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Ristovski M, Farhat D, Bancud SEM, Lee JY. Lipid Transporters Beam Signals from Cell Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 34436325 PMCID: PMC8399137 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid composition in cellular membranes plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and in regulating cellular signaling that controls functions of both membrane-anchored and cytoplasmic proteins. ATP-dependent ABC and P4-ATPase lipid transporters, two integral membrane proteins, are known to contribute to lipid translocation across the lipid bilayers on the cellular membranes. In this review, we will highlight current knowledge about the role of cholesterol and phospholipids of cellular membranes in regulating cell signaling and how lipid transporters participate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miliça Ristovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Danny Farhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 6N5, Canada
| | - Shelly Ellaine M. Bancud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
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2
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Pather K, Augustine TN. Tamoxifen induces hypercoagulation and alterations in ERα and ERβ dependent on breast cancer sub-phenotype ex vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19256. [PMID: 33159119 PMCID: PMC7648622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen shows efficacy in reducing breast cancer-related mortality but clinically, is associated with increased risk for thromboembolic events. We aimed to determine whether breast tumour sub-phenotype could predict propensity for thrombosis. We present two ex vivo Models of Tamoxifen-therapy, Model 1 in which treatment recapitulates accumulation within breast tissue, by treating MCF7 and T47D cells directly prior to exposure to blood constituents; and Model 2 in which we recreate circulating Tamoxifen by treating blood constituents prior to exposure to cancer cells. Blood constituents included whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma. Hypercoagulation was assessed as a function of thrombin activity, expression of CD62P and CD63 activation markers defined as an index of platelet activation, and platelet morphology; while oestrogen receptor expression was assessed using immunocytochemistry with quantitative analysis. We determined, in concert with clinical studies and contrary to selected laboratory investigations, that Tamoxifen induces hypercoagulation, dependent on sub-phenotypes, with the T47D cell line capacity most enhanced. We determined a weak positive correlation between oestrogen receptor expression, and CD62P and CD63; indicating an association between tumour invasion profiles and hypercoagulation, however, other yet unknown factors may play a predictive role in defining hypercoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pather
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - T N Augustine
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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3
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Wong BS, Shea DJ, Mistriotis P, Tuntithavornwat S, Law RA, Bieber JM, Zheng L, Konstantopoulos K. A Direct Podocalyxin-Dynamin-2 Interaction Regulates Cytoskeletal Dynamics to Promote Migration and Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2878-2891. [PMID: 30975647 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sialoglycoprotein podocalyxin is absent in normal pancreas but is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Here, we investigate the role of podocalyxin in migration and metastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinomas using SW1990 and Pa03c as cell models. Although ezrin is regarded as a cytoplasmic binding partner of podocalyxin that regulates actin polymerization via Rac1 or RhoA, we did not detect podocalyxin-ezrin association in pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, depletion of podocalyxin did not alter actin dynamics or modulate Rac1 and RhoA activities in pancreatic cancer cells. Using mass spectrometry, bioinformatics analysis, coimmunoprecipitation, and pull-down assays, we discovered a novel, direct binding interaction between the cytoplasmic tail of podocalyxin and the large GTPase dynamin-2 at its GTPase, middle, and pleckstrin homology domains. This podocalyxin-dynamin-2 interaction regulated microtubule growth rate, which in turn modulated focal adhesion dynamics and ultimately promoted efficient pancreatic cancer cell migration via microtubule- and Src-dependent pathways. Depletion of podocalyxin in a hemispleen mouse model of pancreatic cancer diminished liver metastasis without altering primary tumor size. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which podocalyxin facilitates pancreatic cancer cell migration and metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings reveal that a novel interaction between podocalyxin and dynamin-2 promotes migration and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells by regulating microtubule and focal adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sheng Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Panagiotis Mistriotis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Soontorn Tuntithavornwat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert A Law
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jake M Bieber
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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4
