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Coopman RE, Nguyen HT, Mencuccini M, Oliveira RS, Sack L, Lovelock CE, Ball MC. Harvesting water from unsaturated atmospheres: deliquescence of salt secreted onto leaf surfaces drives reverse sap flow in a dominant arid climate mangrove, Avicennia marina. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1401-1414. [PMID: 33983649 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mangrove Avicennia marina adjusts internal salt concentrations by foliar salt secretion. Deliquescence of accumulated salt causes leaf wetting that may provide a water source for salt-secreting plants in arid coastal wetlands where high nocturnal humidity can usually support deliquescence whereas rainfall events are rare. We tested the hypotheses that salt deliquescence on leaf surfaces can drive top-down rehydration, and that such absorption of moisture from unsaturated atmospheres makes a functional contribution to dry season shoot water balances. Sap flow and water relations were monitored to assess the uptake of atmospheric water by branches during shoot wetting events under natural and manipulated microclimatic conditions. Reverse sap flow rates increased with increasing relative humidity from 70% to 89%, consistent with function of salt deliquescence in harvesting moisture from unsaturated atmospheres. Top-down rehydration elevated branch water potentials above those possible from root water uptake, subsidising transpiration rates and reducing branch vulnerability to hydraulic failure in the subsequent photoperiod. Absorption of atmospheric moisture harvested through deliquescence of salt on leaf surfaces enhances water balances of Avicennia marina growing in hypersaline wetlands under arid climatic conditions. Top-down rehydration from these frequent, low intensity wetting events contributes to prevention of carbon starvation and hydraulic failure during drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Coopman
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Ecophysiology Laboratory for Forest Conservation, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hoa T Nguyen
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, 131000, Vietnam
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, CP6109, Brazil
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Marilyn C Ball
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Sängerlaub S, Lehmann E, Müller K, Wani AA. Porosity, thickness distribution and water vapour sorption of thermoformed foamed PP films with dispersed sodium chloride for humidity regulation. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sängerlaub S, Miesbauer O, Michael L, Müller K, Stramm C, Pecyna M, Langowski HC. Humidity regulation by stretched PP and PLA films with dispersed CaCl2. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Sängerlaub
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Weihenstephaner Steig 22; 85354 Freising Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Oliver Miesbauer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Weihenstephaner Steig 22; 85354 Freising Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Linda Michael
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
- Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Campus Gummersbach; 50678 Köln Germany
| | - Kajetan Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
- University of Applied Science Kempten, Bahnhofstraße 61; D-87435 Kempten Germany
| | - Cornelia Stramm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Marek Pecyna
- International Institute (IHI) Zittau; Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden); Zittau Germany
| | - Horst-Christian Langowski
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan; Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Weihenstephaner Steig 22; 85354 Freising Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35; 85354 Freising Germany
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Schindelholz E, Tsui LK, Kelly RG. Hygroscopic Particle Behavior Studied by Interdigitated Array Microelectrode Impedance Sensors. J Phys Chem A 2013; 118:167-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4098149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schindelholz
- University of Virginia, 395 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400745, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Lok-kun Tsui
- University of Virginia, 395 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400745, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robert G. Kelly
- University of Virginia, 395 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400745, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Burkhardt J, Hunsche M. "Breath figures" on leaf surfaces-formation and effects of microscopic leaf wetness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:422. [PMID: 24167510 PMCID: PMC3807045 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
"Microscopic leaf wetness" means minute amounts of persistent liquid water on leaf surfaces which are invisible to the naked eye. The water is mainly maintained by transpired water vapor condensing onto the leaf surface and to attached leaf surface particles. With an estimated average thickness of less than 1 μm, microscopic leaf wetness is about two orders of magnitude thinner than morning dewfall. The most important physical processes which reduce the saturation vapor pressure and promote condensation are cuticular absorption and the deliquescence of hygroscopic leaf surface particles. Deliquescent salts form highly concentrated solutions. Depending on the type and concentration of the dissolved ions, the physicochemical properties of microscopic leaf wetness can be considerably different from those of pure water. Microscopic leaf wetness can form continuous thin layers on hydrophobic leaf surfaces and in specific cases can act similar to surfactants, enabling a strong potential influence on the foliar exchange of ions. Microscopic leaf wetness can also enhance the dissolution, the emission, and the reaction of specific atmospheric trace gases e.g., ammonia, SO2, or ozone, leading to a strong potential role for microscopic leaf wetness in plant/atmosphere interaction. Due to its difficult detection, there is little knowledge about the occurrence and the properties of microscopic leaf wetness. However, based on the existing evidence and on physicochemical reasoning it can be hypothesized that microscopic leaf wetness occurs on almost any plant worldwide and often permanently, and that it significantly influences the exchange processes of the leaf surface with its neighboring compartments, i.e., the plant interior and the atmosphere. The omission of microscopic water in general leaf wetness concepts has caused far-reaching, misleading conclusions in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Burkhardt
- Plant Nutrition Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mauricio Hunsche
- Horticultural Science Group, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Burkhardt J, Basi S, Pariyar S, Hunsche M. Stomatal penetration by aqueous solutions--an update involving leaf surface particles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:774-787. [PMID: 22985197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent visualization of stomatal nanoparticle uptake ended a 40-yr-old paradigm. Assuming clean, hydrophobic leaf surfaces, the paradigm considered stomatal liquid water transport to be impossible as a result of water surface tension. However, real leaves are not clean, and deposited aerosols may change hydrophobicity and water surface tension. Droplets containing NaCl, NaClO(3), (NH(4))(2) SO(4), glyphosate, an organosilicone surfactant or various combinations thereof were evaporated on stomatous abaxial and astomatous adaxial surfaces of apple (Malus domestica) leaves. The effects on photosynthesis, necrosis and biomass were determined. Observed using an environmental scanning electron microscope, NaCl and NaClO(3) crystals on hydrophobic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cuticles underwent several humidity cycles, causing repeated deliquescence and efflorescence of the salts. All physiological parameters were more strongly affected by abaxial than adaxial treatments. Spatial expansion and dendritic crystallization of the salts occurred and cuticular hydrophobicity was decreased more rapidly by NaClO(3) than NaCl. The results confirmed the stomatal uptake of aqueous solutions. Humidity fluctuations promote the spatial expansion of salts into the stomata. The ion-specific effects point to the Hofmeister series: chaotropic ions reduce surface tension, probably contributing to the defoliant action of NaClO(3), whereas the salt spray tolerance of coastal plants is probably linked to the kosmotropic nature of chloride ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Burkhardt
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Plant Nutrition Group, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabin Basi
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Group, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shyam Pariyar
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Plant Nutrition Group, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mauricio Hunsche
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Group, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
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NIU T, LI Y, LI J, CHEN B. Synthesis of Zeolite Beta by the Vapour-Phase Transport Method Using Tetraethylammonium Bromide as the Organic Template. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(08)60097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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