1
|
Gulyás D, Jochumsen M. Detection of Movement-Related Brain Activity Associated with Hand and Tongue Movements from Single-Trial Around-Ear EEG. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:6004. [PMID: 39338748 PMCID: PMC11436153 DOI: 10.3390/s24186004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Movement intentions of motor impaired individuals can be detected in laboratory settings via electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interfaces (EEG-BCIs) and used for motor rehabilitation and external system control. The real-world BCI use is limited by the costly, time-consuming, obtrusive, and uncomfortable setup of scalp EEG. Ear-EEG offers a faster, more convenient, and more aesthetic setup for recording EEG, but previous work using expensive amplifiers detected motor intentions at chance level. This study investigates the feasibility of a low-cost ear-EEG BCI for the detection of tongue and hand movements for rehabilitation and control purposes. In this study, ten able-bodied participants performed 100 right wrist extensions and 100 tongue-palate movements while three channels of EEG were recorded around the left ear. Offline movement vs. idle activity classification of ear-EEG was performed using temporal and spectral features classified with Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbours, and Linear Discriminant Analysis in three scenarios: Hand (rehabilitation purpose), hand (control purpose), and tongue (control purpose). The classification accuracies reached 70%, 73%, and 83%, respectively, which was significantly higher than chance level. These results suggest that a low-cost ear-EEG BCI can detect movement intentions for rehabilitation and control purposes. Future studies should include online BCI use with the intended user group in real-life settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mads Jochumsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9260 Gistrup, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sung DJ, Kim KT, Jeong JH, Kim L, Lee SJ, Kim H, Kim SJ. Improving inter-session performance via relevant session-transfer for multi-session motor imagery classification. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37343. [PMID: 39296025 PMCID: PMC11409124 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) using electroencephalography (EEG) have found practical applications in external device control. However, the non-stationary nature of EEG signals remains to obstruct BCI performance across multiple sessions, even for the same user. In this study, we aim to address the impact of non-stationarity, also known as inter-session variability, on multi-session MI classification performance by introducing a novel approach, the relevant session-transfer (RST) method. Leveraging the cosine similarity as a benchmark, the RST method transfers relevant EEG data from the previous session to the current one. The effectiveness of the proposed RST method was investigated through performance comparisons with the self-calibrating method, which uses only the data from the current session, and the whole-session transfer method, which utilizes data from all prior sessions. We validated the effectiveness of these methods using two datasets: a large MI public dataset (Shu Dataset) and our own dataset of gait-related MI, which includes both healthy participants and individuals with spinal cord injuries. Our experimental results revealed that the proposed RST method leads to a 2.29 % improvement (p < 0.001) in the Shu Dataset and up to a 6.37 % improvement in our dataset when compared to the self-calibrating method. Moreover, our method surpassed the performance of the recent highest-performing method that utilized the Shu Dataset, providing further support for the efficacy of the RST method in improving multi-session MI classification performance. Consequently, our findings confirm that the proposed RST method can improve classification performance across multiple sessions in practical MI-BCIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Sung
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Tae Kim
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- College of Information Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeok Jeong
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Laehyun Kim
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Joo Lee
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungmin Kim
- Bionics Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo X, Jiang C, Chen Z, Wang X, Hong F, Hao D. Regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in spinal cord injury: an updated review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276445. [PMID: 38022526 PMCID: PMC10663250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are involved in neural homeostasis and pathological processes associated with neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI). The biological effect of cytokines, including those associated with acute or chronic SCI pathologies, are the result of receptor-mediated signaling through the Janus kinases (JAKs) as well as the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) DNA-binding protein families. Although therapies targeting at cytokines have led to significant changes in the treatment of SCI, they present difficulties in various aspects for the direct use by patients themselves. Several small-molecule inhibitors of JAKs, which may affect multiple pro-inflammatory cytokine-dependent pathways, as well as STATs, are in clinical development for the treatment of SCI. This review describes the current understanding of the JAK-STAT signaling in neuroendocrine homeostasis and diseases, together with the rationale for targeting at this pathway for the treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Fan Hong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tan X, Wang D, Chen J, Xu M. Transformer-Based Network with Optimization for Cross-Subject Motor Imagery Identification. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050609. [PMID: 37237679 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring the effective signal features of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is an important issue in the research of brain-computer interface (BCI), and the results can reveal the motor intentions that trigger electrical changes in the brain, which has broad research prospects for feature extraction from EEG data. In contrast to previous EEG decoding methods that are based solely on a convolutional neural network, the traditional convolutional classification algorithm is optimized by combining a transformer mechanism with a constructed end-to-end EEG signal decoding algorithm based on swarm intelligence theory and virtual adversarial training. The use of a self-attention mechanism is studied to expand the receptive field of EEG signals to global dependence and train the neural network by optimizing the global parameters in the model. The proposed model is evaluated on a real-world public dataset and achieves the highest average accuracy of 63.56% in cross-subject experiments, which is significantly higher than that found for recently published algorithms. Additionally, good performance is achieved in decoding motor intentions. The experimental results show that the proposed classification framework promotes the global connection and optimization of EEG signals, which can be further applied to other BCI tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Tan
