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Feasibility study for detection of mental stress and depression using pulse rate variability metrics via various durations. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Knight SP, Newman L, O’Connor JD, Davis J, Kenny RA, Romero-Ortuno R. Associations between Neurocardiovascular Signal Entropy and Physical Frailty. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 23:E4. [PMID: 33374999 PMCID: PMC7822043 DOI: 10.3390/e23010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, the relationship between noninvasively measured neurocardiovascular signal entropy and physical frailty was explored in a sample of community-dwelling older adults from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). The hypothesis under investigation was that dysfunction in the neurovascular and cardiovascular systems, as quantified by short-length signal complexity during a lying-to-stand test (active stand), could provide a marker for frailty. Frailty status (i.e., "non-frail", "pre-frail", and "frail") was based on Fried's criteria (i.e., exhaustion, unexplained weight loss, weakness, slowness, and low physical activity). Approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn) were calculated during resting (lying down), active standing, and recovery phases. There was continuously measured blood pressure/heart rate data from 2645 individuals (53.0% female) and frontal lobe tissue oxygenation data from 2225 participants (52.3% female); both samples had a mean (SD) age of 64.3 (7.7) years. Results revealed statistically significant associations between neurocardiovascular signal entropy and frailty status. Entropy differences between non-frail and pre-frail/frail were greater during resting state compared with standing and recovery phases. Compared with ApEn, SampEn seemed to have better discriminating power between non-frail and pre-frail/frail individuals. The quantification of entropy in short length neurocardiovascular signals could provide a clinically useful marker of the multiple physiological dysregulations that underlie physical frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvin P. Knight
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (L.N.); (J.D.O.); (J.D.); (R.A.K.); (R.R.-O.)
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Newman
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (L.N.); (J.D.O.); (J.D.); (R.A.K.); (R.R.-O.)
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John D. O’Connor
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (L.N.); (J.D.O.); (J.D.); (R.A.K.); (R.R.-O.)
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - James Davis
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (L.N.); (J.D.O.); (J.D.); (R.A.K.); (R.R.-O.)
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (L.N.); (J.D.O.); (J.D.); (R.A.K.); (R.R.-O.)
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Mercer’s Institute for Successful Ageing (MISA), St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roman Romero-Ortuno
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (L.N.); (J.D.O.); (J.D.); (R.A.K.); (R.R.-O.)
- Discipline of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Mercer’s Institute for Successful Ageing (MISA), St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 DK07 Dublin, Ireland
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Młyńczak M, Krysztofiak H. Cardiorespiratory Temporal Causal Links and the Differences by Sport or Lack Thereof. Front Physiol 2019; 10:45. [PMID: 30804797 PMCID: PMC6370652 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fitness level, fatigue and adaptation are important factors for determining the optimal training schedule and predicting future performance. We think that adding analysis of the mutual relationships between cardiac and respiratory activity enables better athlete profiling and feedback for improving training. Therefore, the main objectives were (1) to apply several methods for temporal causality analysis to cardiorespiratory data; (2) to establish causal links between the signals; and (3) to determine how parameterized connections differed across various subgroups. One hundred elite athletes (31 female) and a control group of 20 healthy students (6 female) took part in the study. All were asked to follow a protocol comprising two 5-min sessions of free breathing - once supine, once standing. The data were collected using Pneumonitor 2. Respiratory-related curves were obtained through impedance pneumography, along with a single-lead ECG. Several signals (e.g., tidal volume, instantaneous respiratory rate, and instantaneous heart rate) were derived and stored as: (1) raw data down-sampled to 25Hz; (2) further down-sampled to 2.5Hz; and (3) beat-by-beat sequences. Granger causality frameworks (pairwise-conditional, spectral or extended), along with Time Series Models with Independent Noise (TiMINo), were studied. The connections enabling the best distinctions were found using recursive feature elimination with a random forest kernel. Temporal causal links are the most evident between tidal volume and instantaneous heart rate signals. Predictions of the “effect” variable were improved by adding preceding “cause” samples, by medians of 20.3% for supine and 14.2% for standing body positions. Parameterized causal link structures and directions distinguish athletes from non-athletes with 83.3% accuracy on average. They may also be used to supplement standard analysis and enable classification into groups exhibiting different static and dynamic components during performance. Physiological markers of training may be extended to include cardiorespiratory data, and causality analysis may improve the resolution of training profiling and the precision of outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Młyńczak
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Krysztofiak