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Mitrugno A, Tassi Yunga S, Sylman JL, Zilberman-Rudenko J, Shirai T, Hebert JF, Kayton R, Zhang Y, Nan X, Shatzel JJ, Esener S, Duvernay MT, Hamm HE, Gruber A, Williams CD, Takata Y, Armstrong R, Morgan TK, McCarty OJT. The role of coagulation and platelets in colon cancer-associated thrombosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C264-C273. [PMID: 30462538 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00367.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated thrombosis is a common first presenting sign of malignancy and is currently the second leading cause of death in cancer patients after their malignancy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer-associated thrombosis remain undefined. In this study, we aimed to develop a better understanding of how cancer cells affect the coagulation cascade and platelet activation to induce a prothrombotic phenotype. Our results show that colon cancer cells trigger platelet activation in a manner dependent on cancer cell tissue factor (TF) expression, thrombin generation, activation of the protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) on platelets and consequent release of ADP and thromboxane A2. Platelet-colon cancer cell interactions potentiated the release of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) rather than cancer cell-derived EVs. Our data show that single colon cancer cells were capable of recruiting and activating platelets and generating fibrin in plasma under shear flow. Finally, in a retrospective analysis of colon cancer patients, we found that the number of venous thromboembolism events was 4.5 times higher in colon cancer patients than in a control population. In conclusion, our data suggest that platelet-cancer cell interactions and perhaps platelet procoagulant EVs may contribute to the prothrombotic phenotype of colon cancer patients. Our work may provide rationale for targeting platelet-cancer cell interactions with PAR4 antagonists together with aspirin and/or ADP receptor antagonists as a potential intervention to limit cancer-associated thrombosis, balancing safety with efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Mitrugno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Samuel Tassi Yunga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Cancer Early Detection & Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Joanna L Sylman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.,Canary Center at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Jevgenia Zilberman-Rudenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Toshiaki Shirai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica F Hebert
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Robert Kayton
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Joseph J Shatzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Sadik Esener
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Cancer Early Detection & Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew T Duvernay
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - András Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Yumie Takata
- College of Public Health & Human Science, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Randall Armstrong
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Cancer Early Detection & Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Terry K Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
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5
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Loren CP, Aslan JE, Rigg RA, Nowak MS, Healy LD, Gruber A, Druker BJ, McCarty OJT. The BCR-ABL inhibitor ponatinib inhibits platelet immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling, platelet activation and aggregate formation under shear. Thromb Res 2015; 135:155-60. [PMID: 25527332 PMCID: PMC4272760 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib significantly improves patient outcomes. As some patients are unresponsive to imatinib, next generation BCR-ABL inhibitors such as nilotinib have been developed to treat patients with imatinib-resistant CML. The use of some BCR-ABL inhibitors has been associated with bleeding diathesis, and these inhibitors have been shown to inhibit platelet functions, which may explain the hemostasis impairment. Surprisingly, a new TKI, ponatinib, has been associated with a high incidence of severe acute ischemic cardiovascular events. The mechanism of this unexpected adverse effect remains undefined. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This study used biochemical and functional assays to evaluate whether ponatinib was different from the other BCR-ABL inhibitors with respect to platelet activation, spreading, and aggregation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results show that ponatinib, similar to other TKIs, acts as a platelet antagonist. Ponatinib inhibited platelet activation, spreading, granule secretion, and aggregation, likely through broad spectrum inhibition of platelet tyrosine kinase signaling, and also inhibited platelet aggregate formation in whole blood under shear. As our results indicate that pobatinib inhibits platelet function, the adverse cardiovascular events observed in patients taking ponatinib may be the result of the effect of ponatinib on other organs or cell types, or disease-specific processes, such as BCR-ABL+cells undergoing apoptosis in response to chemotherapy, or drug-induced adverse effects on the integrity of the vascular endothelium in ponatinib-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra P Loren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology.
