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Oliveira Silvino V, Raffaela Barbosa Barros K, Machado Brito F, Matheus Dias Magalhães F, Augusto Ferreira Carioca A, César Carneiro Loureiro A, Salvador Veras-Silva A, Daniel Motta Drummond M, Antonio Pereira Dos Santos M. Phase angle as an indicator of body composition and physical performance in handball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:114. [PMID: 38773478 PMCID: PMC11107023 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase angle (PhA), obtained from the bioimpedance analysis, is widely used in clinical situations and in sports. This study evaluated the association between PhA with body composition and physical performance of handball athletes. METHODS 43 national-level players (22.19 ± 3.86 years) of both sexes were evaluated regarding anthropometry, body composition, squat (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jumps, handgrip strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. RESULTS We verified a correlation between PhA of the whole body and fat-free mass (r = 0.511), body mass index (r = 0.307), and body fat % (r = -0.303). There was a positive correlation between PhA of the whole body and SJ (r = 0.376), CMJ (r = 0.419), and handgrip for the dominant hand (r = 0.448). Moreover, PhA of the upper limbs was more strongly correlated with handgrip for the dominant (r = 0.630) and non-dominant hand (r = 0.575) compared to PhA of the whole body considering both sexes. Similarly, segmental PhA had a stronger significant correlation with SJ (r = 0.402) and handgrip for the dominant hand (r = 0.482) in males, as well as CMJ (r = 0.602) in females, compared to PhA of the whole body. CONCLUSION PhA of the whole body was positively related to fat-free mass, body mass index, body fat %, and lower- and upper-limbs strength in handball athletes. Segmental PhA might be used as a tool for estimating lower and upper limbs performance considering the sex, in preference to the PhA of the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil.
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Raffaela Barbosa Barros
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Felipe Machado Brito
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco Matheus Dias Magalhães
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Acácio Salvador Veras-Silva
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Marcos Daniel Motta Drummond
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antonio Pereira Dos Santos
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piaui, 3700 Pedro Freitas Avenue, Teresina, 64018000, Piauí, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Johnson KA, Petrie MA, Shields RK. Biomarkers for rapid H-reflex operant conditioning among females. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:685-699. [PMID: 36791051 PMCID: PMC10010925 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00188.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Operant conditioning of a spinal monosynaptic pathway using the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) is well established in animal and human studies. There is a subset within the human population (∼20% nonresponders) who are unable to up train this pathway suggesting some distinct or unique identifying characteristics. Importantly, females, who have a nine times higher rate of injury during human performance activities than men, have been understudied in areas of CNS neuroplasticity. Our long-term goal is to understand if innate ability to rapidly up train the H-reflex is predictive of future performance-based injury among females. In this study, we primarily determined whether healthy, young females could rapidly increase the H-reflex within a single session of operant conditioning and secondarily determined if electro-physiological, humoral, cognitive, anthropometric, or anxiety biomarkers distinguished the responders from nonresponders. Eighteen females (mean age: 24) participated in the study. Overall, females showed a group main effect for up training the H-reflex (P < 0.05). Of the cohort, 10 of 18 females met the criteria for up training the H-reflex (responders). The responders showed lower levels of estradiol (P < 0.05). A multivariate stepwise regression model supported that extracellular to intracellular water ratio (ECW/ICW) and H-max/M-max ratio explained 60% of the variation in up training among females. These findings support that females can acutely upregulate the H-reflex with training and that electro-physiological and hormonal factors may be associated with the up training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Young females who acutely increase their H-reflexes with operant conditioning had lower levels of estradiol. However, the best predictors of those who could up-train the H-reflex were baseline H-reflex excitability (H-max/M-max) and extracellular to intracellular water ratio (ECW/ICW). Future studies are warranted to understand the complex relationship between operant conditioning, human performance, and injury among active young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Johnson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Michael A Petrie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis-Derived Phase Angle and Body Composition Are Predictors of Health-Related Fitness in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121943. [PMID: 36553386 PMCID: PMC9777367 DOI: 10.3390/children9121943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is little evidence in children and adolescents with obesity of the relationships between muscle strength/cardiorespiratory fitness (both components of health-related fitness = HRF) and body composition. Body composition and