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Sung SK, Choi M, Kim J, Nam US, Kim S, Lee J. Effect of nanoarray density on enhanced electron transfer efficiency and analytical sensitivity for electrochemical immunosensors. Talanta 2024; 279:126637. [PMID: 39106648 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of ordered nanoarray electrode (NAE) using UV imprinting and their application as electrochemical (EC) immunosensor is described in this study. Especially, the influence of the array density factors on the performance of NAE was characterized electrochemically and compared with flat-electrode. Low-density (hole: 200 nm, hole space = 600 nm), medium-density (hole: 200 nm, hole space = 400 nm), and high-density NAE (hole: 200 nm, hole space = 200 nm) which have the same active area were fabricated and their redox cycling was compared with empirical results. We observed that the high-density is the optimum NAE exhibiting the lowest charge transfer resistance and the highest redox cycling performance among all NAEs. Finally, to observe the effect of their EC performance as biosensor, an EC immunoassay was performed using Interleukine-6 (IL-6), and high-density NAE has lowest a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.45 pg/mL compared with other NAEs (medium-density: 3.91 pg/mL, low-density: 5.87 pg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Keun Sung
- Digital Health Care Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39253, Republic of Korea
| | - MyeongGeun Choi
- Department of Medical IT Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongWon Kim
- Department of Medical IT Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - USun Nam
- Department of Medical IT Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - SangHee Kim
- Department of Medical IT Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - JuKyung Lee
- Digital Health Care Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39253, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Geukes SH, Branco MP, Aarnoutse EJ, Bekius A, Berezutskaya J, Ramsey NF. Effect of Electrode Distance and Size on Electrocorticographic Recordings in Human Sensorimotor Cortex. Neuroinformatics 2024:10.1007/s12021-024-09689-z. [PMID: 39384692 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-024-09689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
Subdural electrocorticography (ECoG) is a valuable technique for neuroscientific research and for emerging neurotechnological clinical applications. As ECoG grids accommodate increasing numbers of electrodes and higher densities with new manufacturing methods, the question arises at what point the benefit of higher density ECoG is outweighed by spatial oversampling. To clarify the optimal spacing between ECoG electrodes, in the current study we evaluate how ECoG grid density relates to the amount of non-shared neurophysiological information between electrode pairs, focusing on the sensorimotor cortex. We simultaneously recorded high-density (HD, 3 mm pitch) and ultra-high-density (UHD, 0.9 mm pitch) ECoG, obtained intraoperatively from six participants. We developed a new metric, the normalized differential root mean square (ndRMS), to quantify the information that is not shared between electrode pairs. The ndRMS increases with inter-electrode center-to-center distance up to 15 mm, after which it plateaus. We observed differences in ndRMS between frequency bands, which we interpret in terms of oscillations in frequencies below 32 Hz with phase differences between pairs, versus (un)correlated signal fluctuations in the frequency range above 64 Hz. The finding that UHD recordings yield significantly higher ndRMS than HD recordings is attributed to the amount of tissue sampled by each electrode. These results suggest that ECoG densities with submillimeter electrode distances are likely justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Geukes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariana P Branco
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Aarnoutse
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annike Bekius
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Berezutskaya
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick F Ramsey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Park D, Jeong H, Choi J, Han J, Piao H, Kim J, Park S, Song M, Kim D, Sung J, Cheong E, Choi H. Enhancing Flexible Neural Probe Performance via Platinum Deposition: Impedance Stability under Various Conditions and In Vivo Neural Signal Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1058. [PMID: 39203708 PMCID: PMC11356038 DOI: 10.3390/mi15081058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring neural activity in the central nervous system often utilizes silicon-based microelectromechanical system (MEMS) probes. Despite their effectiveness in monitoring, these probes have a fragility issue, limiting their application across various fields. This study introduces flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) neural probes characterized by robust mechanical and electrical properties. The probes demonstrate low impedance after platinum coating, making them suitable for multiunit recordings in awake animals. This capability allows for the simultaneous monitoring of a large population of neurons in the brain, including cluster data. Additionally, these probes exhibit no fractures, mechanical failures, or electrical issues during repeated-bending tests, both during handling and monitoring. Despite the possibility of using this neural probe for signal measurement in awake animals, simply applying a platinum coating may encounter difficulties in chronic tests and other applications. Furthermore, this suggests that FPCB probes can be advanced by any method and serve as an appropriate type of tailorable neural probes for monitoring neural systems in awake animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daerl Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Hyeonyeong Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jungsik Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Juyeon Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Honglin Piao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Seonghoon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Mingu Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dowoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Jaesuk Sung
- Nformare Inc., Seodamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eunji Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Heonjin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (J.C.); (J.H.); (H.P.); (J.K.); (S.P.); (M.S.); (D.K.)
