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Olsen MH, Riberholt C, Capion T, Plovsing RR, Møller K, Berg RMG. Test-retest reliability of transfer function analysis metrics for assessing dynamic cerebral autoregulation to spontaneous blood pressure oscillations. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38590228 DOI: 10.1113/ep091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Transfer function analysis (TFA) is a widely used method for assessing dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans. In the present study, we assessed the test-retest reliability of established TFA metrics derived from spontaneous blood pressure oscillations and based on 5 min recordings. The TFA-based gain, phase and coherence in the low-frequency range (0.07-0.20 Hz) from 19 healthy volunteers, 37 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and 19 patients with sepsis were included. Reliability assessments included the smallest real difference (SRD) and the coefficient of variance for comparing consecutive 5 min recordings, temporally separated 5 min recordings and consecutive recordings with a minimal length of 10 min. In healthy volunteers, temporally separating the 5 min recordings led to a 0.38 (0.01-0.79) cm s-1 mmHg-1 higher SRD for gain (P = 0.032), and extending the duration of recordings did not affect the reliability. In subarachnoid haemorrhage, temporal separation led to a 0.85 (-0.13 to 1.93) cm s-1 mmHg-1 higher SRD (P = 0.047) and a 20 (-2 to 41)% higher coefficient of variance (P = 0.038) for gain, but neither metric was affected by extending the recording duration. In sepsis, temporal separation increased the SRD for phase by 94 (23-160)° (P = 0.006) but was unaffected by extending the recording. A recording duration of 8 min was required to achieve stable gain and normalized gain measures in healthy individuals, and even longer recordings were required in patients. In conclusion, a recording duration of 5 min appears insufficient for obtaining stable and reliable TFA metrics when based on spontaneous blood pressure oscillations, particularly in critically ill patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Riberholt
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurorehabilitation/Traumatic Brain Injury Unit, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tenna Capion
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronni R Plovsing
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronan M G Berg
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, The Diagnostic Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
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2
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Olsen MH, Riberholt CG, Berg RMG, Møller K. Myths and methodologies: Assessment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation by the mean flow index. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:614-623. [PMID: 38376110 PMCID: PMC10988760 DOI: 10.1113/ep091327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The mean flow index-usually referred to as Mx-has been used for assessing dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) for almost 30 years. However, concerns have arisen regarding methodological consistency, construct and criterion validity, and test-retest reliability. Methodological nuances, such as choice of input (cerebral perfusion pressure, invasive or non-invasive arterial pressure), pre-processing approach and artefact handling, significantly influence mean flow index values, and previous studies correlating mean flow index with other established dCA metrics are confounded by inherent methodological flaws like heteroscedasticity, while the mean flow index also fails to discriminate individuals with presumed intact versus impaired dCA (discriminatory validity), and its prognostic performance (predictive validity) across various conditions remains inconsistent. The test-retest reliability, both within and between days, is generally poor. At present, no single approach for data collection or pre-processing has proven superior for obtaining the mean flow index, and caution is advised in the further use of mean flow index-based measures for assessing dCA, as current evidence does not support their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital − RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christian Gunge Riberholt
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital − RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, The Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital − RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ronan M. G. Berg
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineCopenhagen University Hospital − RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital − RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital − RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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3
