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Zhang H, Zhang Y. Rational Design of Flexible Mechanical Force Sensors for Healthcare and Diagnosis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:123. [PMID: 38203977 PMCID: PMC10780056 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a significant surge in interest in flexible mechanical force sensing devices and systems. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to the development of flexible mechanical force sensors for daily healthcare and medical diagnosis, driven by the increasing demand for wearable/portable devices in long-term healthcare and precision medicine. In this review, we summarize recent advances in diverse categories of flexible mechanical force sensors, covering piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, magnetoelastic, and other force sensors. This review focuses on their working principles, design strategies and applications in healthcare and diagnosis, with an emphasis on the interplay among the sensor architecture, performance, and application scenario. Finally, we provide perspectives on the remaining challenges and opportunities in this field, with particular discussions on problem-driven force sensor designs, as well as developments of novel sensor architectures and intelligent mechanical force sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Liu M, Liu X, Yang F. Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors from Polydimethylsiloxane Films with Ridge-like Surface Structures. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1940. [PMID: 37893377 PMCID: PMC10608881 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing flexible sensors and actuators is of paramount importance for wearable devices and systems. In this research, we developed a simple and facile technique to construct flexible piezoresistive sensors from polydimethylsiloxane films with ridge-like surface structures and laser-induced porous graphene. Using a replication strategy, we prepared the ridge-like surface structures from sandpapers. The piezoresistive sensors exhibit excellent sensitivity with a response time of less than 50 ms and long-term cyclic stability under mechanical loading. The smallest weight they can sense is ~96 mg. We demonstrated applications of the piezoresistive sensors in the sensing of bio-related activities, including muscle contraction, finger flexion, wrist flexion, elbow bending, knee bending, swallowing, respiration, sounds, and pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Xianchao Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
- The Engineering Research Center for CAD/CAM of Fujian Universities, Putian University, Putian 351100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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3
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Maluangnont T, Pulphol P, Klangvijit K, Bowornthommatadsana K, Chanlek N, Ogawa M, Wongwiriyapan W. Electrochemical and electrical characteristics of ball milled Cs 2Ti 6O 13 modified by the surface-to-bulk migration of hydroxyl groups. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11815-11825. [PMID: 37594445 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Ball milling of solids under benign conditions leads to surface functionalization without altering the crystal structure and morphology. However, these additional surface functional groups are rarely fixed but instead mobilized across such ball milled solids. This phenomenon, including its effects on electrochemical and electrical properties, has received limited attention. We report herein that dry vibratory ball milling of lepidocrocite-type Cs2Ti6O13 generated hydroxyl groups which subsequently migrated from surfaces to bulk. The increased number of bulk hydroxyl groups is deduced from Raman, IR, and solid state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. In contrast, the decrease in the relative proportion of surface hydroxyl groups/water and carbon-oxygen species was deduced from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The inaccessible hydroxyl groups in ball milled Cs2Ti6O13 lead to a smaller amount of stored charge and increased charge transfer resistance, according to galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies in 1 M Na2SO4. The alternating current electrical properties were also measured, revealing fundamental insights such as the one-dimensional conduction pathway and the relaxation time in microseconds. A model has been proposed for this surface-to-bulk migration of the hydroxyl groups, which competes with surface dangling bonds leading to particle agglomeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosapol Maluangnont
- College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
- Advanced Materials Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Phieraya Pulphol
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Kanisorn Klangvijit
- College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
| | - Khemjiranee Bowornthommatadsana
- College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
| | - Narong Chanlek
- Synchrotron Research and Applications Division, Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Winadda Wongwiriyapan
- College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
