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Nakaichi T, Okamoto H, Kon M, Takaso K, Aikawa A, Nakamura S, Ijima K, Chiba T, Nakayama H, Takemori M, Mikasa S, Fujii K, Urago Y, Goka T, Shimizu Y, Igaki H. Commissioning and performance evaluation of commercially available mobile imager for image guided total body irradiation. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2022; 24:e13865. [PMID: 36573258 PMCID: PMC10113699 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The setup of lung shield (LS) in total body irradiation (TBI) with the computed radiography (CR) system is a time-consuming task and has not been quantitatively evaluated. The TBI mobile imager (TBI-MI) can solve this problem through real-time monitoring. Therefore, this study aimed to perform commissioning and performance evaluation of TBI-MI to promote its use in clinical practice. METHODS The source-axis distance in TBI treatment, TBI-MI (CNERGY TBI, Cablon Medical B.V.), and the LS position were set to 400, 450, and 358 cm, respectively. The evaluation items were as follows: accuracy of image scaling and measured displacement error of LS, image quality (linearity, signal-to-noise ratio, and modulation transfer function) using an EPID QC phantom, optimal thresholding to detect intra-fractional motion in the alert function, and the scatter radiation dose from TBI-MI. RESULTS The accuracy of image scaling and the difference in measured displacement of the LS was <4 mm in any displacements and directions. The image quality of TBI imager was slightly inferior to the CR image but was visually acceptable in clinical practice. The signal-to-noise ratio was improved at high dose rate. The optimal thresholding value to detect a 10-mm body displacement was determined to be approximately 5.0%. The maximum fraction of scattering radiation to irradiated dose was 1.7% at patient surface. CONCLUSION MI-TBI can quantitatively evaluate LS displacement with acceptable image quality. Furthermore, real-time monitoring with alert function to detect intrafraction patient displacement can contribute to safe TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Nakaichi
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Okamoto
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kon
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of Radiological Technology Radiological OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuki Takaso
- Department of Radiological Technology Radiological OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Ako Aikawa
- Department of Radiological Technology Radiological OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Kotaro Ijima
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Takahito Chiba
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Nakayama
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of Radiological SciencesGraduate School of Human Health ScienceTokyo Metropolitan UniversityArakawa‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Mihiro Takemori
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of Radiological SciencesGraduate School of Human Health ScienceTokyo Metropolitan UniversityArakawa‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Shohei Mikasa
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Kyohei Fujii
- Department of Radiation SciencesKomazawa UniversitySetagaya‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yuka Urago
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance DivisionNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of Radiological SciencesGraduate School of Human Health ScienceTokyo Metropolitan UniversityArakawa‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Tomonori Goka
- Department of Radiological Technology Radiological OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yuri Shimizu
- Department of Radiation OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Igaki
- Department of Radiation OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalChuo‐kuTokyoJapan
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McCallum S, Maresse S, Fearns P. Evaluating 3D-printed Bolus Compared to Conventional Bolus Types Used in External Beam Radiation Therapy. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:820-831. [PMID: 33530912 DOI: 10.2174/1573405617666210202114336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When treating superficial tumors with external beam radiation therapy, bolus is often used. Bolus increases surface dose, reduces dose to underlying tissue, and improves dose homogeneity. INTRODUCTION The conventional bolus types used clinically in practice have some disadvantages. The use of Three-Dimensional (3D) printing has the potential to create more effective boluses. CT data is used for dosimetric calculations for these treatments and often to manufacture the customized 3D-printed bolus. PURPOSE The aim of this review is to evaluate the published studies that have compared 3D-printed bolus against conventional bolus types. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic search of several databases and a further appraisal for relevance and eligibility resulted in the 14 articles used in this review. The 14 articles were analyzed based on their comparison of 3D-printed bolus and at least one conventional bolus type. CONCLUSION The findings of this review indicated that 3D-printed bolus has a number of advantages. Compared to conventional bolus types, 3D-printed bolus was found to have equivalent or improved dosimetric measures, positional accuracy, fit, and uniformity. 3D-printed bolus was also found to benefit workflow efficiency through both time and cost effectiveness. However, factors such as patient comfort and staff perspectives need to be further explored to support the use of 3Dprinted bolus in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie McCallum
- Medical Radiation Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sharon Maresse
- Medical Radiation Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Fearns