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Panerai RB, Brassard P, Burma JS, Castro P, Claassen JA, van Lieshout JJ, Liu J, Lucas SJ, Minhas JS, Mitsis GD, Nogueira RC, Ogoh S, Payne SJ, Rickards CA, Robertson AD, Rodrigues GD, Smirl JD, Simpson DM. Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation: A CARNet white paper 2022 update. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:3-25. [PMID: 35962478 PMCID: PMC9875346 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221119760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation (CA) refers to the control of cerebral tissue blood flow (CBF) in response to changes in perfusion pressure. Due to the challenges of measuring intracranial pressure, CA is often described as the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CBF. Dynamic CA (dCA) can be assessed using multiple techniques, with transfer function analysis (TFA) being the most common. A 2016 white paper by members of an international Cerebrovascular Research Network (CARNet) that is focused on CA strove to improve TFA standardization by way of introducing data acquisition, analysis, and reporting guidelines. Since then, additional evidence has allowed for the improvement and refinement of the original recommendations, as well as for the inclusion of new guidelines to reflect recent advances in the field. This second edition of the white paper contains more robust, evidence-based recommendations, which have been expanded to address current streams of inquiry, including optimizing MAP variability, acquiring CBF estimates from alternative methods, estimating alternative dCA metrics, and incorporating dCA quantification into clinical trials. Implementation of these new and revised recommendations is important to improve the reliability and reproducibility of dCA studies, and to facilitate inter-institutional collaboration and the comparison of results between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronney B Panerai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, and Research Center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Joel S Burma
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pedro Castro
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jurgen Ahr Claassen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J van Lieshout
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, UMC, The Netherlands and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Advanced Computing and Digital Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Samuel Je Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jatinder S Minhas
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Georgios D Mitsis
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ricardo C Nogueira
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Stephen J Payne
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Caroline A Rickards
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew D Robertson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel D Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Smirl
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David M Simpson
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Olsen MH, Riberholt C, Plovsing RR, Berg RMG, Møller K. Diagnostic and prognostic performance of Mxa and transfer function analysis-based dynamic cerebral autoregulation metrics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:2164-2172. [PMID: 36008917 PMCID: PMC9580178 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221121841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic cerebral autoregulation is often assessed by continuously recorded arterial blood pressure (ABP) and transcranial Doppler-derived mean cerebral blood flow velocity followed by analysis in the time and frequency domain, respectively. Sequential correlation (in the time domain, yielding e.g., the measure mean flow index, Mxa) and transfer function analysis (TFA) (in the frequency domain, yielding, e.g., normalised and non-normalised gain as well as phase in the low frequency domain) are commonly used approaches. This study investigated the diagnostic and prognostic performance of these metrics. We included recordings from 48 healthy volunteers, 19 patients with sepsis, 36 with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and 14 patients admitted to a neurorehabilitation unit. The diagnostic (between healthy volunteers and patients) and prognostic performance (to predict death or poor functional outcome) of Mxa and the TFA measures were assessed by area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curves. AUROC curves generally indicated that the measures were 'no better than chance' (AUROC ∼0.5) both for distinguishing between healthy volunteers and patient groups, and for predicting outcomes in our cohort. No metric emerged as superior for distinguishing between healthy volunteers and different patient groups, for assessing the effect of interventions, or for predicting mortality or functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Christian Riberholt
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Neurorehabilitation/Traumatic Brain Injury, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Ronni R Plovsing
- Department of Anaesthesia, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronan MG Berg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Rosenberg AJ, Kay VL, Anderson GK, Luu ML, Barnes HJ, Sprick JD, Alvarado HB, Rickards CA. The reciprocal relationship between cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity and cerebral autoregulation during simulated hemorrhage in humans. Auton Neurosci 2022; 241:103007. [PMID: 35716525 PMCID: PMC10424721 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A reciprocal relationship between the baroreflex and cerebral autoregulation (CA) has been demonstrated at rest and in response to acute hypotension. We hypothesized that the reciprocal relationship between cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and CA would be maintained during sustained central hypovolemia induced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP), and that the strength of this relationship would be greater in subjects with higher tolerance to this stress. Healthy young adults (n = 51; 23F/28M) completed a LBNP protocol to presyncope. Subjects were classified as high tolerant (HT; completion of -60 mmHg LBNP stage, ≥20-min) or