- Nformare Inc., Seodamun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
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Abu Shihada J, Jung M, Decke S, Koschinski L, Musall S, Rincón Montes V, Offenhäusser A. Highly Customizable 3D Microelectrode Arrays for In Vitro and In Vivo Neuronal Tissue Recordings. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305944. [PMID: 38240370 PMCID: PMC10987114 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for - in vitro or in vivo - neuronal signal recordings lack the spatial resolution and sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for a detailed understanding of neural network function and synaptic plasticity. To overcome these limitations, a highly customizable three-dimensional (3D) printing process is used in combination with thin film technology and a self-aligned template-assisted electrochemical deposition process to fabricate 3D-printed-based MEAs on stiff or flexible substrates. Devices with design flexibility and physical robustness are shown for recording neural activity in different in vitro and in vivo applications, achieving high-aspect ratio 3D microelectrodes of up to 33:1. Here, MEAs successfully record neural activity in 3D neuronal cultures, retinal explants, and the cortex of living mice, thereby demonstrating the versatility of the 3D MEA while maintaining high-quality neural recordings. Customizable 3D MEAs provide unique opportunities to study neural activity under regular or various pathological conditions, both in vitro and in vivo, and contribute to the development of drug screening and neuromodulation systems that can accurately monitor the activity of large neural networks over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Abu Shihada
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
| | - M. Jung
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
| | - S. Decke
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
| | - L. Koschinski
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
- Helmholtz Nano Facility (HNF)Forschungszentrum Jülich52428JülichGermany
| | - S. Musall
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
- RWTH Aachen University52062AachenGermany
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition ResearchUniversity of Bonn53127BonnGermany
- University Hospital Bonn53127BonnGermany
| | - V. Rincón Montes
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
| | - A. Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI‐3) – BioelectronicsForschungszentrum52428JülichGermany
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5
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González-González MA, Conde SV, Latorre R, Thébault SC, Pratelli M, Spitzer NC, Verkhratsky A, Tremblay MÈ, Akcora CG, Hernández-Reynoso AG, Ecker M, Coates J, Vincent KL, Ma B. Bioelectronic Medicine: a multidisciplinary roadmap from biophysics to precision therapies. Front Integr Neurosci 2024; 18:1321872. [PMID: 38440417 PMCID: PMC10911101 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2024.1321872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioelectronic Medicine stands as an emerging field that rapidly evolves and offers distinctive clinical benefits, alongside unique challenges. It consists of the modulation of the nervous system by precise delivery of electrical current for the treatment of clinical conditions, such as post-stroke movement recovery or drug-resistant disorders. The unquestionable clinical impact of Bioelectronic Medicine is underscored by the successful translation to humans in the last decades, and the long list of preclinical studies. Given the emergency of accelerating the progress in new neuromodulation treatments (i.e., drug-resistant hypertension, autoimmune and degenerative diseases), collaboration between multiple fields is imperative. This work intends to foster multidisciplinary work and bring together different fields to provide the fundamental basis underlying Bioelectronic Medicine. In this review we will go from the biophysics of the cell membrane, which we consider the inner core of neuromodulation, to patient care. We will discuss the recently discovered mechanism of neurotransmission switching and how it will impact neuromodulation design, and we will provide an update on neuronal and glial basis in health and disease. The advances in biomedical technology have facilitated the collection of large amounts of data, thereby introducing new challenges in data analysis. We will discuss the current approaches and challenges in high throughput data analysis, encompassing big data, networks, artificial intelligence, and internet of things. Emphasis will be placed on understanding the electrochemical properties of neural interfaces, along with the integration of biocompatible and reliable materials and compliance with biomedical regulations for translational applications. Preclinical validation is foundational to the translational process, and we will discuss the critical aspects of such animal studies. Finally, we will focus on the patient point-of-care and challenges in neuromodulation as the ultimate goal of bioelectronic medicine. This review is a call to scientists from different fields to work together with a common endeavor: accelerate the decoding and modulation of the nervous system in a new era of therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra González-González
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silvia V. Conde
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ramon Latorre
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Stéphanie C. Thébault