- Medical Radiation Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Teruel JR, Taneja S, Galavis PE, Osterman KS, McCarthy A, Malin M, Gerber NK, Hitchen C, Barbee DL. Automatic treatment planning for VMAT-based total body irradiation using Eclipse scripting. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:119-130. [PMID: 33565214 PMCID: PMC7984467 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to establish an automated approach for a multiple isocenter volumetric arc therapy (VMAT)‐based TBI treatment planning approach. Five anonymized full‐body CT imaging sets were used. A script was developed to automate and standardize the treatment planning process using the Varian Eclipse v15.6 Scripting API. The script generates two treatment plans: a head‐first VMAT‐based plan for upper body coverage using four isocenters and a total of eight full arcs; and a feet‐first AP/PA plan with three isocenters that covers the lower extremities of the patient. PTV was the entire body cropped 5 mm from the patient surface and extended 3 mm into the lungs and kidneys. Two plans were generated for each case: one to a total dose of 1200 cGy in 8 fractions and a second one to a total dose of 1320 cGy in 8 fractions. Plans were calculated using the AAA algorithm and 6 MV photon energy. One plan was created and delivered to an anthropomorphic phantom containing 12 OSLDs for in‐vivo dose verification. For the plans prescribed to 1200 cGy total dose the following dosimetric results were achieved: median PTV V100% = 94.5%; median PTV D98% = 89.9%; median lungs Dmean = 763 cGy; median left kidney Dmean = 1058 cGy; and median right kidney Dmean = 1051 cGy. For the plans prescribed to 1320 cGy total dose the following dosimetric results were achieved: median PTV V100% = 95.0%; median PTV D98% = 88.7%; median lungs Dmean = 798 cGy; median left kidney Dmean = 1059 cGy; and median right kidney Dmean = 1064 cGy. Maximum dose objective was met for all cases. The dose deviation between the treatment planning dose and the dose measured by the OSLDs was within ±4%. In summary, we have demonstrated that scripting can produce high‐quality plans based on predefined dose objectives and can decrease planning time by automatic target and optimization contours generation, plan creation, field and isocenter placement, and optimization objectives setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Teruel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sameer Taneja
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paulina E Galavis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Allison McCarthy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martha Malin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naamit K Gerber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine Hitchen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - David L Barbee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Akino Y, Maruoka S, Yano K, Abe H, Isohashi F, Seo Y, Tamari K, Hirata T, Kawakami M, Nakae Y, Tanaka Y, Ogawa K. Commissioning of total body irradiation using plastic bead bags. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:959-968. [PMID: 32876686 PMCID: PMC7674696 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of total body irradiation (TBI) is to deliver a dose to the whole body with uniformity within ±10%. The purpose of this study was to establish the technique of TBI using plastic bead bags. A lifting TBI bed, Model ORP-TBI-MN, was used. The space between the patient's body and the acrylic walls of the bed was filled with polyacetal bead bags. Patients were irradiated by a 10 MV photon beam with a source to mid-plane distance of 400 cm. The monitor unit (MU) was calculated by dose-per-MU, tissue-phantom-ratio and a spoiler factor measured in solid water using an ionization chamber. The phantom-scatter correction factor, off-center ratio and the effective density of the beads were also measured. Diode detectors were used for in vivo dosimetry (IVD). The effective density of the beads was 0.90 ± 0.09. The point doses calculated in an I'mRT phantom with and without heterogeneity material showed good agreement, with measurements within 3%. An end-to-end test was performed using a RANDO phantom. The mean ± SD (range) of the differences between the calculated and IVD-measured mid-plane doses was 1.1 ± 4.8% (-5.9 to 5.0%). The differences between the IVD-measured doses and the doses calculated with Acuros XB of the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) were within 5%. For two patients treated with this method, the differences between the calculated and IVD-measured doses were within ±6% when excluding the chest region. We have established the technique of TBI using plastic bead bags. The TPS may be useful to roughly estimate patient dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Akino
- Corresponding author. Oncology Center, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 (D10), Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. Tel: (+81) 6-6879-3482; Fax: (+81) 6-6879-3489;
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Abe
- Nippon Life Hospital, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0006, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Isohashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takero Hirata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiki Nakae
- Nippon Life Hospital, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0006, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Japanese Red Cross Society Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Sasaki DK, McGeachy P, Alpuche Aviles JE, McCurdy B, Koul R, Dubey A. A modern mold room: Meshing 3D surface scanning, digital design, and 3D printing with bolus fabrication. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:78-85. [PMID: 31454148 PMCID: PMC6753733 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This case series represents an initial experience with implementing 3‐dimensional (3D) surface scanning, digital design, and 3D printing for bolus fabrication for patients with complex surface anatomy where traditional approaches are challenging. Methods and Materials For 10 patients requiring bolus in regions with complex contours, bolus was designed digitally from 3D surface scanning data or computed tomography (CT) images using either a treatment planning system or mesh editing software. Boluses were printed using a fused deposition modeling printer with polylactic acid. Quality assurance tests were performed for each printed bolus to verify density and shape. Results For 9 of 10 patients, digitally designed boluses were used for treatment with no issues. In 1 case, the bolus was not used because dosimetric requirements were met without the bolus. QA tests revealed that the bulk density was within 3% of the reference value for 9 of 12 prints, and with more judicious selection of print settings this could be increased. For these 9 prints, density uniformity was as good as or better than our traditional sheet bolus material. The average shape error of the pieces was less than 0.5 mm, and no issues with fit or comfort were encountered during use. Conclusions This study demonstrates that new technologies such as 3D surface scanning, digital design and 3D printing can be safely and effectively used to modernize bolus fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kiyoshi Sasaki
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Philip McGeachy
- Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jorge E Alpuche Aviles
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Boyd McCurdy
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rashmi Koul
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arbind Dubey
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Nowak LJ, Pawlowska E. Technical Note: an algorithm and software for conversion of radiotherapy contour‐sequence data to ready‐to‐print 3D structures. Med Phys 2019; 46:1829-1832. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz J. Nowak
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede 7522 NB the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Pawlowska