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liao W, Li J, Zhang X, Li C. Motor imagery brain-computer interface rehabilitation system enhances upper limb performance and improves brain activity in stroke patients: A clinical study. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1117670. [PMID: 36999132 PMCID: PMC10043218 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1117670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the efficacy of Motor Imagery brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) combined with physiotherapy and physiotherapy alone in ischemic stroke before and after rehabilitation training. We wanted to explore whether the rehabilitation effect of MI-BCI is affected by the severity of the patient's condition and whether MI-BCI was effective for all patients. Forty hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke with motor deficits participated in this study. The patients were divided into MI and control groups. Functional assessments were performed before and after rehabilitation training. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) was used as the primary outcome measure, and its shoulder and elbow scores and wrist scores served as secondary outcome measures. The motor assessment scale (MAS) was used to assess motor function recovery. We used non-contrast CT (NCCT) to investigate the influence of different types of middle cerebral artery high-density signs on the prognosis of ischemic stroke. Brain topographic maps can directly reflect the neural activity of the brain, so we used them to detect changes in brain function and brain topological power response after stroke. Compared the MI group and control group after rehabilitation training, better functional outcome was observed after MI-BCI rehabilitation, including a significantly higher probability of achieving a relevant increase in the Total FMA scores (MI = 16.70 ± 12.79, control = 5.34 ± 10.48), FMA shoulder and elbow scores (MI = 12.56 ± 6.37, control = 2.45 ± 7.91), FMA wrist scores (MI = 11.01 ± 3.48, control = 3.36 ± 5.79), the MAS scores (MI = 3.62 ± 2.48, control = 1.85 ± 2.89), the NCCT (MI = 21.94 ± 2.37, control = 17.86 ± 3.55). The findings demonstrate that MI-BCI rehabilitation training could more effectively improve motor function after upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke compared with routine rehabilitation training, which verifies the feasibility of active induction of neural rehabilitation. The severity of the patient's condition may affect the rehabilitation effect of the MI-BCI system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Liu M, Yu X, Zhu J, Wang C, Chen X, Feng C, Leng J, Zhang Y, Xu F. Coherence based graph convolution network for motor imagery-induced EEG after spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1097660. [PMID: 36711141 PMCID: PMC9880407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1097660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) may lead to impaired motor function, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and other dysfunctions. Brain-computer Interface (BCI) system based on motor imagery (MI) can provide more scientific and effective treatment solutions for SCI patients. Methods According to the interaction between brain regions, a coherence-based graph convolutional network (C-GCN) method is proposed to extract the temporal-frequency-spatial features and functional connectivity information of EEG signals. The proposed algorithm constructs multi-channel EEG features based on coherence networks as graphical signals and then classifies MI tasks. Different from the traditional graphical convolutional neural network (GCN), the C-GCN method uses the coherence network of EEG signals to determine MI-related functional connections, which are used to represent the intrinsic connections between EEG channels in different rhythms and different MI tasks. EEG data of SCI patients and healthy subjects have been analyzed, where healthy subjects served as the control group. Results The experimental results show that the C-GCN method can achieve the best classification performance with certain reliability and stability, the highest classification accuracy is 96.85%. Conclusion The proposed framework can provide an effective theoretical basis for the rehabilitation treatment of SCI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Yu
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - JianQun Zhu
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chongfeng Wang
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Feng
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Chao Feng,
| | - Jiancai Leng
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,Jiancai Leng,
| | - Yang Zhang
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China,Yang Zhang,
| | - Fangzhou Xu
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China,Fangzhou Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Z, Cao C, Chen L, Gu B, Liu S, Xu M, He F, Ming D. Multimodal Neural Response and Effect Assessment During a BCI-Based Neurofeedback Training After Stroke. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:884420. [PMID: 35784834 PMCID: PMC9247245 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.884420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke caused by cerebral infarction or hemorrhage can lead to motor dysfunction. The recovery of motor function is vital for patients with stroke in daily activities. Traditional rehabilitation of stroke generally depends on physical practice under passive affected limbs movement. Motor imagery-based brain computer interface (MI-BCI) combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a potential active neural rehabilitation technology for patients with stroke recently, which complements traditional passive rehabilitation methods. As the predecessor of BCI technology, neurofeedback training (NFT) is a psychological process that feeds back neural activities online to users for self-regulation. In this work, BCI-based NFT were proposed to promote the active repair and reconstruction of the whole nerve conduction pathway and motor function. We designed and implemented a multimodal, training type motor NFT system (BCI-NFT-FES) by integrating the visual, auditory, and tactile multisensory pathway feedback mode and using the joint detection of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The results indicated that after 4 weeks of training, the clinical scale score, event-related desynchronization (ERD) of EEG patterns, and cerebral oxygen response of patients with stroke were enhanced obviously. This study preliminarily verified the clinical effectiveness of the long-term NFT system and the prospect of motor function rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Chen
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Long Chen
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Minpeng Xu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Neural Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Dong Ming