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional en salud visual (D-13), Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Marta Pratelli
- Neurobiology Department, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Spitzer
- Neurobiology Department, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cuneyt G. Akcora
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | | | - Melanie Ecker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | | | - Kathleen L. Vincent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Brandy Ma
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Lin Z, Kireev D, Liu N, Gupta S, LaPiano J, Obaid SN, Chen Z, Akinwande D, Efimov IR. Graphene Biointerface for Cardiac Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212190. [PMID: 36965107 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Heart rhythm disorders, known as arrhythmias, cause significant morbidity and are one of the leading causes of mortality. Cardiac arrhythmias are frequently treated by implantable devices, such as pacemakers and defibrillators, or by ablation therapy guided by electroanatomical mapping. Both implantable and ablation therapies require sophisticated biointerfaces for electrophysiological measurements of electrograms and delivery of therapeutic stimulation or ablation energy. In this work, a graphene biointerface for in vivo cardiac electrophysiology is reported for the first time. Leveraging sub-micrometer-thick tissue-conformable graphene arrays, sensing and stimulation of the open mammalian heart are demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the graphene biointerface treatment of atrioventricular block (the kind of arrhythmia where the electrical conduction from the atria to the ventricles is interrupted) is demonstrated. The graphene arrays show effective electrochemical properties, namely interface impedance down to 40 Ω cm2 at 1 kHz, charge storage capacity up to 63.7 mC cm-2 , and charge injection capacity up to 704 µC cm-2 . Transparency of the graphene structures allows for simultaneous optical mapping of cardiac action potentials, calcium transients, and optogenetic stimulation while performing electrical measurements and stimulation. The report presents evidence of the significant potential of graphene biointerfaces for advanced cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexu Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Shubham Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Jessica LaPiano
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Sofian N Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Niederhoffer T, Vanhoestenberghe A, Lancashire HT. Methods of poly(3,4)-ethylenedioxithiophene (PEDOT) electrodeposition on metal electrodes for neural stimulation and recording. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36603213 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conductive polymers are of great interest in the field of neural electrodes because of their potential to improve the interfacial properties of electrodes. In particular, the conductive polymer poly (3,4)-ethylenedioxithiophene (PEDOT) has been widely studied for neural applications.Objective:This review compares methods for electrodeposition of PEDOT on metal neural electrodes, and analyses the effects of deposition methods on morphology and electrochemical performance.Approach:Electrochemical performances were analysed against several deposition method choices, including deposition charge density and co-ion, and correlations were explained to morphological and structural arguments as well as characterisation methods choices.Main results:Coating thickness and charge storage capacity are positively correlated with PEDOT electrodeposition charge density. We also show that PEDOT coated electrode impedance at 1 kHz, the only consistently reported impedance quantity, is strongly dependent upon electrode radius across a wide range of studies, because PEDOT coatings reduces the reactance of the complex impedance, conferring a more resistive behaviour to electrodes (at 1 kHz) dominated by the solution resistance and electrode geometry. This review also summarises how PEDOT co-ion choice affects coating structure and morphology and shows that co-ions notably influence the charge injection limit but have a limited influence on charge storage capacity and impedance. Finally we discuss the possible influence of characterisation methods to assess the robustness of comparisons between published results using different methods of characterisation.Significance:This review aims to serve as a common basis for researchers working with PEDOT by showing the effects of deposition methods on electrochemical performance, and aims to set a standard for accurate and uniform reporting of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Niederhoffer
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Vanhoestenberghe
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry T Lancashire
