1
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Patrick PS, Stuckey DJ, Zhu H, Kalber TL, Iftikhar H, Southern P, Bear JC, Lythgoe MF, Hattersley SR, Pankhurst QA. Improved tumour delivery of iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia therapy of melanoma via ultrasound guidance and 111In SPECT quantification. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39044561 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic field hyperthermia relies on the intra-tumoural delivery of magnetic nanoparticles by interstitial injection, followed by their heating on exposure to a remotely-applied alternating magnetic field (AMF). This offers a potential sole or adjuvant route to treating drug-resistant tumours for which no alternatives are currently available. However, two challenges in nanoparticle delivery currently hinder the effective clinical translation of this technology: obtaining enough magnetic material within the tumour to enable sufficient heating; and doing this accurately to limit or avoid damage to surrounding healthy tissue. A further complication is the lack of established methods to non-invasively quantify nanoparticle biodistribution, which is necessary to evaluate the performance of improved delivery strategies. Here we employ 111In radiolabelling and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to non-invasively quantify distribution of a clinical grade iron-oxide-based nanoparticle in a mouse model of melanoma. We show that compared to manual injection, ultrasound guided delivery together with syringe-pump-controlled infusion improves both the nanoparticle concentration within the tumour, and the accuracy of delivery - reducing off-target peri-tumoural delivery. Following AMF heating, injected melanomas shrank significantly compared to non-injected controls, validating therapeutic efficacy. Systemic off-target delivery was quantified and extrapolated to predict off-target energy absorbance within safe limits for the main sites of background accumulation. With many nanoparticle-based therapies currently in development for cancer, this image-guided delivery strategy has wide potential impact beyond the field of magnetic hyperthermia. Future use in representative patient cohorts would also be enabled by the high clinical availability of both SPECT and ultrasound imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephen Patrick
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Huachen Zhu
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Tammy L Kalber
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - Haadi Iftikhar
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Paul Southern
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
- Resonant Circuits Limited, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Joseph C Bear
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | | | - Quentin A Pankhurst
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
- Resonant Circuits Limited, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK
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Zahn D, Diegel M, Valitova A, Dellith J, Dutz S. Magnetic Barium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles with Tunable Coercivity as Potential Magnetic Heating Agents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:992. [PMID: 38921868 PMCID: PMC11206813 DOI: 10.3390/nano14120992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for extracorporeal heating applications results in higher field strength and, therefore, particles of higher coercivity can be used, compared to intracorporeal applications. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of barium hexa-ferrite (BaFe12O19) nanoparticles as potential particles for magnetic heating. Using a precipitation method followed by high-temperature calcination, we first studied the influence of varied synthesis parameters on the particles' properties. Second, the iron-to-barium ratio (Fe/Ba = r) was varied between 2 and 12. Vibrating sample magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used for characterization. A considerable influence of the calcination temperature (Tcal) was found on the resulting magnetic properties, with a decrease in coercivity (HC) from values above 370 kA/m for Tcal = 800-1000 °C to HC = 45-70 kA/m for Tcal = 1200 °C. We attribute this drop in HC mainly to the formation of entirely multi-domain particles at high Tcal. For the varying Fe/Ba ratios, increasing amounts of BaFe2O4 as an additional phase were detected by XRD in the small r (barium surplus) samples, lowering the particles' magnetization. A decrease in HC was found in the increased r samples. Crystal size ranged from 47 nm to 240 nm and large agglomerates were seen in SEM images. The reported particles, due to their controllable coercivity, can be a candidate for extracorporeal heating applications in the biomedical or biotechnological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zahn
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (D.Z.); (A.V.)
| | - Marco Diegel
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.D.); (J.D.)
| | - Alina Valitova
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (D.Z.); (A.V.)
| | - Jan Dellith
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.D.); (J.D.)
| | - Silvio Dutz
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany; (D.Z.); (A.V.)
- Faculty of Physical Engineering/Computer Sciences, Leupold Institute for Applied Natural Science (LIAN), Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau, 08056 Zwickau, Germany
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Mattingly E, Barksdale AC, Śliwiak M, Chacon-Caldera J, Mason EE, Wald LL. Open-source device for high sensitivity magnetic particle spectroscopy, relaxometry, and hysteresis loop tracing. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:063706. [PMID: 38921057 PMCID: PMC11210977 DOI: 10.1063/5.0191946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used extensively across numerous disciples, with applications including Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI), targeted hyperthermia, deep brain stimulation, immunoassays, and thermometry. The assessment of MNPs, especially those being designed for MPI, is performed with magnetic particle spectrometers, relaxometers, loop tracers, or similar devices. Despite the many applications and the need for particle assessment, there are few consolidated resources for designing or building such a MNP assessment system. Here, we describe the design and performance of an open-source device capable of spectroscopy, relaxometry, and loop tracing. We show example measurements from the device and quantify the detection sensitivity by measuring a dilution series of Synomag-D 70 nm (from 0.5 mg Fe/ml to 7 ng Fe/ml) with a 10 mT drive field at 23.8 kHz. The device measures 260 pg Fe with SNR = 1 and 1.3 ng at SNR = 5 in spectroscopy mode in under one second of measurement time. The system has a dynamic range of 60 μg to 260 pg Fe without changing the hardware configuration. As an example application, we characterize Synomag-D's relaxation time constant for drive fields 2-18 mT and compare the magnetization responses of two commonly used MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mattingly
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A. C. Barksdale
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cambidge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M. Śliwiak
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - J. Chacon-Caldera
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - E. E. Mason
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - L. L. Wald
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Tay Z, Kim HJ, Ho JS, Olivo M. A Magnetic Particle Imaging Approach for Minimally Invasive Imaging and Sensing With Implantable Bioelectronic Circuits. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 43:1740-1752. [PMID: 38157469 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2023.3348149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Minimally-invasive and biocompatible implantable bioelectronic circuits are used for long-term monitoring of physiological processes in the body. However, there is a lack of methods that can cheaply and conveniently image the device within the body while simultaneously extracting sensor information. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) with zero background signal, high contrast, and high sensitivity with quantitative images is ideal for this challenge because the magnetic signal is not absorbed with increasing tissue depth and incurs no radiation dose. We show how to easily modify common implantable devices to be imaged by MPI by encapsulating and magnetically-coupling magnetic nanoparticles (SPIOs) to the device circuit. These modified implantable devices not only provide spatial information via MPI, but also couple to our handheld MPI reader to transmit sensor information by modulating harmonic signals from magnetic nanoparticles via switching or frequency-shifting with resistive or capacitive sensors. This paper provides proof-of-concept of an optimized MPI imaging technique for implantable devices to extract spatial information as well as other information transmitted by the implanted circuit (such as biosensing) via encoding in the magnetic particle spectrum. The 4D images present 3D position and a changing color tone in response to a variable biometric. Biophysical sensing via bioelectronic circuits that take advantage of the unique imaging properties of MPI may enable a wide range of minimally invasive applications in biomedicine and diagnosis.