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology
| | | | - Marie S Nowak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Medical Physics, Universite des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | | | - András Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine
| | - Brian J Druker
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology; Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine
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6
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Phillips KG, Lee AM, Tormoen GW, Rigg RA, Kolatkar A, Luttgen M, Bethel K, Bazhenova L, Kuhn P, Newton P, McCarty OJT. The thrombotic potential of circulating tumor microemboli: computational modeling of circulating tumor cell-induced coagulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 308:C229-36. [PMID: 25411332 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00315.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic events can herald the diagnosis of cancer, preceding any cancer-related clinical symptoms. Patients with cancer are at a 4- to 7-fold increased risk of suffering from venous thromboembolism (VTE), with ∼7,000 patients with lung cancer presenting from VTEs. However, the physical biology underlying cancer-associated VTE remains poorly understood. Several lines of evidence suggest that the shedding of tissue factor (TF)-positive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and microparticles from primary tumors may serve as a trigger for cancer-associated thrombosis. To investigate the potential direct and indirect roles of CTCs in VTE, we characterized thrombin generation by CTCs in an interactive numerical model coupling blood flow with advection-diffusion kinetics. Geometric measurements of CTCs isolated from the peripheral blood of a lung cancer patient prior to undergoing lobectomy formed the basis of the simulations. Singlet, doublet, and aggregate circulating tumor microemboli (CTM) were investigated in the model. Our numerical model demonstrated that CTM could potentiate occlusive events that drastically reduce blood flow and serve as a platform for the promotion of thrombin generation in flowing blood. These results provide a characterization of CTM dynamics in the vasculature and demonstrate an integrative framework combining clinical, biophysical, and mathematical approaches to enhance our understanding of CTCs and their potential direct and indirect roles in VTE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Angela M Lee
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Garth W Tormoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Rachel A Rigg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anand Kolatkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Madelyn Luttgen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelly Bethel
- Scripps Clinic Medical Group, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California
| | - Lyudmila Bazhenova
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, California; and
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul Newton
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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7
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Ebelt ND, Cantrell MA, Van Den Berg CL. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases Mediate a Wide Range of Targets in the Metastatic Cascade. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:378-87. [PMID: 24349635 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913485413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated cancer cells rely on intricate interactions among diverse cell types in the tumor-associated stroma, vasculature, and immune system for survival and growth. Ubiquitous expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (jnk) genes in various cell types permits their control of metastasis. In early stages of metastasis, JNKs affect tumor-associated inflammation and angiogenesis as well as tumor cell migration and intravasation. Within the tumor stroma, JNKs are essential for the release of growth factors that promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells. JNK3, the least ubiquitous isoform, facilitates angiogenesis by increasing endothelial cell migration. Importantly, JNK expression in tumor cells integrates stromal signals to promote tumor cell invasion. However, JNK isoforms differentially regulate migration toward the endothelial barrier. Once tumor cells enter the bloodstream, JNKs increase circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival and homing to tissues. By promoting fibrosis, JNKs improve CTC attachment to the endothelium. Once anchored, JNKs stimulate EMT to facilitate tumor cell extravasation and enhance the secretion of endothelial barrier disrupters. Tumor cells attract barrier-disrupting macrophages by JNK-dependent transcription of macrophage chemoattractant molecules. In the secondary tissue, JNKs are instrumental in the premetastatic niche and stimulate tumor cell proliferation. JNK expression in cancer cells stimulates tissue-remodeling macrophages to improve tumor colonization. However, in T-cells, JNKs alter cytokine production that increases tumor surveillance and inhibits the recruitment of tissue-remodeling macrophages. Therapeutically targeting JNKs for metastatic disease is attractive considering their promotion of metastasis; however, specific JNK tools are needed to determine their definitive actions within the context of the entire metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Ebelt
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Cantrell
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carla L Van Den Berg
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA ; Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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8
