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Valencia Molina L, Camacho Morales R, Zhang J, Schiek R, Staude I, Sukhorukov AA, Neshev DN. Enhanced Infrared Vision by Nonlinear Up-Conversion in Nonlocal Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402777. [PMID: 38781582 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The ability to detect and image short-wave infrared light has important applications in surveillance, autonomous navigation, and biological imaging. However, the current infrared imaging technologies often pose challenges due to large footprint, large thermal noise and inability to augment infrared and visible imaging. Here, infrared imaging is demonstrated by nonlinear up-conversion to the visible in an ultra-compact, high-quality-factor lithium niobate resonant metasurface. Images with high conversion efficiency and resolution quality are obtained despite the strong nonlocality of the metasurface. The possibility of edge-detection image processing augmented with direct up-conversion imaging for advanced night vision applications is further shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valencia Molina
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rocio Camacho Morales
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jihua Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P.R. China
| | - Roland Schiek
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Isabelle Staude
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Solid State Physics, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey A Sukhorukov
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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Leng R, Chen X, Liu P, Zhu Z, Zhang J. High Q lithium niobate metasurfaces with transparent electrodes for efficient amplitude and phase modulation. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:3156-3161. [PMID: 38856460 DOI: 10.1364/ao.514979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LN)-based metasurfaces have demonstrated remarkable potential in integrated electro-optically adjustable metadevices with the maturation of thin film LN on insulator (LNOI) technology. Here, we proposed a type of high Q factor tunable metasurface with etchless LN, which is electrically driven in the vertical direction by using transparent conductive film. A transmission amplitude modulation of over 60 dB at a voltage of 20 V is realized through guided mode resonances created at the LN layer with a Q factor of 1320. Meanwhile, phase modulation is also realized with a reflective design by adding a gold layer at the bottom of the metasurface. With a gate voltage of 80 V, about 1.75π phase modulation is achieved while keeping reflection over 92%. Our proposed device achieves effective modulation of optical amplitude and phase in the near-infrared band, which lays a good foundation for the development of high performance LN-based active nanophotonic devices.
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Zheng H, Zheng Y, Ouyang M, Fan H, Dai Q, Liu H, Wu L. Electromagnetically induced transparency enabled by quasi-bound states in the continuum modulated by epsilon-near-zero materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:7318-7331. [PMID: 38439415 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Highly tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) with high-quality-factor (Q-factor) excited by combining with the quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BIC) resonances is crucial for many applications. This paper describes all-dielectric metasurface composed of silicon cuboid etched with two rectangular holes into a unit cell and periodically arranged on a SiO2 substrate. By breaking the C2 rotational symmetry of the unit cell, a high-Q factor EIT and double quasi-BIC resonant modes are excited at 1224.3, 1251.9 and 1299.6 nm with quality factors of 7604, 10064 and 15503, respectively. We show that the EIT resonance is caused by destructive interference between magnetic dipole resonances and quasi-BIC dominated by electric quadrupole. Toroidal dipole (TD) and electric quadrupole (EQ) dominate the other two quasi-BICs. The EIT window can be successfully modulated with transmission intensity from 90% to 5% and modulation depths ranging from -17 to 24 dB at 1200-1250 nm by integrating the metasurface with an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material indium tin oxide (ITO) film. Our findings pave the way for the development of applications such as optical switches and modulators with many potential applications in nonlinear optics, filters, and multichannel biosensors.
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Liu J, Chen C, Li X, Li J, Dong D, Liu Y, Fu Y. Tunable dual quasi-bound states in continuum and electromagnetically induced transparency enabled by the broken material symmetry in all-dielectric compound gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4347-4356. [PMID: 36785405 DOI: 10.1364/oe.479755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dual quasi-bound states in continuum (quasi-BICs) enabled by the broken geometric symmetry offer an effective way to design high-quality photonic devices, yet challenged by tunable functionalities. Here we employ the material asymmetry originating from the tunable material property of phase-change materials to design quasi-BICs in all-dielectric compound gratings. We find the even and odd quasi-BICs are modulated by the geometric and material asymmetries, respectively, and this effect is ensured by two different types of structural symmetries in the compound structure. Particularly, tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) can be achieved by modulating the material asymmetry. Furthermore, we systematically design the compound gratings consisting of the phase-change material of Sb2Se3 to demonstrate tunable dual quasi-BICs and EITs. Analytical calculations and numerical simulations are performed to verify these findings. Our work provides a promising way to enhance the flexibility of realizing quasi-BICs, which may boost tunable applications in nanodevices assisted by quasi-BICs.
