentistry. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PDT is largely restricted by the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death, tumor resistance to the therapy, and the severe pain induced by the therapy. Recently, various photosensitizer formulations and therapy strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. Significantly, the introduction of nanomaterials in PDT, as carriers or photosensitizers, may overcome the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers. Based on this, nanocomposites excited by various light sources are applied in the PDT of deep-seated tumors. Modulation of cell death pathways with co-delivered reagents promotes PDT induced tumor cell death. Relief of tumor resistance to PDT with combined therapy strategies further promotes tumor inhibition. Also, the optimization of photosensitizer formulations and therapy procedures reduces pain in PDT. Here, a systematic summary of recent advances in the fabrication of photosensitizers and the design of therapy strategies to overcome barriers in PDT is presented. Several aspects important for the clinical application of PDT in cancer treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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15
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Lu SL, Wang YH, Liu GF, Wang L, Li Y, Guo ZY, Cheng C. Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle-Loaded Ginsenoside Rg3 Improves Photodynamic Therapy in Inhibiting Malignant Progression and Stemness of Osteosarcoma. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:663089. [PMID: 33968991 PMCID: PMC8100436 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.663089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma serves as a prevalent bone cancer with a high metastasis and common drug resistance, resulting in poor prognosis and high mortality. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a patient-specific and non-invasive tumor therapy. Nanoparticles, like graphene oxide have been widely used in drug delivery and PDT. Ginsenoside Rg3 is a principal ginseng component and has presented significant anti-cancer activities. Here, we constructed the nanoparticles using GO linked with photosensitizer (PS) indocyanine green (ICG), folic acid, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and loaded with Rg3 (PEG–GO–FA/ICG–Rg3). We aimed to explore the effect of PEG–GO–FA/ICG–Rg3 combined with PDT for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Significantly, we found that Rg3 repressed proliferation, invasion, and migration, and enhanced apoptosis and autophagy of osteosarcoma cells, while the PEG–GO–FA/ICG–Rg3 presented a higher activity, in which NIR laser co-treatment could remarkably increase the effect of PEG–GO–FA/ICG–Rg3. Meanwhile, stemness of osteosarcoma cell–derived cancer stem cells was inhibited by Rg3 and PEG–GO–FA/ICG–Rg3, and the combination of PEG–GO–FA/ICG–Rg3 with NIR laser further significantly attenuated this phenotype in the system. Moreover, NIR laser notably improved the inhibitor effect of PEG–GO–FA/ICG–Rg3 on the tumor growth of osteosarcoma cells in vivo. Consequently, we concluded that PEG–GO–FA/ICG–Rg3 improved PDT in inhibiting malignant progression and stemness of osteosarcoma cell. Our finding provides a promising and practical therapeutic strategy for the combined treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Liang Lu
- No. 1 Orthopedics Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hua Wang
- ECG Examination Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Fei Liu
- No. 1 Orthopedics Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- No. 1 Orthopedics Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- No. 1 Orthopedics Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Guo
- No. 1 Orthopedics Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- No. 1 Orthopedics Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
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