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Fischer J, Heidrová A, Hermanová M, Bednařík Z, Joukal M, Burša J. Structural parameters defining distribution of collagen fiber directions in human carotid arteries. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 153:106494. [PMID: 38507995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Collagen fiber arrangement is decisive for constitutive description of anisotropic mechanical response of arterial wall. In this study, their orientation in human common carotid artery was investigated using polarized light microscopy and an automated algorithm giving more than 4·106 fiber angles per slice. In total 113 slices acquired from 18 arteries taken from 14 cadavers were used for fiber orientation in the circumferential-axial plane. All histograms were approximated with unimodal von Mises distribution to evaluate dominant direction of fibers and their concentration parameter. 10 specimens were analyzed also in circumferential-radial and axial-radial planes (2-4 slices per specimen in each plane); the portion of radially oriented fibers was found insignificant. In the circumferential-axial plane, most specimens showed a pronounced unimodal distribution with angle to circumferential direction μ = 0.7° ± 9.4° and concentration parameter b = 3.4 ± 1.9. Suitability of the unimodal fit was confirmed by high values of coefficient of determination (mean R2 = 0.97, median R2 = 0.99). Differences between media and adventitia layers were not found statistically significant. The results are directly applicable as structural parameters in the GOH constitutive model of arterial wall if the postulated two fiber families are unified into one with circumferential orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Fischer
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Solid Mechanics, Mechatronics and Biomechanics, Technická 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic.
| | - Aneta Heidrová
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Solid Mechanics, Mechatronics and Biomechanics, Technická 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Hermanová
- 1st Department of Pathology, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Bednařík
- 1st Department of Pathology, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Burša
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Solid Mechanics, Mechatronics and Biomechanics, Technická 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
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2
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Mei J, Yu H, Qin L, Zhang J, Xu H, Xue T, Tang L, Jia Z. Multimodal Study of the Superior Mesenteric Artery Wall. Ann Vasc Surg 2024; 102:92-100. [PMID: 38301851 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To quantitatively analyze histological and fiber structure of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) wall and to further explore the possible relationship between the architecture and histology changes of vessel wall and the occurrence of related diseases. METHODS Histological and fiber structure analysis were performed on SMA specimens obtained from 22 cadavers. The SMA specimens were divided into initial, curved, and distal segments, and each segment was separated into the anterior and posterior walls. RESULTS From the initial to the curved to the distal segment, the ratio of elastin decreased (31.4% ± 6.0%, 21.1% ± 5.8%, 18.6% ± 4.7%, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas the ratio of smooth muscle actin (24.5% ± 8.7%, 30.5% ± 6.8%, 36.1% ± 7.3%, respectively; P < 0.001) increased. Elastic fiber longitudinal amplitude of angular undulation was highest in the initial segment [7° (3.25°, 15°)] and lowest in the curved segment [2° (1°, 5°)]. In SMA curved segment, the anterior wall, when compared with the posterior wall, demonstrated a lower ratio of elastin (19.0% ± 5.8% vs. 23.3% ± 5.0%; P = 0.010) and collagen (41.4% ± 12.3% vs. 49.0% ± 10.2%; P = 0.032), a lower elastic fiber longitudinal amplitude of angular undulation [1° (1°, 5°) vs. 3° (2°, 5.25°); P = 0.013], a lower average fiber diameter (8.06 ± 0.36 pixels vs. 8.45 ± 0.50 pixels; P = 0.005), and a lower average segment length (17.96 ± 1.59 pixels vs. 20.05 ± 2.33 pixels; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SMA wall structure varies along the circumferential and axial directions, the presence of dense undulated elastic fiber protects the SMA initial segment of from dissection and aneurysm, but highly cross-linked collagen fiber here increases the likelihood of plaque formation. In the anterior wall of the curved segment, lower elastin and collagen content, lower elastic fiber undulation, and higher degree of collagen fiber cross-linking leads to the occurrence of SMA dissection and aneurysm. In the distal segment, high levels of vascular smooth muscle cells and bundles of long collagen fiber offer protection against the development of SMA-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Mei
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lihao Qin
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Tongqing Xue
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Huaian Hospital of Huai'an City, Huai'an, China
| | - Liming Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhi Jia
- Department of Interventional and Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