HRF were studied in 281 children and adolescents with obesity to explore their mutual relationship and to identify the predictors of HRF. By performing a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), the fat-free mass (FFM) and percentage of body fat (%BF) were calculated, and the phase angle (PhA) was recorded. Handgrip strength (HGS), the standard broad jump (SBJ), and five broad jumps (FIVEBJ) were considered for the assessment of muscle strength, and the six-minute walking distance (SIXMWD) for cardiorespiratory fitness. The BMI Z-score was slightly higher in boys, and the %BF was higher in girls, with no difference in the FFM. HGS, the SBJ, and FIVEBJ were greater in the male sex. After controlling for sex, HGS was associated with the FFM, and with height, weight, and absolute BMI. On the contrary, the SBJ and FIVEBJ were negatively associated with adiposity, with a weak relationship with the FFM. The SIXMWD was only poorly related to height, the BMI Z-score, and the waist-to-height ratio. These results were confirmed with a multiple regression analysis. HGS, the SBJ, and FIVEBJ were higher in the first compared to the third tertile of the PhA in both sexes. The PhA also remained a consistent predictor of HGS, the SBJ, and FIVEBJ in a multiple regression analysis. In conclusion, the following predictors have been identified for HRF: the FFM for the isometric strength of the upper limbs and adiposity indicators for the SBJ and FIVEBJ. The PhA emerged as a proxy index of muscle strength.
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Di Rosa C, Lattanzi G, Spiezia C, Imperia E, Piccirilli S, Beato I, Gaspa G, Micheli V, De Joannon F, Vallecorsa N, Ciccozzi M, Defeudis G, Manfrini S, Khazrai YM. Mediterranean Diet versus Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: Effects of Reaching 5% Body Weight Loss on Body Composition in Subjects with Overweight and with Obesity-A Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13040. [PMID: 36293616 PMCID: PMC9603454 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The best nutritional strategy to fight the rise in obesity remains a debated issue. The Mediterranean diet (MD) and the Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic diet (VLCKD) are effective at helping people lose body weight (BW) and fat mass (FM) while preserving fat-free mass (FFM). This study aimed to evaluate the time these two diets took to reach a loss of 5% of the initial BW and how body composition was affected. We randomized 268 subjects with obesity or overweight in two arms, MD and VLCKD, for a maximum of 3 months or until they reached 5% BW loss. This result was achieved after one month of VLCKD and 3 months of MD. Both diets were effective in terms of BW (p < 0.0001) and FM loss (p < 0.0001), but the MD reached a higher reduction in both waist circumference (p = 0.0010) and FM (p = 0.0006) and a greater increase in total body water (p = 0.0017) and FFM (p = 0.0373) than VLCKD. The population was also stratified according to gender, age, and BMI. These two nutritional protocols are both effective in improving anthropometrical parameters and body composition, but they take different time spans to reach the goal. Therefore, professionals should evaluate which is the most suitable according to each patient's health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Di Rosa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Lattanzi
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Spiezia
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Imperia
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Piccirilli
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Beato
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Gaspa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Micheli
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica De Joannon
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Vallecorsa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistic and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Defeudis
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Yeganeh Manon Khazrai
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Campa F, Colognesi LA, Moro T, Paoli A, Casolo A, Santos L, Correia RR, Lemes ÍR, Milanez VF, Christofaro DD, Cyrino ES, Gobbo LA. Effect of resistance training on bioelectrical phase angle in older adults: a systematic review with Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 24:439-449. [PMID: 35918569 PMCID: PMC10140106 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09747-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training has been proposed as a valid practice to counteract the aging effect on body mass and its components, which can be easily evaluated though the bioelectrical impedance analysis. This study aimed to achieve a systematic review with meta-analysis on the impact of resistance training on bioelectrical proprieties in older adults.A literature review was done in four electronic databases up to 1 January 2022. The inclusion criteria were: (i) participants aged ≥ 60 years; (ii) resistance training lasted ≥ 8 weeks; (iii) measurement of raw bioelectrical parameters in randomized controlled study designs.The outcomes of the trial had to be bioelectrical phase angle (PhA), resistance (R), and reactance (Xc). The methodological quality was assessed using the Rosendal scale.Overall, seven studies with a total of 344 participants were eligible for the analysis. The quality assessment yielded a score of 71.3%. Bioelectrical PhA (0.52 degree [95%CI 0.32, 0.71], p < 0.001) and Xc (3.58 ohms [95%CI 1.97, 5.19], p < 0.001) increased, whereas R decreased (-28.50 ohms [95%CI -41.39, -15.60], p < 0.001) after the resistance training programs.In this meta-analysis, resistance training promoted increases of PhA, which result from an increase in Xc concomitant with a reduction in R. According to the bioimpedance vector analysis, resistance-trained people experienced a beneficial leftward vector displacement, whilst inactivity induced a rightward vector displacement within the R-Xc graph. In future, more sophisticated and rigorous studies that address specific criteria, methods and targeted designs are required to identify which equipment and protocols allow for an optimization of the resistance training effects.Registration code in PROSPERO: CRD42020168057.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Lucas Antonio Colognesi