low tolerant (LT; did not complete -60 mmHg LBNP stage, <20-min). R-R intervals (RRI), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) were measured continuously. Cardiac BRS was calculated in the time domain (ΔHR/ΔSAP) and frequency domain (RRI-SAP low frequency (LF) transfer function gain), and CA was calculated in the time domain (ΔMCAv/ΔMAP) and frequency domain (MAP-mean MCAv LF transfer function gain). There was a moderate relationship between cardiac BRS and CA for the group of 51 subjects in both the time (R = -0.54, P < 0.0001) and frequency (R = 0.61, P < 0.001) domains; there was a stronger relationship in the HT group (R = 0.73) compared to the LT group (R = 0.31) in the frequency domain (P = 0.08), but no difference between groups in the time domain (HT: R = -0.73 vs. LT: R = -0.63; P = 0.27). These findings suggest that an interaction between BRS and CA may be an important compensatory mechanism that contributes to tolerance to simulated hemorrhage in young healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Rosenberg
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Physiology Department, Midwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Victoria L Kay
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Garen K Anderson
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - My-Loan Luu
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Haley J Barnes
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Justin D Sprick
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hannah B Alvarado
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Caroline A Rickards
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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6
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Olsen MH, Capion T, Riberholt CG, Bache S, Berg RMG, Møller K. Reliability of cerebral autoregulation using different measures of perfusion pressure in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15203. [PMID: 35343649 PMCID: PMC8958499 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic cerebral autoregulation to spontaneous fluctuations in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is often assessed by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in the time domain, yielding primarily the mean flow index (Mx), or in the frequency domain using transfer function analysis (TFA), yielding gain and phase. For both domains, the measurement of blood pressure is critical. This study assessed the inter-method reliability of dynamic cerebral autoregulation using three different methods of pressure measurement. In 39 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, non-invasive arterial blood pressure (ABP), invasive ABP (measured in the radial artery) and CPP were recorded simultaneously with TCD. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to quantify reliability. Mx was higher when calculated using invasive ABP (0.39; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.33; 0.44) compared to non-invasive ABP, and CPP. The overall ICC showed poor to good reliability (0.65; 95% CI: 0.11; 0.84; n = 69). In the low frequency domain, the comparison between invasively measured ABP and CPP showed good to excellent (normalized gain, ICC: 0.87, 95CI: 0.81; 0.91; n = 96; non-normalized gain: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.84; 0.92; n = 96) and moderate to good reliability (phase, ICC: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.55; 0.79; n = 96), respectively. Different methods for pressure measurement in the assessment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation yield different results and cannot be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of NeuroanaesthesiologyThe Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Tenna Capion
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christian Gunge Riberholt
- Department of NeuroanaesthesiologyThe Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Neurorehabilitation/Traumatic Brain Injury UnitThe Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Søren Bache
- Department of NeuroanaesthesiologyThe Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ronan M. G. Berg
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchRigshospitaletCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryFaculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUnited Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of NeuroanaesthesiologyThe Neuroscience CentreCopenhagen University Hospital ‐ RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
- Institute of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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7
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Olsen MH, Riberholt CG, Mehlsen J, Berg RM, Møller K. Reliability and validity of the mean flow index (Mx) for assessing cerebral autoregulation in humans: A systematic review of the methodology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:27-38. [PMID: 34617816 PMCID: PMC8721771 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211052588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation is a complex mechanism that serves to keep cerebral blood flow relatively constant within a wide range of cerebral perfusion pressures. The mean flow index (Mx) is one of several methods to assess dynamic cerebral autoregulation, but its reliability and validity have never been assessed systematically. The purpose of the present systematic review was to evaluate the methodology, reliability and validity of Mx.Based on 128 studies, we found inconsistency in the pre-processing of the recordings and the methods for calculation of Mx. The reliability in terms of repeatability and reproducibility ranged from poor to excellent, with optimal repeatability when comparing overlapping recordings. The discriminatory ability varied depending on the patient populations; in general, those with acute brain injury exhibited a higher Mx than healthy volunteers. The prognostic ability in terms of functional outcome and mortality ranged from chance result to moderate accuracy.Since the methodology was inconsistent between studies, resulting in varying reliability and validity estimates, the results were difficult to compare. The optimal method for deriving Mx is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, 53146Rigshospitalet, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Gunge Riberholt