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Robinson N, Chouhan T, Mihelj E, Kratka P, Debraine F, Wenderoth N, Guan C, Lehner R. Design Considerations for Long Term Non-invasive Brain Computer Interface Training With Tetraplegic CYBATHLON Pilot. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:648275. [PMID: 34211380 PMCID: PMC8239283 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.648275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies in the recent past have demonstrated how Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology can uncover the neural mechanisms underlying various tasks and translate them into control commands. While a multitude of studies have demonstrated the theoretic potential of BCI, a point of concern is that the studies are still confined to lab settings and mostly limited to healthy, able-bodied subjects. The CYBATHLON 2020 BCI race represents an opportunity to further develop BCI design strategies for use in real-time applications with a tetraplegic end user. In this study, as part of the preparation to participate in CYBATHLON 2020 BCI race, we investigate the design aspects of BCI in relation to the choice of its components, in particular, the type of calibration paradigm and its relevance for long-term use. The end goal was to develop a user-friendly and engaging interface suited for long-term use, especially for a spinal-cord injured (SCI) patient. We compared the efficacy of conventional open-loop calibration paradigms with real-time closed-loop paradigms, using pre-trained BCI decoders. Various indicators of performance were analyzed for this study, including the resulting classification performance, game completion time, brain activation maps, and also subjective feedback from the pilot. Our results show that the closed-loop calibration paradigms with real-time feedback is more engaging for the pilot. They also show an indication of achieving better online median classification performance as compared to conventional calibration paradigms (p = 0.0008). We also observe that stronger and more localized brain activation patterns are elicited in the closed-loop paradigm in which the experiment interface closely resembled the end application. Thus, based on this longitudinal evaluation of single-subject data, we demonstrate that BCI-based calibration paradigms with active user-engagement, such as with real-time feedback, could help in achieving better user acceptability and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Robinson
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tushar Chouhan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ernest Mihelj
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Kratka
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Debraine
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cuntai Guan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rea Lehner
- Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chung E, Lee BH, Hwang S. Therapeutic effects of brain-computer interface-controlled functional electrical stimulation training on balance and gait performance for stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22612. [PMID: 33371056 PMCID: PMC7748200 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-computer interface-controlled functional electrical stimulation (BCI-FES) approaches as new feedback training is increasingly being investigated for its usefulness in improving the health of adults or partially impaired upper extremity function in individuals with stroke. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of BCI-FES on postural control and gait performance in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke. METHODS A total of 25 individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke (13 individuals received BCI-FES and 12 individuals received functional electrical stimulation [FES]). The BCI-FES group received BCI-FES on the tibialis anterior muscle on the more-affected side for 30 minutes per session, 3 times per week for 5 weeks. The FES group received FES using the same methodology for the same periods. This study used the Mann-Whitney test to compare the two groups before and after training. RESULTS After training, gait velocity (mean value, 29.0 to 42.0 cm/s) (P = .002) and cadence (mean value, 65.2 to 78.9 steps/min) (P = .020) were significantly improved after BCI-FES training compared to those (mean value, 23.6 to 27.7 cm/s, and mean value, 59.4 to 65.5 steps/min, respectively) after FES approach. In the less-affected side, step length was significantly increased after BCI-FES (mean value, from 28.0 cm to 34.7 cm) more than that on FES approach (mean value, from 23.4 to 25.4 cm) (P = .031). CONCLUSION The results of the BCI-FES training shows potential advantages on walking abilities in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Chung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Andong Science College, Andong-si
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University, Seoul
| | - Sujin Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Division of Health Science, Baekseok University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A BCI System Based on Motor Imagery for Assisting People with Motor Deficiencies in the Limbs. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110864. [PMID: 33212777 PMCID: PMC7697603 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor deficiencies constitute a significant problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Such people suffer from a debility in daily functioning, which may lead to decreased and incoherence in daily routines and deteriorate their quality of life (QoL). Thus, there is an essential need for assistive systems to help those people achieve their daily actions and enhance their overall QoL. This study proposes a novel brain–computer interface (BCI) system for assisting people with limb motor disabilities in performing their daily life activities by using their brain signals to control assistive devices. The extraction of useful features is vital for an efficient BCI system. Therefore, the proposed system consists of a hybrid feature set that feeds into three machine-learning (ML) classifiers to classify motor Imagery (MI) tasks. This hybrid feature selection (FS) system is practical, real-time, and an efficient BCI with low computation cost. We investigate different combinations of channels to select the combination that has the highest impact on performance. The results indicate that the highest achieved accuracies using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier are 93.46% and 86.0% for the BCI competition III–IVa dataset and the autocalibration and recurrent adaptation dataset, respectively. These datasets are used to test the performance of the proposed BCI. Also, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed BCI by comparing its performance with recent studies. We show that the proposed system is accurate and efficient. Future work can apply the proposed system to individuals with limb motor disabilities to assist them and test their capability to improve their QoL. Moreover, the forthcoming work can examine the system’s performance in controlling assistive devices such as wheelchairs or artificial limbs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shamsi F, Haddad A, Zadeh LN. Recognizing Pain in Motor Imagery EEG Recordings Using Dynamic Functional Connectivity Graphs. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2869-2872. [PMID: 33018605 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to investigate whether motor imagery tasks, performed under pain-free versus pain conditions, can be discriminated from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Four motor imagery classes of right hand, left hand, foot, and tongue are considered. A functional connectivity-based feature extraction approach along with a long short-term memory (LSTM) classifier are employed for classifying pain-free versus under-pain classes. Moreover, classification is performed in different frequency bands to study the significance of each band in differentiating motor imagery data associated with pain-free and under-pain states. When considering all frequency bands, the average classification accuracy is in the range of 77:86-80:04%. Our frequency-specific analysis shows that the gamma band results in a notably higher accuracy than other bands, indicating the importance of this band in discriminating pain/no-pain conditions during the execution of motor imagery tasks. In contrast, functional connectivity graphs extracted from delta and theta bands do not seem to provide discriminatory information between pain-free and under-pain conditions. This is the first study demonstrating that motor imagery tasks executed under pain and without pain conditions can be discriminated from EEG recordings. Our findings can provide new insights for developing effective brain computer interface-based assistive technologies for patients who are in real need of them.