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Behrends A, Wei H, Neumann A, Friedrich T, Bakenecker AC, Franke J, Sajjamark K, Buchholz O, Bär S, Hofmann UG, Graeser M, Buzug TM. Integrable Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Systems for 3D Magnetic Particle Imaging. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8:163-178. [PMID: 38444740 PMCID: PMC10911971 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.90360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Combining magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) offers the ability to perform localized hyperthermia and magnetic particle imaging-assisted thermometry of hyperthermia treatment. This allows precise regional selective heating inside the body without invasive interventions. In current MPI-MFH platforms, separate systems are used, which require object transfer from one system to another. Here, we present the design, development and evaluation process for integrable MFH platforms, which extends a commercial MPI scanner with the functionality of MFH. Methods: The biggest issue of integrating magnetic fluid hyperthermia platforms into a magnetic particle imaging system is the magnetic coupling of the devices, which induces high voltage in the imaging system, and is harming its components. In this paper, we use a self-compensation approach derived from heuristic algorithms to protect the magnetic particle imaging scanner. The integrable platforms are evaluated regarding electrical and magnetic characteristics, cooling capability, field strength, the magnetic coupling to a replica of the magnetic particle imaging system's main solenoid and particle heating. Results: The MFH platforms generate suitable magnetic fields for the magnetic heating of particles and are compatible with a commercial magnetic particle imaging scanner. In combination with the imaging system, selective heating with a gradient field and steerable heating positioning using the MPI focus fields are possible. Conclusion: The proposed MFH platforms serve as a therapeutic tool to unlock the MFH functionality of a commercial magnetic particle imaging scanner, enabling its use in future preclinical trials of MPI-guided, spatially selective magnetic hyperthermia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Behrends
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Huimin Wei
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Neumann
- Institute of Medical Engineering (IMT), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna C. Bakenecker
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jochen Franke
- Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Preclinical Imaging Division, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Kulthisa Sajjamark
- Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Preclinical Imaging Division, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Buchholz
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Bär
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich G. Hofmann
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Graeser
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering (IMT), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Buzug
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering (IMTE), Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering (IMT), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Buchholz O, Sajjamark K, Franke J, Wei H, Behrends A, Münkel C, Grüttner C, Levan P, von Elverfeldt D, Graeser M, Buzug T, Bär S, Hofmann UG. In situ theranostic platform combining highly localized magnetic fluid hyperthermia, magnetic particle imaging, and thermometry in 3D. Theranostics 2024; 14:324-340. [PMID: 38164157 PMCID: PMC10750209 DOI: 10.7150/thno.86759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Theranostic platforms, combining diagnostic and therapeutic approaches within one system, have garnered interest in augmenting invasive surgical, chemical, and ionizing interventions. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) offers a quite recent alternative to established radiation-based diagnostic modalities with its versatile tracer material (superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, SPION). It also offers a bimodal theranostic framework that can combine tomographic imaging with therapeutic techniques using the very same SPION. Methods: We show the interleaved combination of MPI-based imaging, therapy (highly localized magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH)) and therapy safety control (MPI-based thermometry) within one theranostic platform in all three spatial dimensions using a commercial MPI system and a custom-made heating insert. The heating characteristics as well as theranostic applications of the platform were demonstrated by various phantom experiments using commercial SPION. Results: We have shown the feasibility of an MPI-MFH-based theranostic platform by demonstrating high spatial control of the therapeutic target, adequate MPI-based thermometry, and successful in situ interleaved MPI-MFH application. Conclusions: MPI-MFH-based theranostic platforms serve as valuable tools that enable the synergistic integration of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The transition into in vivo studies will be essential to further validate their potential, and it holds promising prospects for future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Buchholz
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kulthisa Sajjamark
- Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Preclinical Imaging Division, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Franke
- Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Preclinical Imaging Division, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Huimin Wei
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Lübeck, Germany
| | - André Behrends
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Münkel
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Pierre Levan
- Department of Radiology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Graeser
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorsten Buzug
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sébastien Bär
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich G. Hofmann
- Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lei S, He J, Gao P, Wang Y, Hui H, An Y, Tian J. Magnetic Particle Imaging-Guided Hyperthermia for Precise Treatment of Cancer: Review, Challenges, and Prospects. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:1020-1033. [PMID: 37789103 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a novel quantitative imaging technique using the nonlinear magnetization behavior of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to determine their local concentration. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) is a promising non-invasive therapy using the heating effects of MNPs. MPI-MFH is expected to enable real-time MPI guidance, localized MFH, and non-invasive temperature monitoring, which shows great potential for precise treatment of cancer. In this review, we introduce the fundamentals of MPI and MFH and their applications in the treatment of cancer. Also, we discuss the challenges and prospects of MPI-MFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao Lei
- School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie He
- School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Pengli Gao
- School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yueqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hui Hui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yu An
- School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Engineering Medicine & School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Affiliated With Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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8
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Carlton H, Weber M, Peters M, Arepally N, Lad YS, Jaswal A, Ivkov R, Attaluri A, Goodwill P. HYPER: pre-clinical device for spatially-confined magnetic particle hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2023; 40:2272067. [PMID: 37875265 PMCID: PMC10624165 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2023.2272067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic particle hyperthermia is an approved cancer treatment that harnesses thermal energy generated by magnetic nanoparticles when they are exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Thermal stress is either directly cytotoxic or increases the susceptibility of cancer cells to standard therapies, such as radiation. As with other thermal therapies, the challenge with nanoparticle hyperthermia is controlling energy delivery. Here, we describe the design and implementation of a prototype pre-clinical device, called HYPER, that achieves spatially confined nanoparticle heating within a user-selected volume and location. DESIGN Spatial control of nanoparticle heating was achieved by placing an AMF generating coil (340 kHz, 0-15 mT), between two opposing permanent magnets. The relative positions between the magnets determined the magnetic field gradient (0.7 T/m-2.3 T/m), which in turn governed the volume of the field free region (FFR) between them (0.8-35 cm3). Both the gradient value and position of the FFR within the AMF ([-14, 14]x, [-18, 18]y, [-30, 30]z) mm are values selected by the user via the graphical user interface (GUI). The software then controls linear actuators that move the static magnets to adjust the position of the FFR in 3D space based on user input. Within the FFR, the nanoparticles generate hysteresis heating; however, outside the FFR where the static field is non-negligible, the nanoparticles are unable to generate hysteresis loss power. VERIFICATION We verified the performance of the HYPER to design specifications by independently heating two nanoparticle-rich areas of a phantom placed within the volume occupied by the AMF heating coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Carlton
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | | | | | - Nageshwar Arepally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA
| | - Yash Sharad Lad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA
| | - Anshul Jaswal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA
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9
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Bui TQ, Henn MA, Tew WL, Catterton MA, Woods SI. Harmonic dependence of thermal magnetic particle imaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15762. [PMID: 37737290 PMCID: PMC10516919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in instrumentation and tracer materials are still required to enable sensitive, accurate, and localized in situ 3D temperature monitoring by magnetic particle imaging (MPI). We have developed a high-resolution magnetic particle imaging instrument and implemented a low-noise multi-harmonic lock-in detection method to observe and quantify temperature variations in iron oxide nanoparticle tracers using the harmonic ratio method for determining temperature. Using isolated harmonics for MPI and temperature imaging revealed an apparent dependence of imaging resolution on harmonic number. Thus, we present experimental and simulation studies to quantify the imaging resolution dependence on temperature and harmonic number, and directly validate the fundamental origin of MPI imaging resolution on harmonic number based on the concept of a harmonic point-spread-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinh Q Bui
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20895, USA.
| | - Mark-Alexander Henn
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20895, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Weston L Tew
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20895, USA
| | - Megan A Catterton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20895, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Solomon I Woods
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20895, USA
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10
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Barrera G, Allia P, Tiberto P. Multifunctional effects in magnetic nanoparticles for precision medicine: combining magnetic particle thermometry and hyperthermia. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4080-4094. [PMID: 37560417 PMCID: PMC10408592 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00197k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
An effective combination of magnetic hyperthermia and thermometry is shown to be implementable by using magnetic nanoparticles which behave either as a heat sources or as temperature sensors when excited at two different frequencies. Noninteracting magnetite nanoparticles are modeled as double-well systems and their magnetization is obtained by solving rate equations. Two temperature sensitive properties derived from the cyclic magnetization and exhibiting a linear dependence on temperature are studied and compared for monodisperse and polydisperse nanoparticles. The multifunctional effects enabling the combination of magnetic hyperthermia and thermometry are shown to depend on the interplay among nanoparticle size, intrinsic magnetic properties and driving-field frequency. Magnetic hyperthermia and thermometry can be effectively combined by properly tailoring the magnetic properties of nanoparticles and the driving-field frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Barrera
- INRiM, Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Sciences Torino I-10135 Italy
| | - Paolo Allia
- INRiM, Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Sciences Torino I-10135 Italy
| | - Paola Tiberto
- INRiM, Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Sciences Torino I-10135 Italy
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11
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Liu S, Heshmat A, Andrew J, Barreto I, Rinaldi-Ramos CM. Dual imaging agent for magnetic particle imaging and computed tomography. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3018-3032. [PMID: 37260489 PMCID: PMC10228371 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a novel biomedical imaging modality that allows non-invasive, tomographic, and quantitative tracking of the distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) tracers. While MPI possesses high sensitivity, detecting nanograms of iron, it does not provide anatomical information. Computed tomography (CT) is a widely used biomedical imaging modality that yields anatomical information at high resolution. A multimodal imaging agent combining the benefits of MPI and CT imaging would be of interest. Here we combine MPI-tailored SPIONs with CT-contrast hafnium oxide (hafnia) nanoparticles using flash nanoprecipitation to obtain dual-imaging MPI/CT agents. Co-encapsulation of iron oxide and hafnia in the composite nanoparticles was confirmed via transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping. Equilibrium and dynamic magnetic characterization show a reduction in effective magnetic diameter and changes in dynamic magnetic susceptibility spectra at high oscillating field frequencies, suggesting magnetic interactions within the composite dual imaging tracers. The MPI performance of the dual imaging agent was evaluated and compared to the commercial tracer ferucarbotran. The dual-imaging agent has MPI sensitivity that is ∼3× better than this commercial tracer. However, worsening of MPI resolution was observed in the composite tracer when compared to individually coated SPIONs. This worsening resolution could result from magnetic dipolar interactions within the composite dual imaging tracer. The CT performance of the dual imaging agent was evaluated in a pre-clinical animal scanner and a clinical scanner, revealing better contrast compared to a commercial iodine-based contrast agent. We demonstrate that the dual imaging agent can be differentiated from the commercial iodine contrast agent using dual energy CT (DECT) imaging. Furthermore, the dual imaging agent displayed energy-dependent CT contrast arising from the combination of SPION and hafnia, making it potentially suitable for virtual monochromatic imaging of the contrast agent distribution using DECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Anahita Heshmat
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610-0374 USA
| | - Jennifer Andrew
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32603 USA
| | - Izabella Barreto
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610-0374 USA
| | - Carlos M Rinaldi-Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-6131 USA
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12
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Yan X, Li S, Yan H, Yu C, Liu F. IONPs-Based Medical Imaging in Cancer Care: Moving Beyond Traditional Diagnosis and Therapeutic Assessment. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1741-1763. [PMID: 37034271 PMCID: PMC10075272 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s399047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related burden of morbidity and mortality is rapidly rising worldwide. Medical imaging plays an important role in every phase of cancer management, including diagnosis, staging, treatment planning and evaluation. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) could serve as contrast agents or labeling agents to enhance the identification and visualization of pathological tissues as well as target cells. Multimodal or multifunctional imaging can be easily acquired by modifying IONPs with other imaging agents or functional groups, allowing the accessibility of combined imaging techniques and providing more comprehensive information for cancer care. To date, IONPs-enhanced medical imaging has gained intensive application in early diagnosis, monitoring treatment as well as guiding radio-frequency ablation, sentinel lymph node dissection, radiotherapy and hyperthermia therapy. Besides, IONPs mediated imaging is also capable of promoting the development of anti-cancer nanomedicines through identifying patients potentially sensitive to nanotherapeutics. Based on versatile imaging modes and application fields, this review highlights and summarizes recent research advances of IONPs-based medical imaging in cancer management. Besides, currently existing challenges are also discussed to provide perspectives and advices for the future development of IONPs-based imaging in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyin Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chungang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxi Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Fengxi Liu, Tel +86 0531-89269594, Email
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13
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Magnetic Particle Imaging in Vascular Imaging, Immunotherapy, Cell Tracking, and Noninvasive Diagnosis. Mol Imaging 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/4131117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new tracer-based imaging modality that is useful in diagnosing various pathophysiology related to the vascular system and for sensitive tracking of cytotherapies. MPI uses nonradioactive and easily assimilated nanometer-sized iron oxide particles as tracers. MPI images the nonlinear Langevin behavior of the iron oxide particles and has allowed for the sensitive detection of iron oxide-labeled therapeutic cells in the body. This review will provide an overview of MPI technology, the tracer, and its use in vascular imaging and cytotherapies using molecular targets.