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, 53146Rigshospitalet, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurorehabilitation/Traumatic Brain Injury Unit, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mehlsen
- Surgical Pathophysiology Unit, 53146Rigshospitalet, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronan Mg Berg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, 53146Rigshospitalet, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Bryant JED, Birch AA, Panerai RB, Nikolic D, Bulters D, Simpson DM. Estimating confidence intervals for cerebral autoregulation: a parametric bootstrap approach. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34534969 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac27b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation (CA) refers to the ability of the brain vasculature to control blood flow in the face of changing blood pressure. One of the methods commonly used to assess cerebral autoregulation, especially in participants at rest, is the analysis of phase derived from transfer function analysis (TFA), relating arterial blood pressure (ABP) to cerebral blood flow (CBF). This and other indexes of CA can provide consistent results when comparing groups of subjects (e.g. patients and healthy controls or normocapnia and hypercapnia) but can be quite variable within and between individuals. The objective of this paper is to present a novel parametric bootstrap method, used to estimate the sampling distribution and hence confidence intervals (CIs) of the mean phase estimate in the low-frequency band, in order to optimise estimation of measures of CA function and allow more robust inferences on the status of CA from individual recordings. A set of simulations was used to verify the proposed method under controlled conditions. In 20 healthy adult volunteers (age 25.53.5 years), ABP and CBF velocity (CBFV) were measured at rest, using a Finometer device and Transcranial Doppler (applied to the middle cerebral artery), respectively. For each volunteer, five individual recordings were taken on different days, each approximately 18 min long. Phase was estimated using TFA. Analysis of recorded data showed widely changing CIs over the duration of recordings, which could be reduced when noisy data and frequencies with low coherence were excluded from the analysis (Wilcoxon signed rank testp= 0.0065). The TFA window-lengths of 50s gave smaller CIs than lengths of 100s (p< 0.001) or 20s (p< 0.001), challenging the usual recommendation of 100s. The method adds a much needed flexible statistical tool for CA analysis in individual recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E D Bryant
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A Birch
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ronney B Panerai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diederik Bulters
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - David M Simpson
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom
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9
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Jara JL, Morales-Rojas C, Fernández-Muñoz J, Haunton VJ, Chacón M. Using complexity-entropy planes to detect Parkinson's disease from short segments of haemodynamic signals. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34256359 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac13ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. There is emerging evidence that analysing the entropy and complexity of biomedical signals can detect underlying changes in physiology which may be reflective of disease pathology. This approach can be used even when only short recordings of biomedical signals are available. This study aimed to determine whether entropy and complexity measures can detect differences between subjects with Parkinsons disease and healthy controls (HCs).Approach. A method based on a diagram of entropy versus complexity, named complexity-entropy plane, was used to re-analyse a dataset of cerebral haemodynamic signals from subjects with Parkinsons disease and HCs obtained under poikilocapnic conditions. A probability distribution for a set of ordinal patterns, designed to capture regularities in a time series, was computed from each signal under analysis. Four types of entropy and ten types of complexity measures were estimated from these distributions. Mean values of entropy and complexity were compared and their classification power was assessed by evaluating the best linear separator on the corresponding complexity-entropy planes.Main results. Few linear separators obtained significantly better classification, evaluated as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, than signal mean values. However, significant differences in both entropy and complexity were detected between the groups of participants.Significance. Measures of entropy and complexity were able to detect differences between healthy volunteers and subjects with Parkinson's disease, in poikilocapnic conditions, even though only short recordings were available for analysis. Further work is needed to refine this promising approach, and to help understand the findings in the context of specific pathophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Jara