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Phillips KG, Kuhn P, McCarty OJT. Physical biology in cancer. 2. The physical biology of circulating tumor cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C80-8. [PMID: 24133063 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00294.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification, isolation, and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) promises to enhance our understanding of the evolution of cancer in humans. CTCs provide a window into the hematogenous, or "fluid phase," of cancer, underlying the metastatic transition in which a locally contained tumor spreads to other locations in the body through the bloodstream. With the development of sensitive and specific CTC identification and isolation methodologies, the role of CTCs in clinical diagnostics, disease surveillance, and the physical basis of metastasis continues to be established. This review focuses on the quantification of the basic biophysical properties of CTCs and the use of these metrics to understand the hematogenous dissemination of these enigmatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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9
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Tormoen GW, Khader A, Gruber A, McCarty OJT. Physiological levels of blood coagulation factors IX and X control coagulation kinetics in an in vitro model of circulating tissue factor. Phys Biol 2013; 10:036003. [PMID: 23585459 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/3/036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis significantly contributes to cancer morbidity and mortality. The mechanism behind thrombosis in cancer may be circulating tissue factor (TF), as levels of circulating TF are associated with thrombosis. However, circulating TF antigen level alone has failed to predict thrombosis in patients with cancer. We hypothesize that coagulation factor levels regulate the kinetics of circulating TF-induced thrombosis. Coagulation kinetics were measured as a function of individual coagulation factor levels and TF particle concentration. Clotting times increased when pooled plasma was mixed at or above a ratio of 4:6 with PBS. Clotting times increased when pooled plasma was mixed at or above a ratio of 8:2 with factor VII-depleted plasma, 7:3 with factor IX- or factor X-depleted plasmas, or 2:8 with factor II-, V- or VIII-depleted plasmas. Addition of coagulation factors VII, X, IX, V and II to depleted plasmas shortened clotting and enzyme initiation times, and increased enzyme generation rates in a concentration-dependent manner. Only additions of factors IX and X from low-normal to high-normal levels shortened clotting times and increased enzyme generation rates. Our results demonstrate that coagulation kinetics for TF particles are controlled by factor IX and X levels within the normal physiological range. We hypothesize that individual patient factor IX and X levels may be prognostic for susceptibility to circulating TF-induced thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth W Tormoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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10
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Gheldof D, Hardij J, Cecchet F, Chatelain B, Dogné JM, Mullier F. Thrombin generation assay and transmission electron microscopy: a useful combination to study tissue factor-bearing microvesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:19728. [PMID: 24009889 PMCID: PMC3760633 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.19728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with cancer have a 7- to 10-fold increased risk of developing venous thromboembolism. Circulating microvesicles could be a useful predictive biomarker for venous thromboembolism in cancer. Validated and standardised techniques that could be used to determine the complete microvesicle phenotype are required. Objectives These were two-fold: a) to characterise tissue factor (TF)-bearing microvesicles released by cultured breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 by flow cytometry (FCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thrombin generation assay (TGA); and b) to validate the sensitivity and variability intra/inter-assay of TGA as a useful method to study the procoagulant activity (PCA) of microvesicles. Methods Cultured breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 were incubated for 45 minutes at 37°C. Samples were then centrifuged or not at 4,500 g for 15 minutes, and cells and MVs or MV-containing supernatants were used for TEM, FCM and TGA. In activity assays, microvesicles (i.e. cell-depleted supernatants) were incubated with anti-TF antibodies or with annexin V to assess the contribution of TF and phospholipids to the PCA. Alternatively, supernatants were filtered through 0.1, 0.22, 0.45 or 0.65 µm membranes and subjected to TGA. Results The majority of the PCA was associated with microvesicles smaller than 0.1 µm, and the mean microvesicle size estimated by TEM after 10,000 g centrifugation was 121±54 nm with a majority of vesicles between 100 and 200 nm. Microvesicles derived from 5,000 MDA-MB-231cells/ml were sufficient to significantly increase the thrombin generation of normal pooled plasma. Conclusions TEM, FCM and filtration coupled to TGA represent a useful combination to study the PCA of TF-bearing microvesicles, whatever their size. And it will be interesting to implement these techniques in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Gheldof
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Belgium ; Haematology Laboratory, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Mont-Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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11