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Wang M, Ching-Johnson JA, Yin H, O’Neil C, Li AX, Chu MWA, Bartha R, Pickering JG. Mapping microarchitectural degeneration in the dilated ascending aorta with ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2024; 4:oead128. [PMID: 38162403 PMCID: PMC10755346 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Aims Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) carry a risk of catastrophic dissection. Current strategies to evaluate this risk entail measuring aortic diameter but do not image medial degeneration, the cause of TAAs. We sought to determine if the advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition strategy, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), could delineate medial degeneration in the ascending thoracic aorta. Methods and results Porcine ascending aortas were subjected to enzyme microinjection, which yielded local aortic medial degeneration. These lesions were detected by DTI, using a 9.4 T MRI scanner, based on tensor disorientation, disrupted diffusion tracts, and altered DTI metrics. High-resolution spatial analysis revealed that fractional anisotropy positively correlated, and mean and radial diffusivity inversely correlated, with smooth muscle cell (SMC) and elastin content (P < 0.001 for all). Ten operatively harvested human ascending aorta samples (mean subject age 61.6 ± 13.3 years, diameter range 29-64 mm) showed medial pathology that was more diffuse and more complex. Nonetheless, DTI metrics within an aorta spatially correlated with SMC, elastin, and, especially, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. Moreover, there were inter-individual differences in slice-averaged DTI metrics. Glycosaminoglycan accumulation and elastin degradation were captured by reduced fractional anisotropy (R2 = 0.47, P = 0.043; R2 = 0.76, P = 0.002), with GAG accumulation also captured by increased mean diffusivity (R2 = 0.46, P = 0.045) and increased radial diffusivity (R2 = 0.60, P = 0.015). Conclusion Ex vivo high-field DTI can detect ascending aorta medial degeneration and can differentiate TAAs in accordance with their histopathology, especially elastin and GAG changes. This non-destructive window into aortic medial microstructure raises prospects for probing the risks of TAAs beyond lumen dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mofei Wang
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 5B7
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Justin A Ching-Johnson
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 5B7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Hao Yin
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Caroline O’Neil
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Alex X Li
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Michael W A Chu
- Department of Surgery, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 3K7
- London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Rd, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5A5
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 5B7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - J Geoffrey Pickering
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 5B7
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 3K7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada, N6A 3K7
- London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Rd, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5A5
- Department of Medicine, Western University, 1151 Richmond St. N. London, Canada N6A 3K7
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Tornifoglio B, Johnston RD, Stone AJ, Kerskens C, Lally C. Microstructural and mechanical insight into atherosclerotic plaques: an ex vivo DTI study to better assess plaque vulnerability. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1515-1530. [PMID: 36652053 PMCID: PMC10511397 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive microstructural characterisation has the potential to determine the stability, or lack thereof, of atherosclerotic plaques and ultimately aid in better assessing plaques' risk to rupture. If linked with mechanical characterisation using a clinically relevant imaging technique, mechanically sensitive rupture risk indicators could be possible. This study aims to provide this link-between a clinically relevant imaging technique and mechanical characterisation within human atherosclerotic plaques. Ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging, mechanical testing, and histological analysis were carried out on human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. DTI-derived tractography was found to yield significant mechanical insight into the mechanical properties of more stable and more vulnerable microstructures. Coupled with insights from digital image correlation and histology, specific failure characteristics of different microstructural arrangements furthered this finding. More circumferentially uniform microstructures failed at higher stresses and strains when compared to samples which had multiple microstructures, like those seen in a plaque cap. The novel findings in this study motivate diagnostic measures which use non-invasive characterisation of the underlying microstructure of plaques to determine their vulnerability to rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tornifoglio
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R D Johnston
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A J Stone
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Kerskens
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Lally