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Freitas JR, Pimenta S, Santos DJ, Esteves B, Gomes NM, Correia JH. Flexible Neural Probe Fabrication Enhanced with a Low-Temperature Cured Polyimide and Platinum Electrodeposition. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9674. [PMID: 36560042 PMCID: PMC9783888 DOI: 10.3390/s22249674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyimide is an emerging and very interesting material for substrate and passivation of neural probes. However, the standard curing temperature of polyimide (350 °C) is critical for the microelectrodes and contact pads of the neural probe, due to the thermal oxidation of the metals during the passivation process of the neural probe. Here, the fabrication process of a flexible neural probe, enhanced with a photosensitive and low-temperature cured polyimide, is presented. Annealing tests were performed with metallic films deposited on polyimide, which led to the reduction of the curing temperature to 250 °C, with no significant irregularities in the metallic sample annealed at that temperature and an effective polyimide curing. The use of a lower curing temperature reduces the thermal oxidation of the metals during the polyimide curing process to passivate the neural probe. Additionally, in this fabrication process, the microelectrodes of the neural probe were coated with electrodeposited platinum (Pt), only after the passivation process, and its electrochemical performance was accessed. At 1 kHz, the impedance of the microelectrodes before Pt electrodeposition was approximately 1.2 MΩ, and after Pt electrodeposition, it was approximately 350 kΩ. Pt electrodeposition changed the equivalent circuit of the microelectrodes and reduced their impedance, which will be crucial for future in-vivo tests to acquire the electrical activity of the neurons with the fabricated neural probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R. Freitas
- CMEMS—UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Pimenta
- CMEMS—UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diogo J. Santos
- CMEMS—UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Esteves
- CMEMS—UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Gomes
- CMEMS—UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José H. Correia
- CMEMS—UMinho, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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9
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Erofeev A, Antifeev I, Bolshakova A, Bezprozvanny I, Vlasova O. In Vivo Penetrating Microelectrodes for Brain Electrophysiology. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239085. [PMID: 36501805 PMCID: PMC9735502 DOI: 10.3390/s22239085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, microelectrodes have been widely used in neuroscience to understand the mechanisms behind brain functions, as well as the relationship between neural activity and behavior, perception and cognition. However, the recording of neuronal activity over a long period of time is limited for various reasons. In this review, we briefly consider the types of penetrating chronic microelectrodes, as well as the conductive and insulating materials for microelectrode manufacturing. Additionally, we consider the effects of penetrating microelectrode implantation on brain tissue. In conclusion, we review recent advances in the field of in vivo microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Erofeev
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical Systems and Technologies, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (O.V.)
| | - Ivan Antifeev
- Laboratory of Methods and Instruments for Genetic and Immunoassay Analysis, Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 198095 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Bolshakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical Systems and Technologies, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical Systems and Technologies, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Olga Vlasova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical Systems and Technologies, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.E.); (O.V.)
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10
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Clayton Da Silva A, Akbar TF, Paterson TE, Werner C, Tondera C, Minev IR. Electrically Controlled Click-Chemistry for Assembly of Bioactive Hydrogels on Diverse Micro- and Flexible Electrodes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200557. [PMID: 35882631 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The seamless integration of electronics with living matter requires advanced materials with programmable biological and engineering properties. Here we explore electrochemical methods to assemble semi-synthetic hydrogels directly on electronically conductive surfaces. We polymerize hydrogels consisting of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and heparin building blocks by spatially controlling the click reaction between their thiol and maleimide moieties. The gels are grown as conformal coatings or 2D patterns on ITO, gold, and PtIr. We demonstrate that such coatings significantly influence the electrochemical properties of the metal-electrolyte interface, likely due to space charge effects in the gels. We further highlight a promising route towards engineering and electrically addressable extracellular matrices by printing arrays of gels with binary cell adhesiveness on flexible conductive surfaces. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruã Clayton Da Silva
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Thomas E Paterson
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Tondera
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivan R Minev
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Foutz TJ, Wong M. Illuminating Seizures: Combined Optical and Electrophysiological Recording Techniques Provide Novel Insights Into Seizure Dynamics. Epilepsy Curr 2021; 22:78-80. [PMID: 35233209 PMCID: PMC8832359 DOI: 10.1177/15357597211053682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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