Collapse
|
12
|
Saha S, Baumert M. Intra- and Inter-subject Variability in EEG-Based Sensorimotor Brain Computer Interface: A Review. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 13:87. [PMID: 32038208 PMCID: PMC6985367 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain computer interfaces (BCI) for the rehabilitation of motor impairments exploit sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) in the electroencephalogram (EEG). However, the neurophysiological processes underpinning the SMR often vary over time and across subjects. Inherent intra- and inter-subject variability causes covariate shift in data distributions that impede the transferability of model parameters amongst sessions/subjects. Transfer learning includes machine learning-based methods to compensate for inter-subject and inter-session (intra-subject) variability manifested in EEG-derived feature distributions as a covariate shift for BCI. Besides transfer learning approaches, recent studies have explored psychological and neurophysiological predictors as well as inter-subject associativity assessment, which may augment transfer learning in EEG-based BCI. Here, we highlight the importance of measuring inter-session/subject performance predictors for generalized BCI frameworks for both normal and motor-impaired people, reducing the necessity for tedious and annoying calibration sessions and BCI training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simanto Saha
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mathias Baumert
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) may result in impairments of motor, sensory, and autonomous functions below the injury level. Worldwide, the prevalence of SCI is 1:1000 and the incidence is between 4 and 9 new cases per 100,000 people per year. Most common causes for traumatic SCI are traffic accidents, falls, and violence. Nowadays, the proportion of patients with tetraplegia and paraplegia is equal. In industrialized countries, the percentage of nontraumatic injuries increases together with age. Most patients with initially preserved motor functions below the injury level show a substantial functional recovery, while three quarters of patients with initially complete SCI remain that way. In SCI, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) may be used in the subacute phase as part of a restorative therapy program and, later, for control of assistive devices most needed by individuals with high cervical lesions. Research on structural and functional reorganization of the deefferented and deafferented brain after SCI is inconclusive mainly because of varying methods of analysis and the heterogeneity of the investigated populations. A better characterization of study participants with SCI together with documentation of confounding factors such as antispasticity medication or neuropathic pain is indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Rupp
- Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bockbrader M. Upper limb sensorimotor restoration through brain–computer interface technology in tetraparesis. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
15
|
Wang Z, Zhou Y, Chen L, Gu B, Liu S, Xu M, Qi H, He F, Ming D. A visual-haptic neurofeedback training improves sensorimotor cortical activations and BCI performance. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2019:6335-6338. [PMID: 31947291 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurofeedback training (NFT) could provide a novel way to investigate or restore the impaired brain function and neuroplasticity. However, it remains unclear how much the different feedback modes can contribute to NFT training. Specifically, whether they can enhance the cortical activations for motor training. To this end, our study proposed a brain-computer interface (BCI) based visual-haptic NFT incorporating synchronous visual scene and proprioceptive electrical stimulation feedback. By comparison between previous and posterior control sessions, the cortical activations measured by multi-band (i.e. alpha_1: 8-10Hz, alpha_2: 11-13Hz, beta_1: 15-20Hz and beta_2: 22-28Hz) lateralized relative event-related desynchronization (lrERD) patterns were significantly enhanced after NFT. And the classification performance was also significantly improved, achieving a ~9% improvement and reaching ~85% in mean classification accuracy from a relatively low MI-BCI performance. These findings validate the feasibility of our proposed visual- haptic NFT approach to improve sensorimotor cortical activations and BCI performance during motor training.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Z, Zhou Y, Chen L, Gu B, Yi W, Liu S, Xu M, Qi H, He F, Ming D. BCI Monitor Enhances Electroencephalographic and Cerebral Hemodynamic Activations During Motor Training. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 27:780-787. [PMID: 30843846 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2019.2903685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery-based brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) controlling functional electrical stimulation (FES) is promising for disabled patients to restore their motor functions. However, it remains unclear how much the BCI part can contribute to the functional coupling between the brain and muscle. Specifically, whether it can enhance the cerebral activation for motor training? Here, we investigate the electroencephalographic and cerebral hemodynamic responses for MI-BCI-FES training and MI-FES training, respectively. Twelve healthy subjects were recruited in the motor training study when concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were recorded. Compared with the MI-FES training conditions, the MI-BCI-FES could induce significantly stronger event-related desynchronization (ERD) and blood oxygen response, which demonstrates that BCI indeed plays a functional role in the closed-loop motor training. Therefore, this paper verifies the feasibility of using BCI to train motor functions in a closed-loop manner.