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Tornifoglio B, Stone AJ, Kerskens C, Lally C. Ex Vivo Study Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Identify Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Disease in Human Cadaveric Carotid Arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1398-1412. [PMID: 36172867 PMCID: PMC9592180 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to address the potential of ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging to provide insight into the microstructural composition and morphological arrangement of aged human atherosclerotic carotid arteries. METHODS In this study, whole human carotid arteries were investigated both anatomically and by comparing healthy and diseased regions. Nonrigid image registration was used with unsupervised segmentation to investigate the influence of elastin, collagen, cell density, glycosaminoglycans, and calcium on diffusion tensor imaging derived metrics (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity). Early stage atherosclerotic features were also investigated in terms of microstructural components and diffusion tensor imaging metrics. RESULTS All vessels displayed a dramatic decrease in fractional anisotropy compared with healthy animal arterial tissue, while the mean diffusivity was sensitive to regions of advanced disease. Elastin content strongly correlated with both fractional anisotropy (r>0.7, P<0.001) and mean diffusivity (r>-0.79, P<0.0002), and the thickened intima was also distinguishable from arterial media by these metrics. CONCLUSIONS These different investigations point to the potential of diffusion tensor imaging to identify characteristics of arterial disease progression, at early and late-stage lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Tornifoglio
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (B.T., A.J.S., C.K., C.L.), Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering (B.T., A.J.S., C.L.), Ireland
| | - Alan J. Stone
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (B.T., A.J.S., C.K., C.L.), Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering (B.T., A.J.S., C.L.), Ireland.,Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (A.J.S.)
| | - Christian Kerskens
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (B.T., A.J.S., C.K., C.L.), Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (C.K.), Ireland
| | - Caitríona Lally
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (B.T., A.J.S., C.K., C.L.), Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering (B.T., A.J.S., C.L.), Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin (C.L.), Ireland
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6
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Ghasemi M, Johnston RD, Lally C. Development of a Collagen Fibre Remodelling Rupture Risk Metric for Potentially Vulnerable Carotid Artery Atherosclerotic Plaques. Front Physiol 2021; 12:718470. [PMID: 34776999 PMCID: PMC8586512 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.718470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture in carotid arteries can lead to stroke which is one of the leading causes of death or disability worldwide. The accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque in an artery changes the mechanical properties of the vessel. Whilst healthy arteries can continuously adapt to mechanical loads by remodelling their internal structure, particularly the load-bearing collagen fibres, diseased vessels may have limited remodelling capabilities. In this study, a local stress modulated remodelling algorithm is proposed to explore the mechanical response of arterial tissue to the remodelling of collagen fibres. This stress driven remodelling algorithm is used to predict the optimum distribution of fibres in healthy and diseased human carotid bifurcations obtained using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). In the models, healthy geometries were segmented into two layers: media and adventitia and diseased into four components: adventitia, media, plaque atheroma and lipid pool (when present in the MRI images). A novel meshing technique for hexahedral meshing of these geometries is also demonstrated. Using the remodelling algorithm, the optimum fibre patterns in various patient specific plaques are identified and the role that deviations from these fibre configurations in plaque vulnerability is shown. This study provides critical insights into the collagen fibre patterns required in carotid artery and plaque tissue to maintain plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ghasemi
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert D Johnston
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitríona Lally
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Exploring arterial tissue microstructural organization using non-Gaussian diffusion magnetic resonance schemes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22247. [PMID: 34782651 PMCID: PMC8593063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the alterations in microstructural organization of arterial tissue using higher-order diffusion magnetic resonance schemes. Three porcine carotid artery models namely; native, collagenase treated and decellularized, were used to estimate the contribution of collagen and smooth muscle cells (SMC) on diffusion signal attenuation using gaussian and non-gaussian schemes. The samples were imaged in a 7 T preclinical scanner. High spatial and angular resolution diffusion weighted images (DWIs) were acquired using two multi-shell (max b-value = 3000 s/mm2) acquisition protocols. The processed DWIs were fitted using monoexponential, stretched-exponential, kurtosis and bi-exponential schemes. Directionally variant and invariant microstructural parametric maps of the three artery models were obtained from the diffusion schemes. The parametric maps were used to assess the sensitivity of each diffusion scheme to collagen and SMC composition in arterial microstructural environment. The inter-model comparison showed significant differences across the considered models. The bi-exponential scheme based slow diffusion compartment (Ds) was highest in the absence of collagen, compared to native and decellularized microenvironments. In intra-model comparison, kurtosis along the radial direction was the highest. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of higher order dMRI schemes in mapping constituent specific alterations in arterial microstructure.