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory (LABSIM), Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, 19060-900, Padova, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, School of Technology and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil, UNESP, 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Leandro Santos
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Correia
- Multicentric Program of Postgraduate in Physiological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil., UNESP, 19060-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Ribeiro Lemes
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, School of Technology and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil, UNESP, 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Flávio Milanez
- Department of Physical Education, Oeste Paulista University, UNOESTE, 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Destro Christofaro
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, School of Technology and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil, UNESP, 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luís Alberto Gobbo
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory (LABSIM), Department of Physical Education, School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, 19060-900, Padova, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, School of Technology and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil, UNESP, 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Matias CN, Campa F, Nunes CL, Francisco R, Jesus F, Cardoso M, Valamatos MJ, Homens PM, Sardinha LB, Martins P, Minderico C, Silva AM. Phase Angle Is a Marker of Muscle Quantity and Strength in Overweight/Obese Former Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126649. [PMID: 34205575 PMCID: PMC8296352 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: An increasing body of evidence indicates that the phase angle (PhA) can be applied as a marker of nutritional status, disease prognosis, and mortality probability. Still, it is not known whether PhA can be used as an indicator of muscular quantity and strength and maximal aerobic capacity in overweight/obese former highly active individuals, an understudied population. This study aimed to analyze the association between PhA with skeletal muscle mass, maximal isometric strength, and maximal aerobic capacity through VO2max, in overweight/obese and inactive former athletes. Methods: Cross-sectional information of 94 (62 males) former adult athletes (age: 43.1 ± 9.4 years old; body mass index: 31.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2) taking part in a weight-loss clinical trial was analyzed. Total fat and fat-free mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, while skeletal muscle mass was predicted from appendicular lean soft tissue. Values for upper- and lower-body maximal isometric strength were assessed by handgrip and leg press dynamometry. VO2max was determined by indirect calorimetry through a graded exercise test performed on a treadmill. Results: PhA was associated with skeletal muscle mass (r = 0.564, p < 0.001), upper-body strength (r = 0.556, p < 0.001), lower-body strength (r = 0.422, p < 0.001), and VO2max (r = 0.328, p = 0.013). These relationships remained significant for skeletal muscle mass (β = 2.158, p = 0.001), maximal isometric strength (upper-body: β = 2.846, p = 0.012; low-er-body: β = 24.209, p = 0.041) after adjusting for age, sex, and fat mass but not for VO2max (β = −0.163, p = 0.098). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that former athletes with higher values of PhA exhibited greater muscle mass and strength, despite sex, age, and body composition, which suggests that this simple raw BI parameter can be utilized as an indicator of muscle quantity and functionality in overweight/obese former athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina N. Matias
- Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Bettery S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal;
- CIDEFES-Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40126 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Catarina L. Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Rubén Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Miguel Cardoso
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Maria J. Valamatos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (P.M.H.)
| | - Pedro Mil Homens
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (P.M.H.)
| | - Luís B. Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Paulo Martins
- Laboratory of Sport Psychology, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Analiza M. Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (M.C.); (L.B.S.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
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Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051620. [PMID: 34065984 PMCID: PMC8150618 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.
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