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Laštovička-Medin G, Doknic J, Bozovic I, Kramberger G, Laštovička T, Andreasson J, Rebarz M. Comparative study of the impact of interpad nominal length on the onset of the charge multiplication in standard segmented LGAD with 2 p-stops and bias ring as isolated structures. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 208:111288. [PMID: 38518502 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
We present an investigation of the interpad region (IP) in the Ultra-Fast Silicon Detector (UFSD) Type 10, utilizing a femtosecond laser and the transient current technique (TCT). We elucidate the isolation structure and measure the IP distance between pads, comparing it to the nominal value provided by the vendor. A comparison of sensors with identical layouts but different nominal IP distances (49 μm vs. 61 μm) and different processing parameters revealed their significant different charge collection properties in the IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Laštovička-Medin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vashingtona, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Jovana Doknic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vashingtona, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ivona Bozovic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vashingtona, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Gregor Kramberger
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 10 000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomáš Laštovička
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - Jakob Andreasson
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - Mateusz Rebarz
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241, Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
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2
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Johnson RP. Meeting the detector challenges for pre-clinical proton and ion computed tomography. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:11TR02. [PMID: 38657632 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad42fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Six decades after its conception, proton computed tomography (pCT) and proton radiography have yet to be used in medical clinics. However, good progress has been made on relevant detector technologies in the past two decades, and a few prototype pCT systems now exist that approach the performance needed for a clinical device. The tracking and energy-measurement technologies in common use are described, as are the few pCT scanners that are in routine operation at this time. Most of these devices still look like detector R&D efforts as opposed to medical devices, are difficult to use, are at least a factor of five slower than desired for clinical use, and are too small to image many parts of the human body. Recommendations are made for what to consider when engineering a pre-clinical pCT scanner that is designed to meet clinical needs in terms of performance, cost, and ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Johnson
- Physics Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
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3
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Knäusl B, Belotti G, Bertholet J, Daartz J, Flampouri S, Hoogeman M, Knopf AC, Lin H, Moerman A, Paganelli C, Rucinski A, Schulte R, Shimizu S, Stützer K, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Czerska K. A review of the clinical introduction of 4D particle therapy research concepts. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2024; 29:100535. [PMID: 38298885 PMCID: PMC10828898 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2024.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Many 4D particle therapy research concepts have been recently translated into clinics, however, remaining substantial differences depend on the indication and institute-related aspects. This work aims to summarise current state-of-the-art 4D particle therapy technology and outline a roadmap for future research and developments. Material and methods This review focused on the clinical implementation of 4D approaches for imaging, treatment planning, delivery and evaluation based on the 2021 and 2022 4D Treatment Workshops for Particle Therapy as well as a review of the most recent surveys, guidelines and scientific papers dedicated to this topic. Results Available technological capabilities for motion surveillance and compensation determined the course of each 4D particle treatment. 4D motion management, delivery techniques and strategies including imaging were diverse and depended on many factors. These included aspects of motion amplitude, tumour location, as well as accelerator technology driving the necessity of centre-specific dosimetric validation. Novel methodologies for X-ray based image processing and MRI for real-time tumour tracking and motion management were shown to have a large potential for online and offline adaptation schemes compensating for potential anatomical changes over the treatment course. The latest research developments were dominated by particle imaging, artificial intelligence methods and FLASH adding another level of complexity but also opportunities in the context of 4D treatments. Conclusion This review showed that the rapid technological advances in radiation oncology together with the available intrafractional motion management and adaptive strategies paved the way towards clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knäusl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Belotti
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jenny Bertholet
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics and Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Daartz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mischa Hoogeman
- Department of Medical Physics & Informatics, HollandPTC, Delft, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Radiotherapy, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antje C Knopf
- Institut für Medizintechnik und Medizininformatik Hochschule für Life Sciences FHNW, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Haibo Lin
- New York Proton Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Astrid Moerman
- Department of Medical Physics & Informatics, HollandPTC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Paganelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antoni Rucinski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Reinhard Schulte
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University
| | - Shing Shimizu
- Department of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kristin Stützer
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology – OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Czerska
- Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Monaco V, Ali OH, Bersani D, Abujami M, Boscardin M, Cartiglia N, Betta GFD, Data E, Donetti M, Ferrero M, Ficorella F, Giordanengo S, Villarreal OAM, Milian FM, Mohammadian-Behbahani MR, Olivares DM, Pullia M, Tommasino F, Verroi E, Vignati A, Cirio R, Sacchi R. Performance of LGAD strip detectors for particle counting of therapeutic proton beams. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:235009. [PMID: 37827167 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad02d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The performance of silicon detectors with moderate internal gain, named low-gain avalanche diodes (LGADs), was studied to investigate their capability to discriminate and count single beam particles at high fluxes, in view of future applications for beam characterization and on-line beam monitoring in proton therapy.Approach. Dedicated LGAD detectors with an active thickness of 55μm and segmented in 2 mm2strips were characterized at two Italian proton-therapy facilities, CNAO in Pavia and the Proton Therapy Center of Trento, with proton beams provided by a synchrotron and a cyclotron, respectively. Signals from single beam particles were discriminated against a threshold and counted. The number of proton pulses for fixed energies and different particle fluxes was compared with the charge collected by a compact ionization chamber, to infer the input particle rates.Main results. The counting inefficiency due to the overlap of nearby signals was less than 1% up to particle rates in one strip of 1 MHz, corresponding to a mean fluence rate on the strip of about 5 × 107p/(cm2·s). Count-loss correction algorithms based on the logic combination of signals from two neighboring strips allow to extend the maximum counting rate by one order of magnitude. The same algorithms give additional information on the fine time structure of the beam.Significance. The direct counting of the number of beam protons with segmented silicon detectors allows to overcome some limitations of gas detectors typically employed for beam characterization and beam monitoring in particle therapy, providing faster response times, higher sensitivity, and independence of the counts from the particle energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Monaco
- Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - Omar Hammad Ali
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Sensors & Devices , Trento, Italy
| | - Davide Bersani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Pisa, Italy
| | - Mohammed Abujami
- Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Boscardin
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Sensors & Devices , Trento, Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Gian Franco Dalla Betta
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Povo, Trento, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Emanuele Data
- Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Donetti
- CNAO, Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrero
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Felix Mas Milian
- Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | - Diango Montalvan Olivares
- Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Pullia
- CNAO, Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tommasino
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Povo, Trento, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Enrico Verroi
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Anna Vignati
- Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirio
- Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacchi
- Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Torino, Italy
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Laštovička-Medin G, Rebarz M, Doknic J, Bozovic I, Kramberger G, Laštovička T, Andreasson J. Exploring the Interpad Gap Region in Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors: Insights into Isolation Structure and Electric Field Effects on Charge Multiplication. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6746. [PMID: 37571529 PMCID: PMC10422380 DOI: 10.3390/s23156746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
We present an in-depth investigation of the interpad (IP) gap region in the ultra-fast silicon detector (UFSD) Type 10, utilizing a femtosecond laser beam and the transient current technique (TCT) as probing instruments. The sensor, fabricated in the trench-isolated TI-LGAD RD50 production batch at the FBK Foundry, enables a direct comparison between TI-LGAD and standard UFSD structures. This research aims to elucidate the isolation structure in the IP region and measure the IP distance between pads, comparing it to the nominal value provided by the vendor. Our findings reveal an unexpectedly strong signal induced near p-stops. This effect is amplified with increasing laser power, suggesting significant avalanche multiplication, and is also observed at moderate laser intensity and high HV bias. This investigation contributes valuable insights into the IP region's isolation structure and electric field effects on charge collection, providing critical data for the development of advanced sensor technology for the Compact Muon Selenoid (CMS) experiment and other high-precision applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Laštovička-Medin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vashingtona, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Mateusz Rebarz
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (J.A.)
| | - Jovana Doknic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vashingtona, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ivona Bozovic
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Montenegro, Dzordza Vashingtona, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Gregor Kramberger
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 10 000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tomáš Laštovička
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic;
| | - Jakob Andreasson
- ELI Beamlines Facility, The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Za Radnicí 835, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (J.A.)
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Krah N, Dauvergne D, Létang JM, Rit S, Testa É. Relative stopping power resolution in time-of-flight proton CT. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. Proton computed tomography (CT) is similar to x-ray CT but relies on protons rather than photons to form an image. In its most common operation mode, the measured quantity is the amount of energy that a proton has lost while traversing the imaged object from which a relative stopping power map can be obtained via tomographic reconstruction. To this end, a calorimeter which measures the energy deposited by protons downstream of the scanned object has been studied or implemented as energy detector in several proton CT prototypes. An alternative method is to measure the proton’s residual velocity and thus its kinetic energy via the time of flight (TOF) between at least two sensor planes. In this work, we study the RSP resolution, seen as image noise, which can be expected from TOF proton CT systems.
Approach. We rely on physics models on the one hand and statistical models of the relevant uncertainties on the other to derive closed form expressions for the noise in projection images. The TOF measurement error scales with the distance between the TOF sensor planes and is reported as velocity error in ps/m. We use variance reconstruction to obtain noise maps of a water cylinder phantom given the scanner characteristics and additionally reconstruct noise maps for a calorimeter-based proton CT system as reference. We use Monte Carlo simulations to verify our model and to estimate the noise due to multiple Coulomb scattering inside the object. We also provide a comparison of TOF helium and proton CT.
Main results. We find that TOF proton CT with 30 ps m−1 velocity error reaches similar image noise as a calorimeter-based proton CT system with 1% energy error (1 sigma error). A TOF proton CT system with a 50 ps m−1 velocity error produces slightly less noise than a 2% calorimeter system. Noise in a reconstructed TOF proton CT image is spatially inhomogeneous with a marked increase towards the object periphery. Our modelled noise was consistent with Monte Carlo simulated images. TOF helium CT offers lower RSP noise at equal fluence, but is less advantageous at equal imaging dose.
Significance. This systematic study of image noise in TOF proton CT can serve as a guide for future developments of this alternative solution for estimating the residual energy of protons and helium ions after the scanned object.
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