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Johnston RD, Gaul RT, Lally C. An investigation into the critical role of fibre orientation in the ultimate tensile strength and stiffness of human carotid plaque caps. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:291-300. [PMID: 33571712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development and subsequent rupture of atherosclerotic plaques in human carotid arteries is a major cause of ischaemic stroke. Mechanical characterization of atherosclerotic plaques can aid our understanding of this rupture risk. Despite this however, experimental studies on human atherosclerotic carotid plaques, and fibrous plaque caps in particular, are very limited. This study aims to provide further insights into atherosclerotic plaque rupture by mechanically testing human fibrous plaque caps, the region of the atherosclerotic lesion most often attributed the highest risk of rupture. The results obtained highlight the variability in the ultimate tensile stress, strain and stiffness experienced in atherosclerotic plaque caps. By pre-screening all samples using small angle light scattering (SALS) to determine the dominant fibre direction in the tissue, along with supporting histological analysis, this work suggests that the collagen fibre alignment in the circumferential direction plays the most dominant role for determining plaque structural stability. The work presented in this study could provide the basis for new diagnostic approaches to be developed, which non-invasively identify carotid plaques at greatest risk of rupture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mechanical characterisation of the atherosclerotic plaque cap is of utmost importance for understanding the mechanisms that govern the rupture strength of this tissue in-vivo. Studies has shown that plaque tissue is heterogenous and comprises of many structural components, each of which exhibits a varying mechanical response. However, rupture generally is located to the plaque cap, whereby the stress exerted on this location exceeds its mechanical strength causing failure. This work shows, for the first time, that the underlying collagen fibre architecture of carotid plaque caps governs their strength and stiffness. This study shows that plaque caps with collagen fibres aligned in the predominately circumferential direction experience higher stresses and lower strains before failure while those with predominately axial fibres display the opposite trend. Furthermore, total collagen content was found not to play a dominant role in determining the mechanical response of the tissue. The present study provides critical insights into human atherosclerotic plaque tissue mechanics and offers clinically relevant insights for mechanically sensitive imaging techniques, such as strain-based ultrasound or MRI.
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Giudici A, Wilkinson IB, Khir AW. Review of the Techniques Used for Investigating the Role Elastin and Collagen Play in Arterial Wall Mechanics. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 14:256-269. [PMID: 32746366 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2020.3005448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The arterial wall is characterised by a complex microstructure that impacts the mechanical properties of the vascular tissue. The main components consist of collagen and elastin fibres, proteoglycans, Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) and ground matrix. While VSMCs play a key role in the active mechanical response of arteries, collagen and elastin determine the passive mechanics. Several experimental methods have been designed to investigate the role of these structural proteins in determining the passive mechanics of the arterial wall. Microscopy imaging of load-free or fixed samples provides useful information on the structure-function coupling of the vascular tissue, and mechanical testing provides information on the mechanical role of collagen and elastin networks. However, when these techniques are used separately, they fail to provide a full picture of the arterial micromechanics. More recently, advances in imaging techniques have allowed combining both methods, thus dynamically imaging the sample while loaded in a pseudo-physiological way, and overcoming the limitation of using either of the two methods separately. The present review aims at describing the techniques currently available to researchers for the investigation of the arterial wall micromechanics. This review also aims to elucidate the current understanding of arterial mechanics and identify some research gaps.