Collapse
|
17
|
Keyl P, Schneiders M, Schuld C, Franz S, Hommelsen M, Weidner N, Rupp R. Differences in Characteristics of Error-Related Potentials Between Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury and Age- and Sex-Matched Able-Bodied Controls. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1192. [PMID: 30766510 PMCID: PMC6365444 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCI) represent an emerging technology for enabling persons with impaired or lost grasping and reaching functions due to high spinal cord injury (SCI) to control assistive devices. A major drawback of BCIs is a high rate of false classifications. The robustness and performance of BCIs might be improved using cerebral electrophysiological correlates of error recognition (error-related potentials, ErrPs). As ErrPs have never been systematically examined in subjects with SCI, this study compares the characteristics of ErrPs in individuals with SCI with those of able-bodied control subjects. Methods: ErrPs at FCz and Cz were analyzed in 11 subjects with SCI (9 male, median age 28 y) and in 11 sex- and age-matched controls. Moving a shoulder joystick according to a visual cue, subjects received feedback about the match/mismatch of the performed movement. ErrPs occurring after "error"-feedback were evaluated by comparing means of voltage values within three consecutive time windows after feedback (wP1, wN1, wP2 containing peak voltages P1, N1, P2) using repeated-measurement analysis of variance. Results: In the control group, mean voltage values for the "error" and "correct" feedback condition differed significantly around N1 (FCz: 254 ms, Cz: 252 ms) and P2 (FCz: 347 ms, Cz: 345 ms), but not around P1 (FCz: 181 ms, Cz: 179 ms). ErrPs of the control and the SCI group showed similar morphology, however mean amplitudes of ErrPs were significantly smaller in individuals with SCI compared to controls for wN1 (FCz: control = -1.55 μV, SCI = -0.27 μV, p = 0.02; Cz: control = -1.03 μV, SCI = 0.11 μV, p = 0.04) and wP2 (FCz: control = 2.79 μV, SCI = 1.29 μV, p = 0.011; Cz: control = 2.12 μV, SCI = 0.81 μV, p = 0.003). Mean voltage values in wP1, wN1, and wP2 did not correlate significantly with either chronicity after or level of injury. Conclusion: The morphology of ErrPs in subjects with and without SCI is comparable, however, with reduced mean amplitude in wN1 and wP2 in the SCI group. Further studies should evaluate whether ErrP-classification can be used for online correction of false BCI-commands in individuals with SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Keyl
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schneiders
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schuld
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Franz
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nobert Weidner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rupp
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Höller Y, Thomschewski A, Uhl A, Bathke AC, Nardone R, Leis S, Trinka E, Höller P. HD-EEG Based Classification of Motor-Imagery Related Activity in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2018; 9:955. [PMID: 30510537 PMCID: PMC6252382 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) are thought to revolutionize rehabilitation after SCI, e.g., by controlling neuroprostheses, exoskeletons, functional electrical stimulation, or a combination of these components. However, most BCI research was performed in healthy volunteers and it is unknown whether these results can be translated to patients with spinal cord injury because of neuroplasticity. We sought to examine whether high-density EEG (HD-EEG) could improve the performance of motor-imagery classification in patients with SCI. We recorded HD-EEG with 256 channels in 22 healthy controls and 7 patients with 14 recordings (4 patients had more than one recording) in an event related design. Participants were instructed acoustically to either imagine, execute, or observe foot and hand movements, or to rest. We calculated Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and full frequency directed transfer function (ffDTF) for each condition and classified conditions pairwise with support vector machines when using only 2 channels over the sensorimotor area, full 10-20 montage, high-density montage of the sensorimotor cortex, and full HD-montage. Classification accuracies were comparable between patients and controls, with an advantage for controls for classifications that involved the foot movement condition. Full montages led to better results for both groups (p < 0.001), and classification accuracies were higher for FFT than for ffDTF (p < 0.001), for which the feature vector might be too long. However, full-montage 10–20 montage was comparable to high-density configurations. Motor-imagery driven control of neuroprostheses or BCI systems may perform as well in patients as in healthy volunteers with adequate technical configuration. We suggest the use of a whole-head montage and analysis of a broad frequency range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aljoscha Thomschewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Uhl
- Department of Computer Sciences, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Arne C Bathke
- Department of Mathematics, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy
| | - Stefan Leis
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Centre and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Z, Chen L, Yi W, Gu B, Liu S, An X, Xu M, Qi H, He F, Wan B, Ming D. Enhancement of cortical activation for motor imagery during BCI-FES training .. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:2527-2530. [PMID: 30440922 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer Interfaces (BCIs) provide a direct pathway between the brain and the outward environment. Specifically, motor imagery (MI)-based BCI controlling functional electric stimulation (FES) is a promising approach for disabled patients with intact mind to restore or rehabilitate their motor functions. This study probed for the improvement of cortical activation for motor imagery during the closed-loop BCI-FES training. We used electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to inspect the cortical activation for four different training strategies, i.e. MI-BCI-FES, MI-FES, MI and FES. Compared with the other three training conditions, the MI-BCI-FES could achieve stronger cortical activation viewing from the event-related desynchronization (ERD) and the blood oxygen response. The results demonstrate that the closed-loop MI training using BCI-FES can prospectively increase the cortical activation of motor cortical areas.