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Lee AM, Tormoen GW, Kanso E, McCarty OJT, Newton PK. Modeling and simulation of procoagulant circulating tumor cells in flow. Front Oncol 2012; 2:108. [PMID: 23050240 PMCID: PMC3442195 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a mathematical/computational model for thrombin concentration gradients generated by procoagulant circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in flow. We examine how CTCs enhance blood coagulation as they diffuse tissue factor-dependent coagulation enzymes in a flow environment with vessel walls. Concentration fields of various enzymes, such as prothrombin and thrombin, diffuse, to, and from CTCs, respectively, as they propagate through the bloodstream. The diffusion-dependent generation of these enzymes sets up complex time-dependent concentration fields. The CTCs are modeled as diffusing point particles in an incompressible fluid, and we exploit exact analytical solutions based on three-dimensional Green’s functions for unbounded domains with one wall for high resolution numerical simulations. Time-dependent gradient trackers are used to highlight that concentration fields build-up (i) near boundaries (vessel walls), (ii) in regions surrounding the diffusing particles, and (iii) in complex time-dependent regions of the flow where fields associated with different particles overlap. Two flow conditions are modeled: no flow, and unidirectional constant flow. Our results indicate that the CTC-generated thrombin diffuses to and persists at the blood vessel wall, and that the spatial distribution of CTCs in flow determines local thrombin concentration. The magnitude of the diffusion gradient and local thrombin concentration is dependent upon bulk solution concentrations of coagulation factors within normal reported concentration ranges. Therefore, our model highlights the potential to determine patient-specific risks for CTC-induced hypercoagulability as a function of CTC number and individual patient concentration of coagulation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Lee
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Tormoen GW, Haley KM, Levine RL, McCarty OJT. Do circulating tumor cells play a role in coagulation and thrombosis? Front Oncol 2012; 2:115. [PMID: 22973557 PMCID: PMC3437466 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer induces a hypercoagulable state, and patients with cancer who suffer a thrombotic event have a worse prognosis than those who do not. Recurrent pathologic thrombi in patients with cancer are clinically managed with anticoagulant medications; however, anticoagulant prophylaxis is not routinely prescribed owing to a complex variety of patient and diagnosis related factors. Early identification of patients at risk for cancer-associated thrombosis would allow for personalization of anticoagulant prophylaxis and likely reduce morbidity and mortality for many cancers. The environment in which a thrombosis develops in a patient with cancer is complex and unique from patients without cancer, which creates therapeutic challenges but may also provide targets for the development of clinical assays in this context. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may play a role in the association between cancer and thrombosis. Cancer metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, is facilitated by the hematogenous spread of CTCs, and CTCs accompany metastatic disease across all major types of carcinomas. The role of CTCs in the pathogenesis of thrombosis has not been studied due to the previous difficulty in identifying these rare cells, but the interaction between these circulating cells and the coagulation system is an area of study that demands attention. The development of CTC detection platforms presents a new tool by which to characterize the role for CTCs in cancer-related hypercoagulability. In addition, this area of study presents a new avenue for assessing the risk of cancer-associated thrombosis and represents a potential tool for predicting which patients may benefit from anticoagulant prophylaxis. In this review, we will discuss the evidence in support of CTC induced hypercoagulability, and highlight areas where CTC-detection platforms may provide prognostic insight into the risk of developing thrombosis for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth W. Tormoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Kristina M. Haley
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Ross L. Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Owen J. T. McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
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Tormoen GW, Cianchetti FA, Bock PE, McCarty OJT. Development of coagulation factor probes for the identification of procoagulant circulating tumor cells. Front Oncol 2012; 2:110. [PMID: 22973554 PMCID: PMC3434442 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is associated with a hypercoagulable state, and pathological venous thromboembolic disease is a significant source of morbidity and the second leading cause of death in patients with cancer. Here we aimed to develop a novel labeling strategy to detect and quantify procoagulant circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from patients with metastatic cancer. We hypothesize that the enumeration of procoagulant CTCs may be prognostic for the development of venous thrombosis in patients with cancer. Our approach is based on the observation that cancer cells are capable of initiating and facilitating cell-mediated coagulation in vitro, whereby activated coagulation factor complexes assemble upon cancer cell membrane surfaces. Binding of fluorescently labeled, active site-inhibited coagulation factors VIIa, Xa, and IIa to the metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, non-metastatic colorectal cell line, SW480, or metastatic colorectal cell line, SW620, was characterized in a purified system, in anticoagulated blood and plasma, and in plasma under conditions of coagulation. We conclude that a CTC labeling strategy that utilizes coagulation factor-based fluorescent probes may provide a functional assessment of the procoagulant potential of CTCs, and that this strategy is amenable to current CTC detection platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth W Tormoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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14