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Buszko K, Piątkowska A, Koźluk E, Fabiszak T, Opolski G. Entropy Measures in Analysis of Head up Tilt Test Outcome for Diagnosing Vasovagal Syncope. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20120976. [PMID: 33266699 PMCID: PMC7512576 DOI: 10.3390/e20120976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents possible applications of entropy measures in analysis of biosignals recorded during head up tilt testing (HUTT) in patients with suspected vasovagal syndrome. The study group comprised 80 patients who developed syncope during HUTT (57 in the passive phase of the test (HUTT(+) group) and 23 who had negative result of passive phase and developed syncope after provocation with nitroglycerine (HUTT(−) group)). The paper focuses on assessment of monitored signals’ complexity (heart rate expressed as R-R intervals (RRI), blood pressure (sBP, dBP) and stroke volume (SV)) using various types of entropy measures (Sample Entropy (SE), Fuzzy Entropy (FE), Shannon Entropy (Sh), Conditional Entropy (CE), Permutation Entropy (PE)). Assessment of the complexity of signals in supine position indicated presence of significant differences between HUTT(+) versus HUTT(−) patients only for Conditional Entropy (CE(RRI)). Values of CE(RRI) higher than 0.7 indicate likelihood of a positive result of HUTT already at the passive phase. During tilting, in the pre-syncope phase, significant differences were found for: (SE(sBP), SE(dBP), FE(RRI), FE(sBP), FE(dBP), FE(SV), Sh(sBP), Sh(SV), CE(sBP), CE(dBP)). HUTT(+) patients demonstrated significant changes in signals’ complexity more frequently than HUTT(−) patients. When comparing entropy measurements done in the supine position with those during tilting, SV assessed in HUTT(+) patients was the only parameter for which all tested measures of entropy (SE(SV), FE(SV), Sh(SV), CE(SV), PE(SV)) showed significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Buszko
- Department of Theoretical Foundations of Bio-Medical Science and Medical Informatics, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-3428
| | - Agnieszka Piątkowska
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 02-091 Wroclaw, Poland
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edward Koźluk
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Fabiszak
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opolski
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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Młyńczak M, Krysztofiak H. Discovery of Causal Paths in Cardiorespiratory Parameters: A Time-Independent Approach in Elite Athletes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1455. [PMID: 30425645 PMCID: PMC6218878 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Training of elite athletes requires regular physiological and medical monitoring to plan the schedule, intensity and volume of training, and subsequent recovery. In sports medicine, ECG-based analyses are well-established. However, they rarely consider the correspondence of respiratory and cardiac activity. Given such mutual influence, we hypothesize that athlete monitoring might be developed with causal inference and that detailed, time-related techniques should be preceded by a more general, time-independent approach that considers the whole group of participants and parameters describing whole signals. The aim of this study was to discover general causal paths among cardiac and respiratory variables in elite athletes in two body positions (supine and standing), at rest. ECG and impedance pneumography signals were obtained from 100 elite athletes. The mean heart rate, the root-mean-square difference of successive RR intervals (RMSSD), its natural logarithm (lnRMSSD), the mean respiratory rate (RR), the breathing activity coefficients, and the resulting breathing regularity (BR) were estimated. Several causal discovery frameworks were applied, comprising Generalized Correlations (GC), Causal Additive Modeling (CAM), Fast Greedy Equivalence Search (FGES), Greedy Fast Causal Inference (GFCI), and two score-based Bayesian network learning algorithms: Hill-Climbing (HC) and Tabu Search. The discovery of cardiorespiratory paths appears ambiguous. The main, still mild, rules best supported by data are: for supine - tidal volume causes heart activity variation, which causes average heart activity, which causes respiratory timing; and for standing - normalized respiratory activity variation causes average heart activity. The presented approach allows data-driven and time-independent analysis of elite athletes as a particular population, without considering prior knowledge. However, the results seem to be consistent with the medical background. Causality inference is an interesting mathematical approach to the analysis of biological responses, which are complex. One can use it to profile athletes and plan appropriate training. In the next step, we plan to expand the study using time-related causality analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Młyńczak
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Krysztofiak
- Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Li Y, Li P, Wang X, Karmakar C, Liu C, Liu C. Short-term QT interval variability in patients with coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure: a comparison with healthy control subjects. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 57:389-400. [PMID: 30143993 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test how different QT interval variability (QTV) indices change in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Twenty-nine healthy volunteers, 29 age-matched CAD patients, and 20 age-matched CHF patients were studied. QT time series were derived from 5-min resting lead-II electrocardiogram (ECG). Time domain indices [mean, SD, and QT variability index (QTVI)], frequency-domain indices (LF and HF), and nonlinear indices [sample entropy (SampEn), permutation entropy (PE), and dynamical patterns] were calculated. In order to account for possible influence of heart rate (HR) on QTV, all the calculations except QTVI were repeated on HR-corrected QT time series (QTc) using three correction methods (i.e., Bazett, Fridericia, and Framingham method). Results showed that CHF patients exhibited increased mean, increased SD, increased LF and HF, decreased T-wave amplitude, increased QTVI, and decreased PE, while showed no significant changes in SampEn. Interestingly, CHF patients also showed significantly changed distribution of the dynamical patterns with less monotonously changing patterns while more fluctuated patterns. In CAD group, only QTVI was found significantly increased as compared with healthy controls. Results after HR correction were in common with those before HR correction except for QTc based on Bazett correction. Graphical abstract Fig. The framework of this paper. The arrows show the sequential analysis of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinpei Wang