Collapse
|
20
|
Novak D, Sigrist R, Gerig NJ, Wyss D, Bauer R, Götz U, Riener R. Benchmarking Brain-Computer Interfaces Outside the Laboratory: The Cybathlon 2016. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:756. [PMID: 29375294 PMCID: PMC5768650 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to benchmarking brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) outside the lab. A computer game was created that mimics a real-world application of assistive BCIs, with the main outcome metric being the time needed to complete the game. This approach was used at the Cybathlon 2016, a competition for people with disabilities who use assistive technology to achieve tasks. The paper summarizes the technical challenges of BCIs, describes the design of the benchmarking game, then describes the rules for acceptable hardware, software and inclusion of human pilots in the BCI competition at the Cybathlon. The 11 participating teams, their approaches, and their results at the Cybathlon are presented. Though the benchmarking procedure has some limitations (for instance, we were unable to identify any factors that clearly contribute to BCI performance), it can be successfully used to analyze BCI performance in realistic, less structured conditions. In the future, the parameters of the benchmarking game could be modified to better mimic different applications (e.g., the need to use some commands more frequently than others). Furthermore, the Cybathlon has the potential to showcase such devices to the general public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domen Novak
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Roland Sigrist
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Gerig
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Wyss
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Bauer
- Department of Design, Specialization in Game Design, Zurich University of the Arts, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Götz
- Department of Design, Specialization in Game Design, Zurich University of the Arts, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Riener
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomschewski A, Ströhlein A, Langthaler PB, Schmid E, Potthoff J, Höller P, Leis S, Trinka E, Höller Y. Imagine There Is No Plegia. Mental Motor Imagery Difficulties in Patients with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:689. [PMID: 29311771 PMCID: PMC5732245 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), imagination of movement is a candidate tool to promote long-term recovery or to control futuristic neuroprostheses. However, little is known about the ability of patients with spinal cord injury to perform this task. It is likely that without the ability to effectively perform the movement, the imagination of movement is also problematic. We therefore examined, whether patients with SCI experience increased difficulties in motor imagery (MI) compared to healthy controls. We examined 7 male patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (aged 23–70 years, median 53) and 20 healthy controls (aged 21–54 years, median 30). All patients had incomplete SCI, with AIS (ASIA Impairment Scale) grades of C or D. All had cervical lesions, except one who had a thoracic injury level. Duration after injury ranged from 3 to 314 months. We performed the Movement Imagery Questionnaire Revised as well as the Beck Depression Inventory in all participants. The self-assessed ability of patients to visually imagine movements ranged from 7 to 36 (Md = 30) and tended to be decreased in comparison to healthy controls (ranged 16–49, Md = 42.5; W = 326.5, p = 0.055). Also, the self-assessed ability of patients to kinesthetically imagine movements (range = 7–35, Md = 31) differed significantly from the control group (range = 23–49, Md = 41; W = 337.5, p = 0.0047). Two patients yielded tendencies for depressive mood and they also reported most problems with movement imagination. Statistical analysis however did not confirm a general relationship between depressive mood and increased difficulty in MI across both groups. Patients with spinal cord injury seem to experience difficulties in imagining movements compared to healthy controls. This result might not only have implications for training and rehabilitation programs, but also for applications like brain-computer interfaces used to control neuroprostheses, which are often based on the brain signals exhibited during the imagination of movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aljoscha Thomschewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja Ströhlein
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick B Langthaler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Mathematics, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Schmid
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jonas Potthoff
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Leis
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Psychology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gong J, Luo C, Chang X, Zhang R, Klugah-Brown B, Guo L, Xu P, Yao D. White Matter Connectivity Pattern Associate with Characteristics of Scalp EEG Signals. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:797-809. [PMID: 28785973 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The rhythm of electroencephalogram (EEG) depends on the neuroanatomical-based parameters such as white matter (WM) connectivity. However, the impacts of these parameters on the specific characteristics of EEG have not been clearly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that, these parameters contribute the inter-subject differences of EEG during performance of specific task such as motor imagery (MI). Though researchers have worked on this phenomenon, the idea is yet to be understood in terms of the mechanism that underlies such differences. Here, to tackle this issue, we began our investigations by first examining the structural features related to scalp EEG characteristics, which are event-related desynchronizations (ERDs), during MI using diffusion MRI. Twenty-four right-handed subjects were recruited to accomplish MI tasks and MRI scans. Based on the high spatial resolution of the structural and diffusion images, the motor-related WM links, such as basal ganglia (BG)-primary somatosensory cortex (SM1) pathway and supplementary motor area (SMA)-SM1 connection, were reconstructed by using probabilistic white matter tractography. Subsequently, the relationships of WM characteristics with EEG signals were investigated. These analyses demonstrated that WM pathway characteristics, including the connectivity strength and the positional characteristics of WM connectivity on SM1 (defined by the gyrus-sulcus ratio of connectivity, GSR), have a significant impact on ERDs when doing MI. Interestingly, the high GSR of WM connections between SM1 and BG were linked to the better ERDs. These results therefore, indicated that the connectivity in the gyrus of SM1 interacted with MI network which played the critical role for the scalp EEG signal extraction of MI to a great extent. The study provided the coupling mechanism between structural and dynamic physiological features of human brain, which would also contribute to understanding individual differences of EEG in MI-brain computer interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Gong