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Inhibition of metastatic tumor formation in vivo by a bacteriophage display-derived galectin-3 targeting peptide. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:119-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Cho EH, Wendel M, Luttgen M, Yoshioka C, Marrinucci D, Lazar D, Schram E, Nieva J, Bazhenova L, Morgan A, Ko AH, Korn WM, Kolatkar A, Bethel K, Kuhn P. Characterization of circulating tumor cell aggregates identified in patients with epithelial tumors. Phys Biol 2012; 9:016001. [PMID: 22306705 PMCID: PMC3387999 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/1/016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been implicated as a population of cells that may seed metastasis and venous thromboembolism (VTE), two major causes of mortality in cancer patients. Thus far, existing CTC detection technologies have been unable to reproducibly detect CTC aggregates in order to address what contribution CTC aggregates may make to metastasis or VTE. We report here an enrichment-free immunofluorescence detection method that can reproducibly detect and enumerate homotypic CTC aggregates in patient samples. We identified CTC aggregates in 43% of 86 patient samples. The fraction of CTC aggregation was investigated in blood draws from 24 breast, 14 non-small cell lung, 18 pancreatic, 15 prostate stage IV cancer patients and 15 normal blood donors. Both single CTCs and CTC aggregates were measured to determine whether differences exist in the physical characteristics of these two populations. Cells contained in CTC aggregates had less area and length, on average, than single CTCs. Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios between single CTCs and CTC aggregates were similar. This detection method may assist future studies in determining which population of cells is more physically likely to contribute to metastasis and VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H. Cho
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Marco Wendel
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Madelyn Luttgen
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Dena Marrinucci
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Daniel Lazar
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Ethan Schram
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
- Scripps Clinic, Department of Pathology, 10660 North Torrey Pines Road, MC211C, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Jorge Nieva
- Billings Clinic, Division of Oncology & Hematology, 2825 Eighth Avenue North, Billings, Montana, 59106;
| | - Lyudmila Bazhenova
- The Regents of the University of California, University of California, San Diego – UCSD, Moore’s Cancer Center, Hematology & Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC-0987, La Jolla, CA 92093; ;
| | - Alison Morgan
- The Regents of the University of California, University of California, San Diego – UCSD, Moore’s Cancer Center, Hematology & Oncology, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC-0987, La Jolla, CA 92093; ;
| | - Andrew H. Ko
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, Division of Medical Oncology, 1600 Divisadero Street, Fourth Floor, Box 1705, San Francisco, CA 94143; ;
| | - W. Michael Korn
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, Division of Medical Oncology, 1600 Divisadero Street, Fourth Floor, Box 1705, San Francisco, CA 94143; ;
| | - Anand Kolatkar
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Kelly Bethel
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
- Scripps Clinic, Department of Pathology, 10660 North Torrey Pines Road, MC211C, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, GAC-1200, La Jolla, CA 92037; ; ; ; ; ; ;
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Tormoen GW, Rugonyi S, Gruber A, McCarty OJT. The role of carrier number on the procoagulant activity of tissue factor in blood and plasma. Phys Biol 2011; 8:066005. [PMID: 22048420 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/8/6/066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein cofactor of activated blood coagulation factor VII (FVIIa) that is required for hemostatic thrombin generation at sites of blood vessel injury. Membrane-associated TF detected in circulating blood of healthy subjects, referred to as intravascular or circulating TF has been shown to contribute to experimental thrombus propagation at sites of localized vessel injury. Certain disease states, such as metastatic cancer, are associated with increased levels of intravascular TF and an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism. However, the physiological relevance of circulating TF to hemostasis or thrombosis, as well as cancer metastasis, is ill-defined. This study was designed to assess whether the spatial separation of intravascular TF carriers in blood, demonstrated with TF-inducible human monocytic cell line U937 or TF-coated polymer microspheres, affected procoagulant activity and hence thrombogenic potential. Experiments were performed to characterize the effects of TF-carrier number on the kinetics of clot formation in both open and closed systems. The procoagulant activity of TF carriers was found to correlate with spatial separation in both closed, well-mixed systems and open, flowing systems. TF carriers enhanced the amidolytic activity of FVIIa toward the chromogenic substrate, S-2366, as a function of carrier count. These results suggest that TF-initiated coagulation by circulating TF is kinetically limited by mass transport of TF-dependent coagulation factors to the TF-bearing surface, a constraint that may be unique to circulating TF. Spatial separation of circulating TF carriers is therefore a critical determinant of the procoagulant activity of circulating TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Tormoen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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