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Zhao K, Han J, Ma Y, Tong Z, Suhr J, Wang M, Xiao L, Jia S, Chen X. Highly Sensitive and Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensors Based on Vertical Graphene and Micro-Pyramidal Dielectric Layer. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:701. [PMID: 36839069 PMCID: PMC9962134 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many practical applications require flexible high-sensitivity pressure sensors. However, such sensors are difficult to achieve using conventional materials. Engineering the morphology of the electrodes and the topography of the dielectrics has been demonstrated to be effective in boosting the sensing performance of capacitive pressure sensors. In this study, a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with high sensitivity was fabricated by using three-dimensional vertical graphene (VG) as the electrode and micro-pyramidal polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the dielectric layer. The engineering of the VG morphology, size, and interval of the micro-pyramids in the PDMS dielectric layer significantly boosted the sensor sensitivity. As a result, the sensors demonstrated an exceptional sensitivity of up to 6.04 kPa-1 in the pressure range of 0-1 kPa, and 0.69 kPa-1 under 1-10 kPa. Finite element analysis revealed that the micro-pyramid structure in the dielectric layer generated a significant deformation effect under pressure, thereby ameliorating the sensing properties. Finally, the sensor was used to monitor finger joint movement, knee motion, facial expression, and pressure distribution. The results indicate that the sensor exhibits great potential in various applications, including human motion detection and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiemin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhaomin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, Department of Microsystems, University of Southeast Norway, 3184 Borre, Norway
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Wang Y, Cao X, Wang N. Recent Progress in Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Effects Coupled Nanogenerators. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:385. [PMID: 36770350 PMCID: PMC9921494 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators have been widely studied in the past years for their advantages of easy design/manufacturing, small size, and flexibility. Nanogenerators that are developed based on the coupled piezoelectric and triboelectric effects (PTCNG) can make full use of the mechanical energies and achieve both higher output and sensing performance. This review aims to cover the recent research progress of PTCNG by presenting in detail their key technologies in terms of operating principles, integration concept, and performance enhancement strategies, with a focus on their structural simplification and efficiency performance improvement. The latest applications of PTCNG in tactile sensors and energy-harvesting system are also illustrated. Finally, we discuss the main challenges and prospects for the future development of PTCNG, hoping that this work can provide a new insight into the development of all-in-one mechanical energy-scavenging and sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
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Charoonsuk T, Supansomboon S, Pakawanit P, Vittayakorn W, Pongampai S, Woramongkolchai S, Vittayakorn N. Simple enhanced charge density of chitosan film by the embedded ion method for the flexible triboelectric nanogenerator. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bayer IS. MEMS-Based Tactile Sensors: Materials, Processes and Applications in Robotics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2051. [PMID: 36557349 PMCID: PMC9782357 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Commonly encountered problems in the manipulation of objects with robotic hands are the contact force control and the setting of approaching motion. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors on robots offer several solutions to these problems along with new capabilities. In this review, we analyze tactile, force and/or pressure sensors produced by MEMS technologies including off-the-shelf products such as MEMS barometric sensors. Alone or in conjunction with other sensors, MEMS platforms are considered very promising for robots to detect the contact forces, slippage and the distance to the objects for effective dexterous manipulation. We briefly reviewed several sensing mechanisms and principles, such as capacitive, resistive, piezoresistive and triboelectric, combined with new flexible materials technologies including polymers processing and MEMS-embedded textiles for flexible and snake robots. We demonstrated that without taking up extra space and at the same time remaining lightweight, several MEMS sensors can be integrated into robotic hands to simulate human fingers, gripping, hardness and stiffness sensations. MEMS have high potential of enabling new generation microactuators, microsensors, micro miniature motion-systems (e.g., microrobots) that will be indispensable for health, security, safety and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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Maluangnont T, Pulphol P, Vittayakorn W. Interlayer alkali ion governs robustness, reactivity, and dielectric properties of sintered lepidocrocite titanate. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pharino U, Sinsanong Y, Pongampai S, Charoonsuk T, Pakawanit P, Sriphan S, Vittayakorn N, Vittayakorn W. Influence of pore morphologies on the mechanical and tribo-electrical performance of polydimethylsiloxane sponge fabricated via commercial seasoning templates. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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