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Qu L, Bai L, Jin C, Liu Q, Wu W, Gao B, Li J, Cai W, Ren M, Xu J. Giant Second Harmonic Generation from Membrane Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9652-9657. [PMID: 36445198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have emerged as a fascinating framework for nonlinear optics, which have advantages of a compact footprint and unprecedented flexibility in manipulating light. But their nonlinear responses are generally limited by the short interaction lengths with light. Therefore, further enhancement is highly desired for building high-efficiency nonlinear devices. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a record high second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of 2.0 × 10-4 using lithium niobate (LN) membrane metasurfaces. Benefiting from the large refractive index contrast in the vertical direction and high fabrication quality, distinct spectral resonances and tight field confinements in the LN layer were achieved. Strong SHG peaks resulting from pump resonances of the metasurfaces were observed. Our nonlinear efficiency is more than 2 orders of magnitude larger than previously reported LN metasurfaces. The results inspire a way to improve the efficiency of nonlinear metasurfaces for ultracompact nonlinear light sources in applications of nonlinear holography, Li-Fi, beam shaping, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Bofeng Gao
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, P. R. China
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Mengxin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Xiao S, Qin M, Duan J, Liu T. Robust enhancement of high-harmonic generation from all-dielectric metasurfaces enabled by polarization-insensitive bound states in the continuum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:32590-32599. [PMID: 36242316 DOI: 10.1364/oe.468925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The emerging all-dielectric platform exhibits high-quality (Q) resonances governed by the physics of bound states in the continuum (BIC) that drives highly efficient nonlinear optical processes. Here we demonstrate the robust enhancement of third-(THG) and fifth-harmonic generation (FHG) from all-dielectric metasurfaces composed of four silicon nanodisks. Through the symmetry breaking, the genuine BIC transforms into the high-Q quasi-BIC resonance with tight field confinement for record high THG efficiency of 3.9 × 10-4 W-2 and FHG efficiency of 4.8 × 10-10 W-4 using a moderate pump intensity of 1 GW/cm2. Moreover, the quasi-BIC and the resonantly enhanced harmonics exhibit polarization-insensitive characteristics due to the special C4 arrangement of meta-atoms. Our results suggest the way for smart design of efficient and robust nonlinear nanophotonic devices.
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Liu T, Xiao S, Li B, Gu M, Luan H, Fang X. Third- and Second-Harmonic Generation in All-Dielectric Nanostructures: A Mini Review. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.891892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequency conversion such as harmonic generation is a fundamental physical process in nonlinear optics. The conventional nonlinear optical systems suffer from bulky size and cumbersome phase-matching conditions due to the inherently weak nonlinear response of natural materials. Aiming at the manipulation of nonlinear frequency conversion at the nanoscale with favorable conversion efficiencies, recent research has shifted toward the integration of nonlinear functionality into nanophotonics. Compared with plasmonic nanostructures showing high dissipative losses and thermal heating, all-dielectric nanostructures have demonstrated many excellent properties, including low loss, high damage threshold, and controllable resonant electric and magnetic optical nonlinearity. In this review, we cover the recent advances in nonlinear nanophotonics, with special emphasis on third- and second-harmonic generation from all-dielectric nanoantennas and metasurfaces. We discuss the main theoretical concepts, the design principles, and the functionalities of third- and second-harmonic generation processes from dielectric nanostructures and provide an outlook on the future directions and developments of this research field.
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Yuan S, Wu Y, Dang Z, Zeng C, Qi X, Guo G, Ren X, Xia J. Strongly Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation in a Thin Film Lithium Niobate Heterostructure Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:153901. [PMID: 34678011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boosting second-order optical nonlinear frequency conversion over subwavelength thickness has long been pursued through optical resonance in micro- and nanophotonics. However, the availability of thin film materials with high second-order nonlinearity is limited to III-V semiconductors, which have low transparency in the visible. Here, we experimentally demonstrated strongly enhanced second harmonic generation in one-dimensional heterostructure cavities on thin film lithium niobate. A guided-mode resonance resonator and distributed Bragg reflectors are combined for both efficient coupling and electromagnetic field localization. Over 1200 times second harmonic generation enhancement is experimentally realized compared with flat thin film lithium niobate through optimizing the trade-off between quality factor and mode volume, leading to a record high normalized conversion efficiency of 2.03×10^{-5} cm^{2}/GW under 1.92 MW/cm^{2} pump intensity. Our approach could inspire the miniaturization and integration of compact resonant nonlinear photonic devices on thin film lithium niobate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Wuhan National laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhongzhou Dang
- Wuhan National laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Wuhan National laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaozhuo Qi
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guangcan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xifeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinsong Xia
- Wuhan National laboratory of Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Carletti L, Zilli A, Moia F, Toma A, Finazzi M, De Angelis C, Neshev DN, Celebrano M. Steering and Encoding the Polarization of the Second Harmonic in the Visible with a Monolithic LiNbO 3 Metasurface. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:731-737. [PMID: 33842671 PMCID: PMC8029498 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear metasurfaces constitute a key asset in meta-optics, given their ability to scale down nonlinear optics to sub-micrometer thicknesses. To date, nonlinear metasurfaces have been mainly realized using narrow band gap semiconductors, with operation limited to the near-infrared range. Nonlinear meta-optics in the visible range can be realized using transparent materials with high refractive index, such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3). Yet, efficient operation in this strategic spectral window has been so far prevented by the nanofabrication challenges associated with LiNbO3, which considerably limit the aspect ratio and minimum size of the nanostructures (i.e., meta-atoms). Here we demonstrate the first monolithic nonlinear periodic metasurface based on LiNbO3 and operating in the visible range. Realized through ion beam milling, our metasurface features a second-harmonic (SH) conversion efficiency of 2.40 × 10-8 at a pump intensity as low as 0.5 GW/cm2. By tuning the pump polarization, we demonstrate efficient steering and polarization encoding into narrow SH diffraction orders, opening novel opportunities for polarization-encoded nonlinear meta-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carletti
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Attilio Zilli
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Moia
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Dragomir N. Neshev
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS),
Research School of Physics, Australian National
University, 58 Mills Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michele Celebrano
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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