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14
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Fung KLB, Colson C, Bryan J, Saayujya C, Mokkarala-Lopez J, Hartley A, Yousuf K, Kuo R, Lu Y, Fellows BD, Chandrasekharan P, Conolly SM. First Superferromagnetic Remanence Characterization and Scan Optimization for Super-Resolution Magnetic Particle Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1717-1725. [PMID: 36821385 PMCID: PMC10790312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a sensitive, high-contrast tracer modality that images superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, enabling radiation-free theranostic imaging. MPI resolution is currently limited by scanner and particle constraints. Recent tracers have experimentally shown 10× resolution and signal improvements with dramatically sharper M-H curves. Experiments show a dependence on interparticle interactions, conforming to literature definitions of superferromagnetism. We thus call our tracers superferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SFMIOs). While SFMIOs provide excellent signal and resolution, they exhibit hysteresis with non-negligible remanence and coercivity. We provide the first quantitative measurements of SFMIO remanence decay and reformation using a novel multiecho pulse sequence. We characterize MPI scanning with remanence decay and coercivity and describe an SNR-optimized pulse sequence for SFMIOs under human electromagnetic safety limitations. The resolution from SFMIOs could enable clinical MPI with 10× reduced scanner selection fields, reducing hardware costs by up to 100×.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Barry Fung
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, https://bioegrad.berkeley.edu/
| | - Caylin Colson
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, https://bioegrad.berkeley.edu/
| | - Jacob Bryan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chinmoy Saayujya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Javier Mokkarala-Lopez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allison Hartley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Khadija Yousuf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Renesmee Kuo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin D Fellows
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Prashant Chandrasekharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Steven M Conolly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Tsering Dongsar T, Sonam Dongsar T, Abourehab MA, Gupta N, Kesharwani P. Emerging application of magnetic nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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16
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Yang CW, Liu K, Yao CY, Li B, Juhong A, Qiu Z, Huang X. Indocyanine Green-Conjugated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoworm for Multimodality Breast Cancer Imaging. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:18912-18920. [PMID: 37635916 PMCID: PMC10448907 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths among women. Techniques for non-invasive breast cancer detection and imaging are urgently needed. Multimodality breast cancer imaging is attractive since it can integrate advantages from several modalities, enabling more accurate cancer detection. In order to accomplish this, indocyanine green (ICG)-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoworm (NW-ICG) has been synthesized as a contrast agent. When evaluated in a spontaneous mouse breast cancer model, NW-ICG gave a large tumor to normal tissue contrasts in multiple imaging modalities including magnetic particle imaging, near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and photoacoustic imaging, providing more comprehensive detection and imaging of breast cancer. Thus, NW-ICGs are an attractive platform for non-invasive breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Kunli Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Cheng-You Yao
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Aniwat Juhong
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Zhen Qiu
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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17
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Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Surface Enhancements, and Biological Challenges. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), their physicochemical properties, their potential applications, and their association with the consequent toxicological effects in complex biologic systems. These MNPs have generated an accelerated development and research movement in the last two decades. They are solving a large portion of problems in several industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, water remediation, photoelectronics, and information storage, to name a few. As a result, more MNPs are put into contact with biological organisms, including humans, via interacting with their cellular structures. This situation will require a deeper understanding of these particles’ full impact in interacting with complex biological systems, and even though extensive studies have been carried out on different biological systems discussing toxicology aspects of MNP systems used in biomedical applications, they give mixed and inconclusive results. Chemical agencies, such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical substances (REACH) legislation for registration, evaluation, and authorization of substances and materials from the European Chemical Agency (ECHA), have held meetings to discuss the issue. However, nanomaterials (NMs) are being categorized by composition alone, ignoring the physicochemical properties and possible risks that their size, stability, crystallinity, and morphology could bring to health. Although several initiatives are being discussed around the world for the correct management and disposal of these materials, thanks to the extensive work of researchers everywhere addressing the issue of related biological impacts and concerns, and a new nanoethics and nanosafety branch to help clarify and bring together information about the impact of nanoparticles, more questions than answers have arisen regarding the behavior of MNPs with a wide range of effects in the same tissue. The generation of a consolidative framework of these biological behaviors is necessary to allow future applications to be manageable.