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Usach, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Morales-Rojas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Usach, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Fernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Usach, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria J Haunton
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Max Chacón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Usach, Santiago, Chile
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10
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The Effect of Data Length on the Assessment of Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation with Transfer Function Analysis in Neurological ICU Patients. Neurocrit Care 2021; 36:21-29. [PMID: 34403122 PMCID: PMC8370057 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Cerebral autoregulation plays an important role in safeguarding adequate cerebral perfusion and reducing the risk of secondary brain injury, which is highly important for patients in the neurological intensive care unit (neuro-ICU). Although the consensus white paper suggests that a minimum of 5 min of data are needed for assessing dynamic cerebral autoregulation with transfer function analysis (TFA), it remains unknown if the length of these data is valid for patients in the neuro-ICU, of whom are notably different than the general populations. We aimed to investigate the effect of data length using transcranial Doppler ultrasound combined with invasive blood pressure measurement for the assessment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in patients in the neuro-ICU. Methods Twenty patients with various clinical conditions (severe acute encephalitis, ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain injury, cerebrovascular intervention operation, cerebral hemorrhage, intracranial space-occupying lesion, and toxic encephalopathy) were recruited for this study. Continuous invasive blood pressure, with a pressure catheter placed at the radial artery, and bilateral continuous cerebral blood flow velocity with transcranial Doppler ultrasound were simultaneously recorded for a length of 10 min for each patient. TFA was applied to derive phase shift, gain, and coherence function at all frequency bands from the first 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 min of the 10-min recordings in each patient on both hemispheres. The variability in the autoregulatory parameters in each hemisphere was investigated by repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Forty-one recordings (82 hemispheres) were included in the study. According to the critical values of coherence provided by the Cerebral Autoregulation Research Network white paper, acceptable rates for the data were 100% with a length ≥ 7 min. The final analysis included 68 hemispheres. The effects of data length on trends in phase shift in the very low frequency (VLF) band (F1.801,120.669 = 6.321, P = 0.003), in the LF band (F1.274,85.343 = 4.290, P = 0.032), and in the HF band (F1.391,93.189 = 3.868, P = 0.039) were significant for 3–7 min, for 4–7 min, and for 5–8 min, respectively. Effects were also significant on the gain in the VLF band (F1.927,129.134 = 3.215, P = 0.045) for 2–8 min and on the coherence function in all frequency bands (VLF F2.846,190.671 = 90.247, P < 0.001, LF F2.515,168.492 = 55.770, P < 0.001, HF F2.411, 161.542 = 33.833, P < 0.001) for 2–10 min. Conclusions Considering the acceptable rates for the data and the variation in the TFA variables (phase shift and gain), we recommend recording data for a minimum length of 7 min for TFA in patients in the neuro-ICU.
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Olsen MH, Riberholt CG, Plovsing RR, Møller K, Berg RMG. Reliability of the mean flow index (Mx) for assessing cerebral autoregulation in healthy volunteers. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14923. [PMID: 34173717 PMCID: PMC8234479 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mean flow index (Mxa) for evaluating dynamic cerebral autoregulation is derived using varying approaches for calculation, which may explain that the reliability ranges from poor to excellent. The comparability, repeatability, stability, and internal consistency of approaches have not previously been assessed. METHODS We included 60 recordings from resting healthy volunteers and calculated Mxa using four different approaches: three without overlapping calculations, using intervals for averaging wave-form data (blocks) of 3, 6, and 10 s, and correlation periods (epochs) of 60, 240, and 300 s (3-60-F, 6-240-F, and 10-300-F); and one using 10-second blocks, 300 s epochs, and overlaps of 60 s (10-300-60). The comparability between the approaches was assessed using Student's t test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Bland-Altman plot. RESULTS Overall, 3-60-F resulted in a higher Mxa than the other indices (p < 0.001, for all). The reliability when comparing all the approaches ranged from moderate to good (ICC: 0.68; 95%CI: 0.59-0.84), which was primarily due to similarities between 10-300-F and 10-300-60 (ICC: 0.94; 95%CI: 0.86-0.98). The reliability when comparing the first and last half was poor for 10-300-F and ranged from poor to moderate for the other approaches. Additional random artifacts resulted in poor reliability for 10-300-F, while the other approaches were more stable. CONCLUSIONS Mxa in general has a low sensitivity to artifacts, but otherwise seems highly dependent on the approach, with a repeatability that is moderate at best. The varying accuracy and precision renders Mxa unreliable for classifying impaired cerebral autoregulation when using healthy adults for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus H. Olsen