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chandan Karmakar
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Changchun Liu
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengyu Liu
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Makowiec D, Wejer D, Graff B, Struzik ZR. Dynamical Pattern Representation of Cardiovascular Couplings Evoked by Head-up Tilt Test. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20040235. [PMID: 33265326 PMCID: PMC7512750 DOI: 10.3390/e20040235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Shannon entropy (ShE) is a recognised tool for the quantization of the temporal organization of time series. Transfer entropy (TE) provides insight into the dependence between coupled systems. Here, signals are analysed that were produced by the cardiovascular system when a healthy human underwent a provocation test using the head-up tilt (HUT) protocol. The information provided by ShE and TE is evaluated from two aspects: that of the algorithmic stability and that of the recognised physiology of the cardiovascular response to the HUT test. To address both of these aspects, two types of symbolization of three-element subsequent values of a signal are considered: one, well established in heart rate research, referring to the variability in a signal, and a novel one, revealing primarily the dynamical trends. The interpretation of ShE shows a strong dependence on the method that was used in signal pre-processing. In particular, results obtained from normalized signals turn out to be less conclusive than results obtained from non-normalized signals. Systematic investigations based on surrogate data tests are employed to discriminate between genuine properties—in particular inter-system coupling—and random, incidental fluctuations. These properties appear to determine the occurrence of a high percentage of zero values of TE, which strongly limits the reliability of the couplings measured. Nevertheless, supported by statistical corroboration, we identify distinct timings when: (i) evoking cardiac impact on the vascular system, and (ii) evoking vascular impact on the cardiac system, within both the principal sub-systems of the baroreflex loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Makowiec
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Wejer
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Graff
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdańsk, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew R. Struzik
- Graduate School of Education, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN, Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi 351-0198, Japan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +81-48-462-1111
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Javorka M, El-Hamad F, Czippelova B, Turianikova Z, Krohova J, Lazarova Z, Baumert M. Role of respiration in the cardiovascular response to orthostatic and mental stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R761-R769. [PMID: 29443551 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00430.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the response of heart rate and blood pressure variability (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, baroreflex sensitivity) to orthostatic and mental stress, focusing on causality and the mediating effect of respiration. Seventy-seven healthy young volunteers (46 women, 31 men) aged 18.4 ± 2.7 yr underwent an experimental protocol comprising supine rest, 45° head-up tilt, recovery, and a mental arithmetic task. Heart rate variability and blood pressure variability were analyzed in the time and frequency domain and modeled as a multivariate autoregressive process where the respiratory volume signal acted as an external driver. During head-up tilt, tidal volume increased while respiratory rate decreased. During mental stress, breathing rate increased and tidal volume was elevated slightly. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia decreased during both interventions. Baroreflex function was preserved during orthostasis but was decreased during mental stress. While sex differences were not observed during baseline conditions, cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress and respiratory response to mental stress was more prominent in men compared with women. The respiratory response to the mental arithmetic tasks was more prominent in men despite a significantly higher subjectively perceived stress level in women. In conclusion, respiration shows a distinct response to orthostatic versus mental stress, mediating cardiovascular variability; it needs to be considered for correct interpretation of heart rate and blood pressure phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Javorka
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia.,Department of Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Fatima El-Hamad
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Barbora Czippelova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia.,Department of Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Turianikova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia.,Department of Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jana Krohova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia.,Department of Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Lazarova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia.,Department of Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Mathias Baumert
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Penzel T, Porta A, Stefanovska A, Wessel N. Recent advances in physiological oscillations. Physiol Meas 2017; 38:E1-E7. [PMID: 28452338 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Penzel
- Sleep Medicine Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany. International Clinical Research Center, St. Annes University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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