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18
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Yang X, Shao G, Zhang Y, Wang W, Qi Y, Han S, Li H. Applications of Magnetic Particle Imaging in Biomedicine: Advancements and Prospects. Front Physiol 2022; 13:898426. [PMID: 35846005 PMCID: PMC9285659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.898426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a novel emerging noninvasive and radiation-free imaging modality that can quantify superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles tracers. The zero endogenous tissue background signal and short image scanning times ensure high spatial and temporal resolution of MPI. In the context of precision medicine, the advantages of MPI provide a new strategy for the integration of the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this review, after a brief explanation of the simplified theory and imaging system, we focus on recent advances in the biomedical application of MPI, including vascular structure and perfusion imaging, cancer imaging, the MPI guidance of magnetic fluid hyperthermia, the visual monitoring of cell and drug treatments, and intraoperative navigation. We finally optimize MPI in terms of the system and tracers, and present future potential biomedical applications of MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Han
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Hongjun Li,
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19
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Pantke D, Mueller F, Reinartz S, Philipps J, Mohammadali Dadfar S, Peters M, Franke J, Schrank F, Kiessling F, Schulz V. Frequency-selective signal enhancement by a passive dual coil resonator for magnetic particle imaging. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [PMID: 35472698 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac6a9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) visualizes the spatial distribution of magnetic nanoparticles. MPI already provides excellent temporal and good spatial resolution, however, to achieve translation into clinics, further advances in the fields of sensitivity, image reconstruction and tracer performance are needed. In this work, we propose a novel concept to enhance the MPI signal and image resolution by a purely passive receive coil insert for a preclinical MPI system.Approach.The passive dual coil resonator (pDCR) provides frequency-selective signal enhancement. This is enabled by the adaptable resonance frequency of the pDCR network, which is galvanically isolated from the MPI system and composed of two coaxial solenoids connected via a capacitor. The pDCR aims to enhance frequency components related to high mixing orders, which are crucial to achieve high spatial resolution.Main Results.In this study, system matrix measurements and image acquisitions of a resolution phantom are carried out to evaluate the performance of the pDCR compared to the integrated receive unit of the preclinical MPI and a dedicated rat-sized receive coil. Frequency-selective signal increase and spatial resolution enhancement are demonstrated.Significance.Common dedicated receive coils come along with noise-matched receive networks, which makes them costly and difficult to reproduce. The presented pDCR is a purely passive coil insert that gets along without any additional receive electronics. Therefore, it is cost-efficient, easy-to-handle and adaptable to other MPI scanners and potentially other applications providing the basis for a new breed of passive MPI receiver systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pantke
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Mueller
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reinartz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Philipps
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Seyed Mohammadali Dadfar
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Peters
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Franke
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH, Preclinical Imaging Division, Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schrank
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Volkmar Schulz
- Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany.,III. Physikalisches Institut B, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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20
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Healy S, Bakuzis AF, Goodwill PW, Attaluri A, Bulte JWM, Ivkov R. Clinical magnetic hyperthermia requires integrated magnetic particle imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1779. [PMID: 35238181 PMCID: PMC9107505 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials that respond to clinical magnetic devices have significant potential as cancer nanotheranostics. The complexities of their physics, however, introduce challenges for these applications. Hyperthermia is a heat‐based cancer therapy that improves treatment outcomes and patient survival when controlled energy delivery is combined with accurate thermometry. To date, few technologies have achieved the needed evolution for the demands of the clinic. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) offers this potential, but to be successful it requires particle‐imaging technology that provides real‐time thermometry. Presently, the only technology having the potential to meet these requirements is magnetic particle imaging (MPI), for which a proof‐of‐principle demonstration with MFH has been achieved. Successful clinical translation and adoption of integrated MPI/MFH technology will depend on successful resolution of the technological challenges discussed. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Healy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andris F Bakuzis
- Instituto de Física and CNanoMed, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Harvell-Smith S, Tung LD, Thanh NTK. Magnetic particle imaging: tracer development and the biomedical applications of a radiation-free, sensitive, and quantitative imaging modality. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3658-3697. [PMID: 35080544 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05670k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging tracer-based modality that enables real-time three-dimensional imaging of the non-linear magnetisation produced by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), in the presence of an external oscillating magnetic field. As a technique, it produces highly sensitive radiation-free tomographic images with absolute quantitation. Coupled with a high contrast, as well as zero signal attenuation at-depth, there are essentially no limitations to where that can be imaged within the body. These characteristics enable various biomedical applications of clinical interest. In the opening sections of this review, the principles of image generation are introduced, along with a detailed comparison of the fundamental properties of this technique with other common imaging modalities. The main feature is a presentation on the up-to-date literature for the development of SPIONs tailored for improved imaging performance, and developments in the current and promising biomedical applications of this emerging technique, with a specific focus on theranostics, cell tracking and perfusion imaging. Finally, we will discuss recent progress in the clinical translation of MPI. As signal detection in MPI is almost entirely dependent on the properties of the SPION employed, this work emphasises the importance of tailoring the synthetic process to produce SPIONs demonstrating specific properties and how this impacts imaging in particular applications and MPI's overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Harvell-Smith
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Le Duc Tung
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
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22
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Utkur M, Saritas EU. Simultaneous temperature and viscosity estimation capability via magnetic nanoparticle relaxation. Med Phys 2022; 49:2590-2601. [PMID: 35103333 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is emerging as a highly promising imaging modality. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used as imaging tracers in MPI, and their relaxation behavior provides the foundation for its functional imaging capability. Since MNPs are also utilized in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) and MPI enables localized MFH, temperature mapping arises as an important application area of MPI. To achieve accurate temperature estimations, however, one must also take into account the confounding effects of viscosity on the MPI signal. In this work, we analyze the effects of temperature and viscosity on MNP relaxation, and determine temperature and viscosity sensitivities of relaxation time constant estimations via TAURUS (TAU estimation via Recovery of Underlying mirror Symmetry) at a wide range of operating points to empower simultaneous mapping of these two parameters. METHODS A total of 15 samples were prepared to reach 4 target viscosity levels (0.9-3.6 mPa·s) at 5 different temperatures (25-45°C). Experiments were performed on a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) setup at 60 different operating points at drive field amplitudes ranging between 5-25 mT and frequencies ranging between 1-7 kHz. To enable these extensive experiments, an in-house arbitrary-waveform MPS setup with temperature-controlled heating capability was developed. The operating points were divided into 4 groups with comparable signal levels to maximize signal gain during rapid signal acquisition. The relaxation time constants were estimated via TAURUS, by restoring the underlying mirror symmetry property of the positive and negative half cycles of the time-domain MNP response. The relative time constants with respect to the drive field period, τ̂, were computed to enable quantitative comparison across different operating points. At each operating point, a linear fit was performed to τ̂ as a function of each functional parameter (i.e., temperature or viscosity). The slopes of these linear fits were utilized to compute the temperature and viscosity sensitivities of TAURUS. RESULTS Except for outlier behaviors at 1 kHz, the following global trends were observed: τ̂ decreases with drive field amplitude, increases with drive field frequency, decreases with temperature, and increases with viscosity. The temperature sensitivity varies slowly across the operating points and reaches a maximum value of 1.18%/°C. In contrast, viscosity sensitivity is high at low frequencies around 1 kHz with a maximum value of 13.4%/(mPa·s), but rapidly falls down after 3 kHz. These results suggest that the simultaneous estimation of temperature and viscosity can be achieved by performing measurements at two different drive field settings that provide complementary temperature/viscosity sensitivities. Alternatively, temperature estimation alone can be achieved with a single measurement at drive field frequencies above 3 kHz, where viscosity sensitivity is minimized. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates highly promising temperature and viscosity sensitivities for TAURUS, highlighting its potential for simultaneous estimation of these two environmental parameters via MNP relaxation. The findings of this work reveal the potential of a hybrid MPI-MFH system for real-time monitored and localized thermal ablation treatment of cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Utkur
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Emine Ulku Saritas
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Neuroscience Program, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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23
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Tay ZW, Savliwala S, Hensley DW, Fung KLB, Colson C, Fellows BD, Zhou X, Huynh Q, Lu Y, Zheng B, Chandrasekharan P, Rivera-Jimenez SM, Rinaldi-Ramos CM, Conolly SM. Superferromagnetic Nanoparticles Enable Order-of-Magnitude Resolution & Sensitivity Gain in Magnetic Particle Imaging. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100796. [PMID: 34927972 PMCID: PMC8837195 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles have many advantages in medicine such as their use in non-invasive imaging as a Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) tracer or Magnetic Resonance Imaging contrast agent, the ability to be externally shifted or actuated and externally excited to generate heat or release drugs for therapy. Existing nanoparticles have a gentle sigmoidal magnetization response that limits resolution and sensitivity. Here it is shown that superferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle chains (SFMIOs) achieve an ideal step-like magnetization response to improve both image resolution & SNR by more than tenfold over conventional MPI. The underlying mechanism relies on dynamic magnetization with square-like hysteresis loops in response to 20 kHz, 15 kAm-1 MPI excitation, with nanoparticles assembling into a chain under an applied magnetic field. Experimental data shows a "1D avalanche" dipole reversal of every nanoparticle in the chain when the applied field overcomes the dynamic coercive threshold of dipole-dipole fields from adjacent nanoparticles in the chain. Intense inductive signal is produced from this event resulting in a sharp signal peak. Novel MPI imaging strategies are demonstrated to harness this behavior towards order-of-magnitude medical image improvements. SFMIOs can provide a breakthrough in noninvasive imaging of cancer, pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal bleeds, stroke, and inflammation imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), #02-02 Helios Building, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Shehaab Savliwala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6005, USA
| | - Daniel W Hensley
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | - K L Barry Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | - Caylin Colson
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | - Benjamin D Fellows
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | - Quincy Huynh
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | - Prashant Chandrasekharan
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
| | | | - Carlos M Rinaldi-Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6005, USA
| | - Steven M Conolly
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1762, USA
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24
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Tay ZW, Chandrasekharan P, Fellows BD, Arrizabalaga IR, Yu E, Olivo M, Conolly SM. Magnetic Particle Imaging: An Emerging Modality with Prospects in Diagnosis, Targeting and Therapy of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5285. [PMID: 34771448 PMCID: PMC8582440 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an emerging imaging modality for quantitative direct imaging of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION or SPIO). With different physics from MRI, MPI benefits from ideal image contrast with zero background tissue signal. This enables clear visualization of cancer with image characteristics similar to PET or SPECT, but using radiation-free magnetic nanoparticles instead, with infinite-duration reporter persistence in vivo. MPI for cancer imaging: demonstrated months of quantitative imaging of the cancer-related immune response with in situ SPION-labelling of immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, CAR T-cells). Because MPI suffers absolutely no susceptibility artifacts in the lung, immuno-MPI could soon provide completely noninvasive early-stage diagnosis and treatment monitoring of lung cancers. MPI for magnetic steering: MPI gradients are ~150 × stronger than MRI, enabling remote magnetic steering of magneto-aerosol, nanoparticles, and catheter tips, enhancing therapeutic delivery by magnetic means. MPI for precision therapy: gradients enable focusing of magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic-actuated drug release with up to 2 mm precision. The extent of drug release from the magnetic nanocarrier can be quantitatively monitored by MPI of SPION's MPS spectral changes within the nanocarrier. CONCLUSION MPI is a promising new magnetic modality spanning cancer imaging to guided-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei Tay
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios Building, Singapore 138667, Singapore;
| | - Prashant Chandrasekharan
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA; (P.C.); (B.D.F.); (I.R.A.); (E.Y.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Benjamin D. Fellows
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA; (P.C.); (B.D.F.); (I.R.A.); (E.Y.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Irati Rodrigo Arrizabalaga
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA; (P.C.); (B.D.F.); (I.R.A.); (E.Y.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Elaine Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA; (P.C.); (B.D.F.); (I.R.A.); (E.Y.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Malini Olivo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios Building, Singapore 138667, Singapore;
| | - Steven M. Conolly
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1762, USA; (P.C.); (B.D.F.); (I.R.A.); (E.Y.); (S.M.C.)