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Tornifoglio B, Stone AJ, Johnston RD, Shahid SS, Kerskens C, Lally C. Diffusion tensor imaging and arterial tissue: establishing the influence of arterial tissue microstructure on fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity and tractography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20718. [PMID: 33244026 PMCID: PMC7693170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for providing microstructural insight into changes in arterial tissue by exploring how cell, collagen and elastin content effect fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) and tractography. Five ex vivo porcine carotid artery models (n = 6 each) were compared-native, fixed native, collagen degraded, elastin degraded and decellularised. Vessels were imaged at 7 T using a DTI protocol with b = 0 and 800 s/mm2 and 10 isotopically distributed directions. FA and MD were evaluated in the vessel media and compared across models. FA values measured in native (p < 0.0001), fixed native (p < 0.0001) and collagen degraded (p = 0.0018, p = 0.0016, respectively) were significantly higher than those in elastin degraded and decellularised arteries. Native and fixed native had significantly lower MD values than elastin degraded (p < 0.0001) and decellularised tissue (p = 0.0032, p = 0.0003, respectively). Significantly lower MD was measured in collagen degraded compared with the elastin degraded model (p = 0.0001). Tractography yielded helically arranged tracts for native and collagen degraded vessels only. FA, MD and tractography were found to be highly sensitive to changes in the microstructural composition of arterial tissue, specifically pointing to cell, not collagen, content as the dominant source of the measured anisotropy in the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tornifoglio
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A J Stone
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R D Johnston
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S S Shahid
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - C Kerskens
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Lally
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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11
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Gaul RT, Nolan DR, Ristori T, Bouten CV, Loerakker S, Lally C. Pressure-induced collagen degradation in arterial tissue as a potential mechanism for degenerative arterial disease progression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 109:103771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Ghasemi M, Nolan DR, Lally C. Assessment of mechanical indicators of carotid plaque vulnerability: Geometrical curvature metric, plaque stresses and damage in tissue fibres. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103573. [PMID: 32090902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death worldwide. The rupture of atherosclerotic carotid plaques is the leading single cause of stroke. Currently there is no accepted clinical measure to quantitatively assess the risk of carotid plaque rupture. Structural analyses of vulnerable plaques, using finite element (FE) analysis, have retrospectively found that regions of high stress tend to be the site of plaque rupture. The current study proposes a new clinical measure, based on plaque geometry, to assess the risk of carotid plaque rupture. This measure, named the weighted curvature difference, is based on the curvature of both the lumen and intima-media boundary, and the local plaque thickness. A series of idealized and realistic, 2-D and 3-D geometries are used to systematically assess this novel geometrical metric. The areas predicted to be at high risk of rupture using this geometrical metric are compared with areas of high stress, obtained from both isotropic and anisotropic material models. These results are also compared with areas in diseased carotid arteries that are predicted to have high damage accumulation in collagen fibres using a continuum damage model. Results show the new geometrical metric consistently predicts the locations of high stress in all of the vessel geometries examined. The drawbacks of using lumen curvature only as a risk measure are highlighted; particularly in the case of outward remodelled vessels. Weighted curvature difference shows great potential to be used as a metric to efficiently distinguish the rupture prone areas in a diseased vessels in a way that is independent of material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ghasemi
- Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Nolan
- Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitríona Lally
- Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Gaul RT, Nolan DR, Lally C. The use of small angle light scattering in assessing strain induced collagen degradation in arterial tissue ex vivo. J Biomech 2018; 81:155-160. [PMID: 30392528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the predominant load bearing component in many soft tissues including arterial tissue and is therefore critical in determining the mechanical integrity of such tissues. Degradation of collagen fibres is hypothesized to be a strain dependent process whereby the rate of degradation is affected by the magnitude of strain applied to the collagen fibres. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of small angle light scattering (SALS) imaging to identify strain dependent degradation of collagen fibres in arterial tissue ex vivo, and determine whether a strain induced protection mechanism exists in arterial tissue as observed in pure collagen and other collagenous tissues. SALS was used in combination with histological and second harmonic generation (SHG) analysis to determine the collagen fibre architecture in arterial tissue subjected to strain directed degradation. SALS alignment analysis identified statistically significant differences in fibre alignment depending on the strain magnitude applied to the tissue. These results were also observed using histology and SHG. Our findings suggest a strain protection mechanism may exist for arterial collagen at intermediate strain magnitudes between 0% and 25%. These findings may have implications for the onset and progression of arterial disease where changes in the mechanical environment of arterial tissue may lead to changes in the collagen degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Gaul
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D R Nolan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C Lally
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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