- Department of NeuroanaesthesiologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletDenmark
| | - Christian G. Riberholt
- Department of NeuroanaesthesiologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletDenmark
- Department of Neurorehabilitation / Traumatic Brain Injury UnitCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletDenmark
| | - Ronni R. Plovsing
- Department of AnaesthesiaHvidovre HospitalUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Institute of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kirsten Møller
- Department of NeuroanaesthesiologyCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletDenmark
- Institute of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ronan M. G. Berg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PETCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletDenmark
- Centre for Physical Activity ResearchCopenhagen University HospitalRigshospitaletDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryFaculty of Life Sciences and EducationUniversity of South WalesPontypriddUK
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Rosenberg AJ, Kay VL, Anderson GK, Luu ML, Barnes HJ, Sprick JD, Rickards CA. The impact of acute central hypovolemia on cerebral hemodynamics: does sex matter? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1786-1797. [PMID: 33914663 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00499.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma-induced hemorrhage is a leading cause of disability and death due, in part, to impaired perfusion and oxygenation of the brain. It is unknown if cerebrovascular responses to blood loss are differentiated based on sex. We hypothesized that compared to males, females would have reduced tolerance to simulated hemorrhage induced by maximal lower body negative pressure (LBNP), and this would be associated with an earlier reduction in cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation. Healthy young males (n = 29, 26 ± 4 yr) and females (n = 23, 27 ± 5 yr) completed a step-wise LBNP protocol to presyncope. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume (SV), middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), end-tidal CO2 (etCO2), and cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2) were measured continuously. Unexpectedly, tolerance to LBNP was similar between the sexes (males, 1,604 ± 68 s vs. females, 1,453 ± 78 s; P = 0.15). Accordingly, decreases (%Δ) in MAP, SV, MCAv, and ScO2 were similar between males and females throughout LBNP and at presyncope (P ≥ 0.20). Interestingly, although decreases in etCO2 were similar between the sexes throughout LBNP (P = 0.16), at presyncope, the %Δ etCO2 from baseline was greater in males compared to females (-30.8 ± 2.6% vs. -21.3 ± 3.0%; P = 0.02). Contrary to our hypothesis, sex does not influence tolerance, or the central or cerebral hemodynamic responses to simulated hemorrhage. However, the etCO2 responses at presyncope do suggest potential sex differences in cerebral vascular sensitivity to CO2 during central hypovolemia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Tolerance and cerebral blood velocity responses to simulated hemorrhage (elicited by lower body negative pressure) were similar between male and female subjects. Interestingly, the change in etCO2 from baseline was greater in males compared to females at presyncope, suggesting potential sex differences in cerebral vascular sensitivity to CO2 during simulated hemorrhage. These findings may facilitate development of individualized therapeutic interventions to improve survival from hemorrhagic injuries in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Rosenberg
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victoria L Kay
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Garen K Anderson
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - My-Loan Luu
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Haley J Barnes
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Justin D Sprick
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas.,Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Caroline A Rickards
- Cerebral and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Bahrani AA, Kong W, Shang Y, Huang C, Smith CD, Powell DK, Jiang Y, Rayapati AO, Jicha GA, Yu G. Diffuse optical assessment of cerebral-autoregulation in older adults stratified by cerebrovascular risk. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000073. [PMID: 32533642 PMCID: PMC8824485 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) at early stages is essential for preventing sequential complications. CVD is often associated with abnormal cerebral microvasculature, which may impact cerebral-autoregulation (CA). A novel hybrid near-infrared diffuse optical instrument and a finger plethysmograph were used to simultaneously detect low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) of cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxy-hemoglobin concentration ([HbO2 ]), deoxy-hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in older adults before, during and after 70° head-up-tilting (HUT). The participants with valid data were divided based on Framingham risk score (FRS, 1-30 points) into low-risk (FRS ≤15, n = 13) and high-risk (FRS >15, n = 11) groups for developing CVD. The LFO gains were determined by transfer function analyses with MAP as the input, and CBF, [HbO2 ] and [Hb] as the outputs (CA ∝ 1/Gain). At resting-baseline, LFO gains in the high-risk group were relatively lower compared to the low-risk group. The lower baseline gains in the high-risk group may attribute to compensatory mechanisms to maintain stronger steady-state CAs. However, HUT resulted in smaller gain reductions in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group, suggesting weaker dynamic CAs. LFO gains are potentially valuable biomarkers for early detection of CVD based on associations with CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Bahrani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Weikai Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yu Shang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Biomedical Imaging and Big Data, North University of China, Shanxi, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Charles D. Smith
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center (MRISC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - David K. Powell
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center (MRISC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Neuroscience Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yang Jiang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center (MRISC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Abner O. Rayapati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gregory A. Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center (MRISC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Correspondence: Guoqiang Yu, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506,
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Intharakham K, Panerai RB, Katsogridakis E, Lam MY, Llwyd O, Salinet ASM, Nogueira RC, Haunton V, Robinson TG. Can we use short recordings for assessment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation? A sensitivity analysis study in acute ischaemic stroke and healthy subjects. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:085002. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab39d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Influence of Induced Blood Pressure Variability on the Assessment of Cerebral Autoregulation in Patients after Cardiac Arrest. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8153241. [PMID: 29984250 PMCID: PMC6011158 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8153241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine if increasing variability of blood pressure influences determination of cerebral autoregulation. Methods A prospective observational study was performed at the ICU of a university hospital in the Netherlands. 13 comatose patients after cardiac arrest underwent baseline and intervention (tilting of bed) measurements. Mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured. Coefficient of variation (CV) was used as a standardized measure of dispersion in the time domain. In the frequency domain, coherence, gain, and phase were calculated in the very low and low frequency bands. Results The CV of MAP was significantly higher during intervention compared to baseline. On individual level, coherence in the VLF band changed in 5 of 21 measurements from unreliable to reliable and in 6 of 21 measurements from reliable to unreliable. In the LF band 1 of 21 measurements changed from unreliable to reliable and 3 of 21 measurements from reliable to unreliable. Gain in the VLF and LF band was lower during intervention compared to baseline. Conclusions For the ICU setting, more attention should be paid to the exact experimental protocol, since changes in experimental settings strongly influence results of estimation of cerebral autoregulation.
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Comparing Different Recording Lengths of Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation: 5 versus 10 Minutes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7803426. [PMID: 29662898 PMCID: PMC5831790 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7803426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared the dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) indices between 5- and 10-minute data lengths by analyzing 37 patients with ischemic stroke and 51 controls in this study. Correlation coefficient (Mx) and transfer function analysis were applied for dCA analysis. Mx and phase shift in all frequency bands were not significantly different between 5- and 10-minute recordings [mean difference: Mx = 0.02; phase shift of very low frequency (0.02–0.07 Hz) = 0.3°, low frequency (0.07–0.20 Hz) = 0.6°, and high frequency (0.20–0.50 Hz) = 0.1°]. However, the gains in all frequency bands of a 5-minute recording were slightly but significantly higher than those of a 10-minute recording (mean difference of gain: very low frequency = 0.05 cm/s/mmHg, low frequency = 0.11 cm/s/mmHg, and high frequency = 0.14 cm/s/mmHg). The intraclass correlation coefficients between all dCA indices of 5- and 10-minute recordings were favorable, especially in Mx (0.93), phase shift in very low frequency (0.87), and gain in very low frequency (0.94). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for stroke diagnosis between 5- and 10-minute recordings were not different. We concluded that dCA assessed by using a 5-minute recording is not significantly different from that using a 10-minute recording in the clinical application.
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