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25
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A Theoretical Analysis of Magnetic Particle Alignment in External Magnetic Fields Affected by Viscosity and Brownian Motion. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of an external magnetic field with magnetic objects affects their response and is a fundamental property for many biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance and particle imaging, electromagnetic hyperthermia, and magnetic targeting and separation. Magnetic alignment and relaxation are widely studied in the context of these applications. In this study, we theoretically investigate the alignment dynamics of a rotational magnetic particle as an inverse process to Brownian relaxation. The selected external magnetic flux density ranges from 5μT to 5T. We found that the viscous torque for arbitrary rotating particles with a history term due to the inertia and friction of the surrounding ambient water has a significant effect in strong magnetic fields (range 1–5T). In this range, oscillatory behavior due to the inertial torque of the particle also occurs, and the stochastic Brownian torque diminishes. In contrast, for weak fields (range 5–50μT), the history term of the viscous torque and the inertial torque can be neglected, and the stochastic Brownian torque induced by random collisions of the surrounding fluid molecules becomes dominant. These results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of magnetic particle alignment in external magnetic fields and have important implications in a variety of biomedical applications.
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26
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Day NB, Wixson WC, Shields CW. Magnetic systems for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2172-2196. [PMID: 34522583 PMCID: PMC8424374 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly developing area of cancer treatment due to its higher specificity and potential for greater efficacy than traditional therapies. Immune cell modulation through the administration of drugs, proteins, and cells can enhance antitumoral responses through pathways that may be otherwise inhibited in the presence of immunosuppressive tumors. Magnetic systems offer several advantages for improving the performance of immunotherapies, including increased spatiotemporal control over transport, release, and dosing of immunomodulatory drugs within the body, resulting in reduced off-target effects and improved efficacy. Compared to alternative methods for stimulating drug release such as light and pH, magnetic systems enable several distinct methods for programming immune responses. First, we discuss how magnetic hyperthermia can stimulate immune cells and trigger thermoresponsive drug release. Second, we summarize how magnetically targeted delivery of drug carriers can increase the accumulation of drugs in target sites. Third, we review how biomaterials can undergo magnetically driven structural changes to enable remote release of encapsulated drugs. Fourth, we describe the use of magnetic particles for targeted interactions with cellular receptors for promoting antitumor activity. Finally, we discuss translational considerations of these systems, such as toxicity, clinical compatibility, and future opportunities for improving cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- BW, body weight
- Biomaterials
- CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanine
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- Drug delivery
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FFR, field free region
- HS-TEX, heat-stressed tumor cell exosomes
- HSP, heat shock protein
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IVIS, in vivo imaging system
- Immunotherapy
- MICA, MHC class I-related chain A
- MPI, magnetic particle imaging
- Magnetic hyperthermia
- Magnetic nanoparticles
- Microrobotics
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PARP, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- SDF, stromal cell derived-factor
- SID, small implantable device
- SLP, specific loss power
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Day
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - William C Wixson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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27
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Lu C, Han L, Wang J, Wan J, Song G, Rao J. Engineering of magnetic nanoparticles as magnetic particle imaging tracers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8102-8146. [PMID: 34047311 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00260g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has recently emerged as a promising non-invasive imaging technique because of its signal linearly propotional to the tracer mass, ability to generate positive contrast, low tissue background, unlimited tissue penetration depth, and lack of ionizing radiation. The sensitivity and resolution of MPI are highly dependent on the properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and extensive research efforts have been focused on the design and synthesis of tracers. This review examines parameters that dictate the performance of MNPs, including size, shape, composition, surface property, crystallinity, the surrounding environment, and aggregation state to provide guidance for engineering MPI tracers with better performance. Finally, we discuss applications of MPI imaging and its challenges and perspectives in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Linbo Han
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, P. R. China
| | - Joanna Wang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5484, USA.
| | - Jiacheng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305-5484, USA.
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28
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Billings C, Langley M, Warrington G, Mashali F, Johnson JA. Magnetic Particle Imaging: Current and Future Applications, Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis Methods and Safety Measures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147651. [PMID: 34299271 PMCID: PMC8306580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have a wide range of applications; an area of particular interest is magnetic particle imaging (MPI). MPI is an imaging modality that utilizes superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIONs) as tracer particles to produce highly sensitive and specific images in a broad range of applications, including cardiovascular, neuroimaging, tumor imaging, magnetic hyperthermia and cellular tracking. While there are hurdles to overcome, including accessibility of products, and an understanding of safety and toxicity profiles, MPI has the potential to revolutionize research and clinical biomedical imaging. This review will explore a brief history of MPI, MNP synthesis methods, current and future applications, and safety concerns associated with this newly emerging imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Billings
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Mitchell Langley
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.L.); (G.W.); (F.M.)
| | - Gavin Warrington
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.L.); (G.W.); (F.M.)
| | - Farzin Mashali
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.L.); (G.W.); (F.M.)
| | - Jacqueline Anne Johnson
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
- Correspondence:
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29
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Navigation of a magnetic micro-robot through a cerebral aneurysm phantom with magnetic particle imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14082. [PMID: 34234207 PMCID: PMC8263782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysms are potentially life threatening and nowadays treated by a catheter-guided coiling or by a neurosurgical clipping intervention. Here, we propose a helically shaped magnetic micro-robot, which can be steered by magnetic fields in an untethered manner and could be applied for a novel coiling procedure. This is shown by navigating the micro-robot through an additively manufactured phantom of a human cerebral aneurysm. The magnetic fields are applied with a magnetic particle imaging (MPI) scanner, which allows for the navigation and tomographic visualization by the same machine. With MPI the actuation process can be visualized with a localization accuracy of 0.68 mm and an angiogram can be acquired both without any radiation exposure. First in-vitro phantom experiments are presented, showing an idea of a robot conducted treatment of cerebral aneurysms.
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30
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Chinchilla C, McDonough C, Negash A, Pagan J, Tonyushkin A. 2D projection image reconstruction for field free line single-sided magnetic particle imaging scanner: simulation studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MAGNETIC PARTICLE IMAGING 2021; 7:2104001. [PMID: 34395823 PMCID: PMC8360344 DOI: 10.18416/ijmpi.2021.2104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Particle Imaging is an imaging modality that exploits the nonlinear response of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to a time-varying magnetic field. In the past years, various scanner topologies have been proposed, which includes a single-sided scanner. Such a scanner features all its hardware located on one side, offering accessibility without limitations due to the size of the object of interest. In this paper, we present a proof of concept image reconstruction simulation studies for a single-sided field-free line scanner utilizing non-uniform magnetic fields. Specifically, we implemented a filtered backprojection algorithm allowing a 2D image reconstruction over a field of view of 4 × 4 cm2 with a spatial resolution of up to 2 mm for noiseless case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Chinchilla
- Physics Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
- Medical Engineering Science, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Chris McDonough
- Physics Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Amanuel Negash
- Physics Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Jason Pagan
- Physics Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
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31
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Rivera-Rodriguez A, Rinaldi-Ramos CM. Emerging Biomedical Applications Based on the Response of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Time-Varying Magnetic Fields. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:163-185. [PMID: 33856937 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102720-015630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are of interest for biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and actuation using applied magnetic fields. Magnetic nanoparticles respond to time-varying magnetic fields via physical particle rotation or internal dipole reorientation, which can result in signal generation or conversion of magnetic energy to heat. This dynamic magnetization response enables their use as tracers in magnetic particle imaging (MPI), an emerging biomedical imaging modality in which signal is quantitative of tracer mass and there is no tissue background signal or signal attenuation. Conversion of magnetic energy to heat motivates use in nanoscale thermal cancer therapy, magnetic actuation of drug release, and rapid rewarming of cryopreserved organs. This review introduces basic concepts of magnetic nanoparticle response to time-varying magnetic fields and presents recent advances in the field, with an emphasis on MPI and conversion of magnetic energy to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelie Rivera-Rodriguez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA; ,
| | - Carlos M Rinaldi-Ramos
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA; , .,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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32
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Lu Y, Rivera-Rodriguez A, Tay ZW, Hensley D, Fung KLB, Colson C, Saayujya C, Huynh Q, Kabuli L, Fellows B, Chandrasekharan P, Rinaldi C, Conolly S. Combining magnetic particle imaging and magnetic fluid hyperthermia for localized and image-guided treatment. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 37:141-154. [PMID: 33426994 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1853252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) has been widely investigated as a treatment tool for cancer and other diseases. However, focusing traditional MFH to a tumor deep in the body is not feasible because the in vivo wavelength of 300 kHz very low frequency (VLF) excitation fields is longer than 100 m. Recently we demonstrated that millimeter-precision localized heating can be achieved by combining magnetic particle imaging (MPI) with MFH. In principle, real-time MPI imaging can also guide the location and dosing of MFH treatments. Hence, the combination of MPI imaging plus real time localized MPI-MFH could soon permit closed-loop high-resolution hyperthermia treatment. In this review, we will discuss the fundamentals of localized MFH (e.g. physics and biosafety limitations), hardware implementation, MPI real-time guidance, and new research directions on MPI-MFH. We will also discuss how the scale up to human-sized MPI-MFH scanners could proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Angelie Rivera-Rodriguez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhi Wei Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - K L Barry Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Caylin Colson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chinmoy Saayujya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Quincy Huynh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leyla Kabuli
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Fellows
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Carlos Rinaldi
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven Conolly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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33
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Chandrasekharan P, Tay ZW, Zhou XY, Yu EY, Fung BK, Colson C, Fellows BD, Lu Y, Huynh Q, Saayujya C, Keselman P, Hensley D, Lu K, Orendorff R, Konkle J, Saritas EU, Zheng B, Goodwill P, Conolly S. Magnetic Particle Imaging for Vascular, Cellular and Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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34
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Stolley DL, Crouch AC, Özkan A, Seeley EH, Whitley EM, Rylander MN, Cressman ENK. Combining Chemistry and Engineering for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Nano-Scale and Smaller Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1243. [PMID: 33419304 PMCID: PMC7766014 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a major worldwide cause of death from carcinoma. Most patients are not candidates for surgery and medical therapies, including new immunotherapies, have not shown major improvements since the modest benefit seen with the introduction of sorafenib over a decade ago. Locoregional therapies for intermediate stage disease are not curative but provide some benefit. However, upon close scrutiny, there is still residual disease in most cases. We review the current status for treatment of intermediate stage disease, summarize the literature on correlative histopathology, and discuss emerging methods at micro-, nano-, and pico-scales to improve therapy. These include transarterial hyperthermia methods and thermoembolization, along with microfluidics model systems and new applications of mass spectrometry imaging for label-free analysis of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Stolley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (D.L.S.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Anna Colleen Crouch
- Interventional Radiology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.C.C.); (E.M.W.)