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xuebin Chang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Klugah-Brown
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lanjin Guo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MAL. Brain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:767-837. [PMID: 28275048 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time bidirectional links between living brains and artificial actuators. Although theoretical propositions and some proof of concept experiments on directly linking the brains with machines date back to the early 1960s, BMI research only took off in earnest at the end of the 1990s, when this approach became intimately linked to new neurophysiological methods for sampling large-scale brain activity. The classic goals of BMIs are 1) to unveil and utilize principles of operation and plastic properties of the distributed and dynamic circuits of the brain and 2) to create new therapies to restore mobility and sensations to severely disabled patients. Over the past decade, a wide range of BMI applications have emerged, which considerably expanded these original goals. BMI studies have shown neural control over the movements of robotic and virtual actuators that enact both upper and lower limb functions. Furthermore, BMIs have also incorporated ways to deliver sensory feedback, generated from external actuators, back to the brain. BMI research has been at the forefront of many neurophysiological discoveries, including the demonstration that, through continuous use, artificial tools can be assimilated by the primate brain's body schema. Work on BMIs has also led to the introduction of novel neurorehabilitation strategies. As a result of these efforts, long-term continuous BMI use has been recently implicated with the induction of partial neurological recovery in spinal cord injury patients.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cunha RG, Da-Silva PJG, Dos Santos Couto Paz CC, da Silva Ferreira AC, Tierra-Criollo CJ. Influence of functional task-oriented mental practice on the gait of transtibial amputees: a randomized, clinical trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2017; 14:28. [PMID: 28399873 PMCID: PMC5387354 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-017-0238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental practice (MP) through motor imagery is a cognitive training strategy used to improve locomotor skills during rehabilitation programs. Recent works have used MP tasks to investigate the neurophysiology of human gait; however, its effect on functional performance has not been evaluated. In the present study, the influence of gait-oriented MP tasks on the rehabilitation process of gait in transtibial amputees was investigated by assessing the vertical (V), anterior-posterior (AP), and medio-lateral (ML) ground reaction forces (GRFs) and the time duration of the support phase of the prosthetic limb. Methods Unilateral transtibial amputees, who were capable of performing motor imagination tasks (MIQ-RS score ≥4), were randomly divided into two groups: Group A (n = 10), who performed functional gait-oriented MP combined with gait training, and Group B (n = 5), who performed non-motor task MP. The MP intervention was performed in the first-person perspective for 40 min, 3 times/week, for 4 weeks. The GRF outcome measures were recorded by a force platform to evaluate gait performance during 4 distinct stages: at baseline (BL), 1 month before the MP session; Pre-MP, 1–3 days before the MP session; Post-MP, 1–3 days after the MP session; and follow-up (FU), 1 month after MP session. The gait variables were compared inter- and intra-group by applying the Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests (alpha = 0.05). Results All volunteers exhibited a homogenous gait pattern prior to MP intervention, with no gait improvement during the BL and Pre-MP stages. Only Group A showed significant improvements in gait performance after the intervention, with enhanced impact absorption, as indicated by decreased first V and AP peaks; propulsion capacity, indicated by increasing second V and AP peaks; and balance control of the prosthetic limb, indicated by decreasing ML peaks and increasing duration of support. This gait pattern persisted until the FU stage. Conclusions MP combined with gait training allowed transtibial amputees to reestablish independent locomotion. Since the effects of MP were preserved after 1 month, the improvement is considered related to the specificity of the MP tasks. Therefore, MP may improve the clinical aspect of gait rehabilitation when included in a training program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gontijo Cunha
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience-Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Engineering School, Center for Research and Education in Biomedical Engineering-Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Guimarães Da-Silva
- Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina da Silva Ferreira
- Biomechanics Laboratory of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Julio Tierra-Criollo
- Engineering School, Center for Research and Education in Biomedical Engineering-Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil. .,Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scherer R, Faller J, Opisso E, Costa U, Steyrl D, Muller-Putz GR. Bring mental activity into action! An enhanced online co-adaptive brain-computer interface training protocol. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:2323-6. [PMID: 26736758 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Non-stationarity and inherent variability of the noninvasive electroencephalogram (EEG) makes robust recognition of spontaneous EEG patterns challenging. Reliable modulation of EEG patterns that a BCI can robustly detect is a skill that users must learn. In this paper, we present a novel online co-adaptive BCI training paradigm. The system autonomously screens users for their ability to modulate EEG patterns in a predictive way and adapts its model parameters online. Results of a supporting study in seven first-time BCI users with disability are very encouraging. Three of 7 users achieved online accuracy > 70% for 2-class BCI control after 24 minutes of training. Online performance in 6 of 7 users was significantly higher than chance level. Online control was based on one single bipolar EEG channel. Beta band activity carried most discriminant information. Our fully automatic co-adaptive online approach allows to evaluate whether user benefit from current BCI technology within a reasonable timescale.