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland
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Baltz GC, Chi PM, Wong P, Wang C, Craft DF, Kry SF, Lin SSH, Garden AS, Smith SA, Howell RM. Development and validation of a 3D-printed bolus cap for total scalp irradiation. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2019; 20:89-96. [PMID: 30821903 PMCID: PMC6414136 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of total scalp irradiation (TSI) is to deliver a uniform dose to the scalp, which requires the use of a bolus cap. Most current methods for fabricating bolus caps are laborious, yet still result in nonconformity and low reproducibility, which can lead to nonuniform irradiation of the scalp. We developed and validated patient-specific bolus caps for TSI using three-dimensional (3D) printing. METHODS AND MATERIALS 3D-printing materials were radiologically analyzed to identify a material with properties suitable for use as a bolus cap. A Python script was developed within a commercial treatment planning system to automate the creation of a ready-to-print, patient-specific 3D bolus cap model. A bolus cap was printed for an anthropomorphic head phantom using a commercial vendor and a computed tomography simulation of the anthropomorphic head phantom and bolus cap was used to create a volumetric-modulated arc therapy TSI treatment plan. The planned treatment was delivered to the head phantom and dosimetric validation was performed using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). The developed procedure was used to create a bolus cap for a clinical TSI patient, and in vivo TLD measurements were acquired for several fractions. RESULTS Agilus-60 was validated as a new 3D-printing material suitable for use as bolus. A 3D-printed Agilus-60 bolus cap had excellent conformality to the phantom scalp, with a maximum air gap of 4 mm. TLD measurements showed that the bolus cap generated a uniform dose to the scalp within a 2.7% standard deviation, and the delivered doses agreed with calculated doses to within 2.4% on average. The patient bolus was conformal and the average difference between TLD measured and planned doses was 5.3%. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a workflow to 3D-print highly conformal bolus caps for TSI and demonstrated these caps can reproducibly generate a uniform dose to the scalp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett C. Baltz
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Medical Physics ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTXUSA
| | - Pai‐Chun Melinda Chi
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Medical Physics ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTXUSA
| | - Pei‐Fong Wong
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Congjun Wang
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Medical Physics ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTXUSA
| | - Daniel F. Craft
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Medical Physics ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTXUSA
| | - Stephen F. Kry
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Medical Physics ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTXUSA
| | - Stacy Sydney Hsinyi Lin
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Adam S. Garden
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Susan A. Smith
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Rebecca M. Howell
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
- Medical Physics ProgramThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTXUSA
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Sharma A, Sasaki D, Rickey DW, Leylek A, Harris C, Johnson K, Alpuche Aviles JE, McCurdy B, Egtberts A, Koul R, Dubey A. Low-cost optical scanner and 3-dimensional printing technology to create lead shielding for radiation therapy of facial skin cancer: First clinical case series. Adv Radiat Oncol 2018; 3:288-296. [PMID: 30202798 PMCID: PMC6128099 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Three-dimensional printing has been implemented at our institution to create customized treatment accessories, including lead shields used during radiation therapy for facial skin cancer. To effectively use 3-dimensional printing, the topography of the patient must first be acquired. We evaluated a low-cost, structured-light, 3-dimensional, optical scanner to assess the clinical viability of this technology. Methods and materials For ease of use, the scanner was mounted to a simple gantry that guided its motion and maintained an optimum distance between the scanner and the object. To characterize the spatial accuracy of the scanner, we used a geometric phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom. The geometric phantom was machined from plastic and included hemispherical and tetrahedral protrusions that were roughly the dimensions of an average forehead and nose, respectively. Polygon meshes acquired by the optical scanner were compared with meshes generated from high-resolution computed tomography images. Most optical scans contained minor artifacts. Using an algorithm that calculated the distances between the 2 meshes, we found that most of the optical scanner measurements agreed with those from the computed tomography scanner within approximately 1 mm for the geometric phantom and approximately 2 mm for the head phantom. We used this optical scanner along with 3-dimensional printer technology to create custom lead shields for 10 patients receiving orthovoltage treatments of nonmelanoma skin cancers of the face. Patient, tumor, and treatment data were documented. Results Lead shields created using this approach were accurate, fitting the contours of each patient's face. This process added to patient convenience and addressed potential claustrophobia and medical inability to lie supine. Conclusions The scanner was found to be clinically acceptable, and we suggest that the use of an optical scanner and 3-dimensional printer technology become the new standard of care to generate lead shielding for orthovoltage radiation therapy of nonmelanoma facial skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Sasaki
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daniel W. Rickey
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ahmet Leylek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chad Harris
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kate Johnson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jorge E. Alpuche Aviles
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Boyd McCurdy
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andy Egtberts
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rashmi Koul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arbind Dubey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Corresponding author. CancerCare Manitoba, ON 3258–675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada.
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