| | - Aliçan Özkan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Erin H. Seeley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Elizabeth M. Whitley
- Interventional Radiology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.C.C.); (E.M.W.)
| | - Marissa Nichole Rylander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (D.L.S.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Erik N. K. Cressman
- Interventional Radiology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.C.C.); (E.M.W.)
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35
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Han X, Li Y, Liu W, Chen X, Song Z, Wang X, Deng Y, Tang X, Jiang Z. The Applications of Magnetic Particle Imaging: From Cell to Body. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E800. [PMID: 33050139 PMCID: PMC7600969 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a cutting-edge imaging technique that is attracting increasing attention. This novel technique collects signals from superparamagnetic nanoparticles as its imaging tracer. It has characteristics such as linear quantitativity, positive contrast, unlimited penetration, no radiation, and no background signal from surrounding tissue. These characteristics enable various medical applications. In this paper, we first introduce the development and imaging principles of MPI. Then, we discuss the current major applications of MPI by dividing them into four categories: cell tracking, blood pool imaging, tumor imaging, and visualized magnetic hyperthermia. Even though research on MPI is still in its infancy, we hope this discussion will promote interest in the applications of MPI and encourage the design of tracers tailored for MPI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhenqi Jiang
- School of Life Science, Institute of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (W.L.); (X.C.); (Z.S.); (X.W.); (Y.D.); (X.T.)
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36
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Wells J, Twamley S, Sekar A, Ludwig A, Paysen H, Kosch O, Wiekhorst F. Lissajous scanning magnetic particle imaging as a multifunctional platform for magnetic hyperthermia therapy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18342-18355. [PMID: 32869808 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered nanoscale magnetic materials in healthcare and biomedical technologies is rapidly growing. Two examples which have recently attracted significant attention are magnetic particle imaging (MPI) for biological monitoring, and magnetic field hyperthermia (MFH) for cancer therapy. Here for the first time, the capability of a Lissajous scanning MPI device to act as a standalone platform to support the application of MFH cancer treatment is presented. The platform is shown to offer functionalities for nanoparticle localization, focused hyperthermia therapy application, and non-invasive tissue thermometry in one device. Combined, these capabilities have the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy, effectiveness and safety of MFH therapy. Measurements of nanoparticle hyperthermia during protracted exposure to the MPI scanner's 3D imaging field sequence revealed spatially focused heating, with a maximum that is significantly enhanced compared with a simple 1-dimensional sinusoidal excitation. The observed spatial heating behavior is qualitatively described based on a phenomenological model considering torques exerted in the Brownian regime. In vitro cell studies using a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) demonstrated strong suppression of both structural integrity and metabolic activity within 24 h following a 40 min MFH treatment actuated within the Lissajous MPI scanner. Furthermore, reconstructed MPI images of the nanoparticles distributed among the cells, and the temperature-sensitivity of the MPI imaging signal obtained during treatment are demonstrated. In summary, combined Lissajous MPI and MFH technologies are presented; demonstrating for the first time their potential for cancer treatment with maximum effectiveness, and minimal collateral damage to surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wells
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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Etemadi H, Plieger PG. Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles: Physical Characteristics, Historical Perspective, Clinical Trials, Technological Challenges, and Recent Advances. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Etemadi
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
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Tay ZW, Hensley DW, Chandrasekharan P, Zheng B, Conolly SM. Optimization of Drive Parameters for Resolution, Sensitivity and Safety in Magnetic Particle Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:1724-1734. [PMID: 31796392 PMCID: PMC8034762 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2957041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Particle Imaging is an emerging tracer imaging modality with zero background signal and zero ionizing radiation, high contrast and high sensitivity with quantitative images. While there is recent work showing that the low amplitude or low frequency drive parameters can improve MPI's spatial resolution by mitigating relaxation losses, the concomitant decrease of the MPI's tracer sensitivity due to the lower drive slew rates was not fully addressed. There has yet to be a wide parameter space, multi-objective optimization of MPI drive parameters for high resolution, high sensitivity and safety. In a large-scale study, we experimentally test 5 different nanoparticles ranging from multi to single-core across 18.5 nm to 32.1 nm core sizes and across an expansive drive parameter range of 0.4 - 416 kHz and 0.5 - 40 mT/ μ0 to assess spatial resolution, SNR, and safety. In addition, we analyze how drive-parameter-dependent shifts in harmonic signal energy away and towards the discarded first harmonic affect effective SNR in this optimization study. The results show that when optimizing for all four factors of resolution, SNR, discarded-harmonic-energy and safety, the overall trends are no longer monotonic and clear optimal points emerge. We present drive parameters different from conventional preclinical MPI showing ~ 2-fold improvement in spatial resolution while remaining within safety limits and addressing sensitivity by minimizing the typical SNR loss involved. Finally, validation of the optimization results with 2D images of phantoms was performed.