Collapse
|
26
|
Daly I, Williams D, Kirke A, Weaver J, Malik A, Hwang F, Miranda E, Nasuto SJ. Affective brain–computer music interfacing. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:046022. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
27
|
Ushiba J, Soekadar SR. Brain-machine interfaces for rehabilitation of poststroke hemiplegia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 228:163-83. [PMID: 27590969 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) are typically associated with neuroprosthetic applications or communication aids developed to assist in daily life after loss of motor function, eg, in severe paralysis. However, BMI technology has recently been found to be a powerful tool to promote neural plasticity facilitating motor recovery after brain damage, eg, due to stroke or trauma. In such BMI paradigms, motor cortical output and input are simultaneously activated, for instance by translating motor cortical activity associated with the attempt to move the paralyzed fingers into actual exoskeleton-driven finger movements, resulting in contingent visual and somatosensory feedback. Here, we describe the rationale and basic principles underlying such BMI motor rehabilitation paradigms and review recent studies that provide new insights into BMI-related neural plasticity and reorganization. Current challenges in clinical implementation and the broader use of BMI technology in stroke neurorehabilitation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ushiba
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - S R Soekadar
- Applied Neurotechnology Laboratory, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Daly I, Chen L, Zhou S, Jin J. An investigation into the use of six facially encoded emotions in brain-computer interfacing. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/2326263x.2016.1149360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
29
|
Xu R, Jiang N, Mrachacz-Kersting N, Dremstrup K, Farina D. Factors of Influence on the Performance of a Short-Latency Non-Invasive Brain Switch: Evidence in Healthy Individuals and Implication for Motor Function Rehabilitation. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:527. [PMID: 26834551 PMCID: PMC4720791 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfacing (BCI) has recently been applied as a rehabilitation approach for patients with motor disorders, such as stroke. In these closed-loop applications, a brain switch detects the motor intention from brain signals, e.g., scalp EEG, and triggers a neuroprosthetic device, either to deliver sensory feedback or to mimic real movements, thus re-establishing the compromised sensory-motor control loop and promoting neural plasticity. In this context, single trial detection of motor intention with short latency is a prerequisite. The performance of the event detection from EEG recordings is mainly determined by three factors: the type of motor imagery (e.g., repetitive, ballistic), the frequency band (or signal modality) used for discrimination (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma, and MRCP, i.e., movement-related cortical potential), and the processing technique (e.g., time-series analysis, sub-band power estimation). In this study, we investigated single trial EEG traces during movement imagination on healthy individuals, and provided a comprehensive analysis of the performance of a short-latency brain switch when varying these three factors. The morphological investigation showed a cross-subject consistency of a prolonged negative phase in MRCP, and a delayed beta rebound in sensory-motor rhythms during repetitive tasks. The detection performance had the greatest accuracy when using ballistic MRCP with time-series analysis. In this case, the true positive rate (TPR) was ~70% for a detection latency of ~200 ms. The results presented here are of practical relevance for designing BCI systems for motor function rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren Xu
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical CenterGöttingen, Germany; Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Secience, Georg-August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Dremstrup
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee SM, Kim JH, Park C, Hwang JY, Hong JS, Lee KH, Lee SH. Self-Adhesive and Capacitive Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrode to Record Electroencephalograph Signals From the Hairy Scalp. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:138-47. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2478406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
31
|
Mateo S, Di Rienzo F, Bergeron V, Guillot A, Collet C, Rode G. Motor imagery reinforces brain compensation of reach-to-grasp movement after cervical spinal cord injury. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:234. [PMID: 26441568 PMCID: PMC4566051 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) that causes tetraplegia are challenged with dramatic sensorimotor deficits. However, certain rehabilitation techniques may significantly enhance their autonomy by restoring reach-to-grasp movements. Among others, evidence of motor imagery (MI) benefits for neurological rehabilitation of upper limb movements is growing. This literature review addresses MI effectiveness during reach-to-grasp rehabilitation after tetraplegia. Among articles from MEDLINE published between 1966 and 2015, we selected ten studies including 34 participants with C4 to C7 tetraplegia and 22 healthy controls published during the last 15 years. We found that MI of possible non-paralyzed movements improved reach-to-grasp performance by: (i) increasing both tenodesis grasp capabilities and muscle strength; (ii) decreasing movement time (MT), and trajectory variability; and (iii) reducing the abnormally increased brain activity. MI can also strengthen motor commands by potentiating recruitment and synchronization of motoneurons, which leads to improved recovery. These improvements reflect brain adaptations induced by MI. Furthermore, MI can be used to control brain-computer interfaces (BCI) that successfully restore grasp capabilities. These results highlight the growing interest for MI and its potential to recover functional grasping in individuals with tetraplegia, and motivate the need for further studies to substantiate it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Mateo
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 Lyon, France ; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Plateforme Mouvement et Handicap Lyon, France ; Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, EA 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon Villeurbanne, France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5672 Lyon, France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, EA 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vance Bergeron
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5672 Lyon, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, EA 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon Villeurbanne, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
| | - Christian Collet
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, EA 647, Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Rode
- ImpAct Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 Lyon, France ; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Plateforme Mouvement et Handicap Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rupp R. Challenges in clinical applications of brain computer interfaces in individuals with spinal cord injury. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:38. [PMID: 25309420 PMCID: PMC4174119 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) are devices that measure brain activities and translate them into control signals used for a variety of applications. Among them are systems for communication, environmental control, neuroprostheses, exoskeletons, or restorative therapies. Over the last years the technology of BCIs has reached a level of matureness allowing them to be used not only in research experiments supervised by scientists, but also in clinical routine with patients with neurological impairments supervised by clinical personnel or caregivers. However, clinicians and patients face many challenges in the application of BCIs. This particularly applies to high spinal cord injured patients, in whom artificial ventilation, autonomic dysfunctions, neuropathic pain, or the inability to achieve a sufficient level of control during a short-term training may limit the successful use of a BCI. Additionally, spasmolytic medication and the acute stress reaction with associated episodes of depression may have a negative influence on the modulation of brain waves and therefore the ability to concentrate over an extended period of time. Although BCIs seem to be a promising assistive technology for individuals with high spinal cord injury systematic investigations are highly needed to obtain realistic estimates of the percentage of users that for any reason may not be able to operate a BCI in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Rupp
- Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|