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Chandrasekharan P, Tay ZW, Hensley D, Zhou XY, Fung BKL, Colson C, Lu Y, Fellows BD, Huynh Q, Saayujya C, Yu E, Orendorff R, Zheng B, Goodwill P, Rinaldi C, Conolly S. Using magnetic particle imaging systems to localize and guide magnetic hyperthermia treatment: tracers, hardware, and future medical applications. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2965-2981. [PMID: 32194849 PMCID: PMC7053197 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) treatment makes use of a suspension of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, administered systemically or locally, in combination with an externally applied alternating magnetic field, to ablate target tissue by generating heat through a process called induction. The heat generated above the mammalian euthermic temperature of 37°C induces apoptotic cell death and/or enhances the susceptibility of the target tissue to other therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy. While most hyperthermia techniques currently in development are targeted towards cancer treatment, hyperthermia is also used to treat restenosis, to remove plaques, to ablate nerves and to alleviate pain by increasing regional blood flow. While RF hyperthermia can be directed invasively towards the site of treatment, non-invasive localization of heat through induction is challenging. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the field of RF magnetic fluid hyperthermia and introduce a new diagnostic imaging modality called magnetic particle imaging that allows for a focused theranostic approach encompassing treatment planning, treatment monitoring and spatially localized inductive heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Chandrasekharan
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States,✉ Corresponding author: E-mail: ; Phone: +1 (510) 642 3420
| | - Zhi Wei Tay
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Daniel Hensley
- Magnetic Insight, Inc., Alameda, CA 94501, United States
| | - Xinyi Y Zhou
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Barry KL Fung
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Caylin Colson
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Yao Lu
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin D Fellows
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Quincy Huynh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Chinmoy Saayujya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Elaine Yu
- Magnetic Insight, Inc., Alameda, CA 94501, United States
| | - Ryan Orendorff
- Magnetic Insight, Inc., Alameda, CA 94501, United States
| | - Bo Zheng
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | | | - Carlos Rinaldi
- University of Florida, J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, FL, 32611 United States
| | - Steven Conolly
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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40
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Saleh N, Ahmed N, Imran Asad M, Chaudhery I, Mahmoud Ahmad N. Co-encapsulating CoFe 2O 4 and MTX for hyperthermia. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:33-39. [PMID: 31935675 PMCID: PMC8676440 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic manotheranostics can be a fascinating charm to diagnose a tumour with MRI, and treatment through hyperthermia. This study aims to synthesise and characterise magnetically responsive polymer colloids (MRPCs). Healthy tissue damage done by chemotherapy session could be minimised by MRPCs. For the colloidal formulation of MRPCs, the oil in water emulsion technique was employed with the aid of sonication and stirring. The organic phase of emulsion contained methotrexate (MTX) drug, Eudragit E100 and CoFe2O4 (synthesised by co-precipitation) in ethanol, and the aqueous phase contained tween 80 in deionised water. The emulsion was optimised by studying/adjusting two different parameters, i.e. the concentration of constituents and sonication cycles. Multiple formulations were produced at sonication amplitude of 60% at 20 kHz, followed by centrifugation and lyophilisation. Characterisation of MRPCs was done for morphology, size measurement (23-25 nm), surface charge (∼15.12), coercivity (∼1549.6 G), magnetisation (2.6 emu) and retentivity (1.34 emu). Drug release in simulating physiological environment (pH = 7.4), was observed for up to 48 h, and, to determine the best release kinetic mechanism results were compared with kinetic models. Magnetic hyperthermia studies showed that MRPCs achieved an acceptable temperature of 42°C, for hyperthermia treatments in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Saleh
- Polymer Research Lab, Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), NUST H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Iqra Chaudhery
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmoud Ahmad
- Polymer Research Lab, Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), NUST H-12 Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
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Myrovali E, Maniotis N, Samaras T, Angelakeris M. Spatial focusing of magnetic particle hyperthermia. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:408-416. [PMID: 36133972 PMCID: PMC9417684 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00667b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle hyperthermia is a promising cancer therapy, but a typical constraint of its applicability is localizing heat solely to malignant regions sparing healthy surrounding tissues. By simultaneous application of a constant magnetic field together with the hyperthermia inducing alternating magnetic field, heating focus may be confined to smaller regions in a tunable manner. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the focusing parameters, by adequate selection of magnetic nanoparticles and field conditions, and explore spatially focused magnetic particle hyperthermia efficiency in tissue phantom systems comprising agarose gel and magnetic nanoparticles. Our results suggest the possibility of spatially focused heating efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles through the application of a constant magnetic field. Tuning of the constant magnetic field parameters may result in minimizing thermal shock in surrounding regions without affecting the beneficiary thermal outcome in the focusing region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Myrovali
- School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
- Magnetic Nanostructure Characterization: Technology and Applications, CIRI-AUTH 57001 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Nikos Maniotis
- School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
- Magnetic Nanostructure Characterization: Technology and Applications, CIRI-AUTH 57001 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Theodoros Samaras
- School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
- Magnetic Nanostructure Characterization: Technology and Applications, CIRI-AUTH 57001 Thessaloniki Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Malta Msida MSD 2080 Malta
| | - Makis Angelakeris
- School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
- Magnetic Nanostructure Characterization: Technology and Applications, CIRI-AUTH 57001 Thessaloniki Greece
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42
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Zyuzin MV, Cassani M, Barthel MJ, Gavilan H, Silvestri N, Escudero A, Scarpellini A, Lucchesi F, Teran FJ, Parak WJ, Pellegrino T. Confining Iron Oxide Nanocubes inside Submicrometric Cavities as a Key Strategy To Preserve Magnetic Heat Losses in an Intracellular Environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41957-41971. [PMID: 31584801 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The design of magnetic nanostructures whose magnetic heating efficiency remains unaffected at the tumor site is a fundamental requirement to further advance magnetic hyperthermia in the clinic. This work demonstrates that the confinement of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) into a sub-micrometer cavity is a key strategy to enable a certain degree of nanoparticle motion and minimize aggregation effects, consequently preserving the magnetic heat loss of iron oxide nanocubes (IONCs) under different conditions, including intracellular environments. We fabricated magnetic layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled polyelectrolyte sub-micrometer capsules using three different approaches, and we studied their heating efficiency as obtained in aqueous dispersions and after internalization by tumor cells. First, IONCs were added to the hollow cavities of LbL submicrocapsules, allowing the IONCs to move to a certain extent in the capsule cavities. Second, IONCs were coencapsulated into solid calcium carbonate cores coated with LbL polymer shells. Third, IONCs were incorporated within the polymer layers of the LbL capsule walls. In aqueous solution, higher specific absorption rate (SAR) values were related to those of free IONCs, while lower SAR values were recorded for capsule/core assemblies. However, after uptake by cancer cell lines (SKOV-3 cells), the SAR values of the free IONCs were significantly lower than those observed for capsule/core assemblies, especially after prolonged incubation periods (24 and 48 h). These results show that IONCs packed into submicrocavities preserve the magnetic losses, as the SAR values remained almost invariable. Conversely, free IONCs without the protective capsule shell agglomerated and their magnetic losses were strongly reduced. Indeed, IONC-loaded capsules and free IONCs reside inside endosomal and lysosomal compartments after cellular uptake and show strongly reduced magnetic losses due to the immobilization and aggregation in centrosymmetrical structures in the intracellular vesicles. The confinement of IONCs into sub-micrometer cavities is a key strategy to provide a sustained and predictable heating dose inside biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Zyuzin
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering , ITMO University , Lomonosova 9 , 191023 St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Marco Cassani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Genova , Via Dodecaneso 33 , 16146 Genova , Italy
| | - Markus J Barthel
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Helena Gavilan
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Niccolò Silvestri
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Genova , Via Dodecaneso 33 , 16146 Genova , Italy
| | - Alberto Escudero
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2 2, D-66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) , Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC , Calle Américo Vespucio 49 , E-41092 Seville , Spain
| | - Alice Scarpellini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Federica Lucchesi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- Dipartimento di Informatica,B ioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi (DIBRIS) , Via all'Opera Pia, 13 , 16145 Genova , Italy
| | - Francisco J Teran
- iMdea Nanociencia , Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid , Spain
- Nanobiotecnología (iMdea-Nanociencia) , Unidad Asociada al Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC) , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Faculty of Physics and Chemistry and CHyN , Universität Hamburg , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Teresa Pellegrino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
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Zhu X, Li J, Peng P, Hosseini Nassab N, Smith BR. Quantitative Drug Release Monitoring in Tumors of Living Subjects by Magnetic Particle Imaging Nanocomposite. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6725-6733. [PMID: 31498999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vivo drug release monitoring provides accurate and reliable information to guide drug dosing. Image-based strategies for in vivo monitoring are advantageous because they are non-invasive and provide visualization of the spatial distribution of drug, but those imaging modalities in use (e.g., fluorescence imaging (FI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) remain inadequate because of the low tissue penetration depth (for FI) or difficulty with quantification of release rate and signal convolution with noise sources (for MRI). Magnetic particle imaging (MPI), employing superparamagnetic nanoparticles as the contrast agent and sole signal source, enables large tissue penetration and quantifiable signal intensity. These properties make it ideal for application to in vivo drug release monitoring. In this work, we design a superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanocluster@poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) core-shell nanocomposite loaded with a chemotherapy drug (doxorubicin) which serves as a dual drug delivery system and MPI quantification tracer. The as-prepared nanocomposite can degrade under a mild acidic microenvironment (pH = 6.5), which induces a sustained release of doxorubicin and gradual decomposition of the Fe3O4 nanocluster, causing the MPI signal changes. We showed that nanocomposite-induced MPI signal changes display a linear correlation with the release rate of doxorubicin over time (R2 = 0.99). Utilizing this phenomenon, we successfully established quantitative monitoring of the release process in cell culture. We then performed in vivo drug release monitoring in a cancer therapy setting using a murine breast cancer model by injecting the nanocomposite, monitoring the drug release, and assessing the induced tumor cell kill. This study provides an improved solution for in vivo drug release monitoring compared to other available monitoring strategies. This translational strategy using a biocompatible polymer-coated iron oxide nanocomposite will be promising in future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Zhu
- Department of Radiology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Radiology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Niloufar Hosseini Nassab
- Department of Radiology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Bryan Ronain Smith
- Department of Radiology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48823 , United States
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Nasseri B, Kocum IC, Seymen CM, Rabiee N. Penetration Depth in Nanoparticles Incorporated Radiofrequency Hyperthermia into the Tissue: Comprehensive Study with Histology and Pathology Observations. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:634-639. [PMID: 31432798 PMCID: PMC8676181 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In present study, the effective penetration of radiofrequency (RF) induced gold decorated iron oxide nanoparticles (GS@IONPs) hyperthermia was investigated. The effective penetration depth of RF also the damage potency of hyperthermia was evaluated during histopathology observations which were done on the chicken breast tissue and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) models. The thermal damages are well- documented in our previous cellular study which was engaged with potency of RF hyperthermia in Epithelial adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and fibroblast (L-929) cells deaths [1]. In recent work, PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were used as base platform for gold magnetic nanoparticles (GS@IONPs) formation. The 144.00015 MHz, 180W RF generator was applied for stimulating the nanoparticles. The chicken breast tissue and the hepatocellular tumor model was considered in the experimental section. In histology studies, the structural changes also the effective penetration depth of RF induced nanoparticles was observed through microscopic monitoring of the tissue slices in histology observations (Gazi medical school). The highest damage level was seen in 8.0 µm tissue slices where lower damages were seen in depth of 1.0 cm and more inside tissue. The histology observations clarified the effective penetration depth of RF waves and irreversible damages in the 2.0 cm inside the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Nasseri
- Atilim University, Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | - Navid Rabiee
- Division of Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran
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Talebloo N, Gudi M, Robertson N, Wang P. Magnetic Particle Imaging: Current Applications in Biomedical Research. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:1659-1668. [PMID: 31332868 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new imaging modality with the potential for high-resolution imaging while retaining the noninvasive nature of other current modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). It is able to track location and quantities of special superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles without tracing any background signal. MPI utilizes the unique, intrinsic aspects of the nanoparticles: how they react in the presence of the magnetic field, and the subsequent turning off of the field. The current group of nanoparticles that are used in MPI are usually commercially available for MRI. Special MPI tracers are in development by many groups that utilize an iron-oxide core encompassed by various coatings. These tracers would solve the current obstacles by altering the size and material of the nanoparticles to what is required by MPI. In this review, the theory behind and the development of these tracers are discussed. In addition, applications such as cell tracking, oncology imaging, neuroimaging, and vascular imaging, among others, stemming from the implementation of MPI into the standard are discussed. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1659-1668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Talebloo
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mithil Gudi
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Neil Robertson
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Cui J, Qi D, Tian H, Li H. Vector optical fiber magnetometer based on capillaries filled with magnetic fluid. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:2754-2760. [PMID: 31045079 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.002754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel and practical magnetic field sensor based on optical fiber optics is proposed in our work. We first demonstrate magnetic sensing with the structure that single-mode optical fibers are fused with capillaries in parallel in an experiment. We clearly show the aggregation and arrangement variation with the magnetic field of magnetic nanoparticles in capillaries. Based on the tunable effective refractive index of optical modes in a waveguide structure of a sensor, the optical properties and sensing mechanism in the sensing structure were simulated and further analyzed. We achieved the detection of a space magnetic field, including intensity and its direction. We obtained that the sensitivity of a sensor is 112 pm/mT, presenting good performance in the same kind of optical fiber magnetic field sensor.
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Top CB, Güngör A, Ilbey S, Güven HE. Trajectory analysis for field free line magnetic particle imaging. Med Phys 2019; 46:1592-1607. [PMID: 30695100 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a relatively new method to image the spatial distribution of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) tracers administered to the body with high spatial and temporal resolution using an inhomogeneous magnetic field. The spatial information of the MNP's is encoded using a field free point (FFP), or a field free line (FFL), in which the magnetic field vanishes at a point, or on a line, respectively. FFL scanning has the advantage of improved sensitivity compared to FFP scanning as a result of higher signal-to-noise ratio. The trajectory traversed by the FFL or FFP is an important parameter of the MPI system and should be selected to achieve the best imaging quality in minimum scan time, while considering hardware constraints and patient safety. In this study, we analyzed the image quality of different FFL trajectories for a large field of view (FOV) using simulations, to provide a baseline information for FFL scanning MPI system design. METHODS We simulated a human-sized FFL scanning MPI configuration to image a circular FOV with 160 mm diameter, and compared Radial, Spiral, Uniform Spiral, Flower, and Lissajous trajectories with different trajectory densities scanned by the FFL for constant scan time. We analyzed the system matrices of the trajectories in terms of mutual coherence and homogeneity of the spatial sensitivity. We calculated the maximum electric fields induced on a homogeneous conductive body by the selection field (SF) and the focus field (FF) to compare the trajectories based on the nerve stimulation threshold. The images were obtained using the system matrix reconstruction approach with two different image reconstruction methods. In the first one, we used the conventional image reconstruction method, algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), which gives a regularized least-squares solution. In the second one, we used the state-of-the-art alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), which minimizes a weighted sum of the l1 -norm and the total variation (TV) of the images. RESULTS The Radial and Spiral trajectories resulted in a poor imaging performance at low trajectory densities due to relatively high coherency and poor sensitivity of the measurements, respectively. For ART reconstruction, the highest image quality with the lowest trajectory density was achieved with the Uniform Spiral trajectory. Uniform Spiral, Flower, and Lissajous trajectories yielded comparable performance with ADMM reconstruction. The rotating SF induced higher electric field amplitude compared to the FF. Consequently, maximum allowable gradient at the same trajectory density was greater for the Radial trajectory compared to the other trajectories. CONCLUSIONS For a large FOV coverage, the Uniform Spiral trajectory offers a good compromise between image quality and imaging time, taking safety and hardware limitations into account. The Radial trajectory, especially using l1 -norm and TV priors in the reconstruction, may be favorable in case the SF induced electric field is higher than that of the FF at the same frequency (e.g., relatively small FOV coverage). In general, ADMM reconstruction resulted in higher contrast and resolution compared to ART, leading to lighter requirements on the density of the trajectory.
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Bulte J. Superparamagnetic iron oxides as MPI tracers: A primer and review of early applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:293-301. [PMID: 30552918 PMCID: PMC6449195 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has recently emerged as a non-invasive, whole body imaging technique that detects superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles similar as those used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Based on tracer "hot spot" detection instead of providing contrast on MRI scans, MPI has already proven to be truly quantitative. Without the presence of endogenous background signal, MPI can also be used in certain tissues where the endogenous MRI signal is too low to provide contrast. After an introduction to the history and simplified principles of MPI, this review focuses on early MPI applications including MPI cell tracking, multiplexed MPI, perfusion and tumor MPI, lung MPI, functional MPI, and MPI-guided hyperthermia. While it is too early to tell if MPI will become a mainstay imaging technique with the (theoretical) sensitivity that it promises, and if it can successfully compete with SPIO-based 1H MRI and perfluorocarbon-based 19F MRI, it provides unprecedented opportunities for exploring new nanoparticle-based imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.W.M. Bulte
- Corresponding author at: Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research; Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Traylor Bldg, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205
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49
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Liu JF, Neel N, Dang P, Lamb M, McKenna J, Rodgers L, Litt B, Cheng Z, Tsourkas A, Issadore D. Radiofrequency-Triggered Drug Release from Nanoliposomes with Millimeter-Scale Resolution Using a Superimposed Static Gating Field. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802563. [PMID: 30286280 PMCID: PMC6397654 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to a specific site in the body typically relies on the use of targeting agents that recognize a unique biomarker. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to identify unique molecular signatures that exist only at the site of interest. An alternative strategy is to deliver energy (e.g., light) to locally trigger release from a drug carrier; however, the use of this approach is limited because energy delivery to deep tissues is often impractical or invasive. In this work, radiofrequency-responsive superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used to trigger drug release from nanoscale vesicles. Because the body is inherently nonmagnetic, this approach allows for deep tissue targeting. To overcome the unfavorable meter-scale diffraction limit of SPION-compatible radiofrequency (RF) fields, a strong static gating field containing a sharp zero point is superimposed on the RF field. Only drug carriers that are at or near the zero point are susceptible to RF-triggered drug release, thereby localizing drug delivery with millimeter-scale resolution. This approach induces >40% drug release from thermally responsive doxorubicin-loaded liposomes within a 3.2 mm radius of the zero point with <10% release in the surrounding area, leading to a >2.5 therapeutic index in Huh 7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nishant Neel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Phillip Dang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Max Lamb
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jaime McKenna
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lauren Rodgers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Brian Litt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhiliang Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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50
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Garraud N, Dhavalikar R, Unni M, Savliwala S, Rinaldi C, Arnold DP. Benchtop magnetic particle relaxometer for detection, characterization and analysis of magnetic nanoparticles. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:175016. [PMID: 30095085 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aad97d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design, construction, and testing of a magnetic particle relaxometer (MPR) to assess magnetic nanoparticle response to dynamic magnetic fields while subjected to a bias field. The designed MPR can characterize magnetic particles for use as tracers in magnetic particle imaging (MPI), with the variation of an applied bias field emulating the scan of the MPI field free point. The system applies a high-frequency time-varying excitation field (up to 45 mT at 30 kHz), while slowly ramping a bias field (±100 mT in 1 s). The time-resolved response of the sample is measured using an inductive sensing coil system, made of a pick-up coil and a rotating and translating balancing coil to finely cancel the induction feed-through from the excitation field. A post-processing algorithm is presented to extract the tracer response related to the point spread function for MPI applications, and the performance of the MPR is demonstrated using superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (ferucarbotran).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garraud
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States of America
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