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Taberna GA, Samogin J, Zhao M, Marino M, Guarnieri R, Cuartas Morales E, Ganzetti M, Liu Q, Mantini D. Large-scale analysis of neural activity and connectivity from high-density electroencephalographic data. Comput Biol Med 2024; 178:108704. [PMID: 38852398 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) is a technique used for the characterization of the neural activity and connectivity in the human brain. The analysis of EEG data involves several steps, including signal pre-processing, head modelling, source localization and activity/connectivity quantification. Visual check of the analysis steps is often necessary, making the process time- and resource-consuming and, therefore, not feasible for large datasets. FINDINGS Here we present the Noninvasive Electrophysiology Toolbox (NET), an open-source software for large-scale analysis of hdEEG data, running on the cross-platform MATLAB environment. NET combines all the tools required for a complete hdEEG analysis workflow, from raw signals to final measured values. By relying on reconstructed neural signals in the brain, NET can perform traditional analyses of time-locked neural responses, as well as more advanced functional connectivity and brain mapping analyses. The extracted quantitative neural data can be exported to provide broad compatibility with other software. CONCLUSIONS NET is freely available (https://github.com/bind-group-kul/net) under the GNU public license for non-commercial use and open-source development, together with a graphical user interface (GUI) and a user tutorial. While NET can be used interactively with the GUI, it is primarily aimed at unsupervised automation to process large hdEEG datasets efficiently. Its implementation creates indeed a highly customizable program suitable for analysis automation and tight integration into existing workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Amaranta Taberna
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica Samogin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Marco Marino
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Guarnieri
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ernesto Cuartas Morales
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Dirección Académica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de La Paz, La Paz, 202017, Colombia
| | - Marco Ganzetti
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), pRED Data & Analytics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Quanying Liu
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Grasso-Cladera A, Bremer M, Ladouce S, Parada F. A systematic review of mobile brain/body imaging studies using the P300 event-related potentials to investigate cognition beyond the laboratory. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 24:631-659. [PMID: 38834886 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The P300 ERP component, related to the onset of task-relevant or infrequent stimuli, has been widely used in the Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) literature. This systematic review evaluates the quality and breadth of P300 MoBI studies, revealing a maturing field with well-designed research yet grappling with standardization and global representation challenges. While affirming the reliability of measuring P300 ERP components in mobile settings, the review identifies significant hurdles in standardizing data cleaning and processing techniques, impacting comparability and reproducibility. Geographical disparities emerge, with studies predominantly in the Global North and a dearth of research from the Global South, emphasizing the need for broader inclusivity to counter the WEIRD bias in psychology. Collaborative projects and mobile EEG systems showcase the feasibility of reaching diverse populations, which is essential to advance precision psychiatry and to integrate varied data streams. Methodologically, a trend toward ecological validity is noted, shifting from lab-based to real-world settings with portable EEG system advancements. Future hardware developments are expected to balance signal quality and sensor intrusiveness, enriching data collection in everyday contexts. Innovative methodologies reflect a move toward more natural experimental settings, prompting critical questions about the applicability of traditional ERP markers, such as the P300 outside structured paradigms. The review concludes by highlighting the crucial role of integrating mobile technologies, physiological sensors, and machine learning to advance cognitive neuroscience. It advocates for an operational definition of ecological validity to bridge the gap between controlled experiments and the complexity of embodied cognitive experiences, enhancing both theoretical understanding and practical application in study design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Bremer
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología (CENHN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Psicología, Programa de Magíster en Neurociencia Social, Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon Ladouce
- Department Brain and Cognition, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francisco Parada
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología (CENHN), Diego Portales University, Santiago, Chile.
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Peddi A, Sendi MSE, Minton ST, Hinojosa CA, West E, Langhinrichsen-Rohling R, Ressler KJ, Calhoun VD, van Rooij SJH. Towards predicting PTSD symptom severity using portable EEG-derived biomarkers. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.17.24310570. [PMID: 39072030 PMCID: PMC11275680 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.17.24310570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous mental health disorder that occurs following traumatic experience. Understanding its neurobiological basis is crucial to advance early diagnosis and treatment. Electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to explore the neurobiological basis of PTSD. However, only limited research has explored mobile EEG, which is important for scalability. This proof-of-concept study delves into mobile EEG-derived biomarkers for PTSD and their potential implications. Over four weeks, we measured PTSD symptoms using the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) at multiple timepoints, and we recorded multiple EEG sessions from 21 individuals using a mobile EEG device. In total, we captured 38 EEG sessions, each comprising two recordings that lasted approximately 180 seconds, to evaluate reproducibility. Next, we extracted Shannon entropy, as a measure of the randomness or unpredictability of the signal and spectral power for the fronto-temporal regions of interest, including electrodes at AF3, AF4, T7, and T8 for each EEG recording session. We calculated the partial correlation between the EEG variables and PCL-5 measured closest to the EEG session, using age, sex, and the grouping variable 'batch' as covariates. We observed a significant negative correlation between Shannon entropy in fronto-temporal regions and PCL-5 scores. Specifically, this association was evident in the AF3 ( r = -0.456, FDR-corrected p = 0.01), AF4 ( r = -0.362, FDR-corrected p = 0.04), and T7 ( r = -0.472, FDR-corrected p = 0.01) regions. Additionally, we found a significant negative association between the alpha power estimated from AF4 and PCL-5 ( r =-0.429, FDR-corrected p =0.04). Our findings suggest that EEG data acquired using a mobile EEG device is associated with PTSD symptom severity, offering valuable insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying PTSD.
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Callan DE, Torre–Tresols JJ, Laguerta J, Ishii S. Shredding artifacts: extracting brain activity in EEG from extreme artifacts during skateboarding using ASR and ICA. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2024; 5:1358660. [PMID: 38989056 PMCID: PMC11233536 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2024.1358660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Introduction To understand brain function in natural real-world settings, it is crucial to acquire brain activity data in noisy environments with diverse artifacts. Electroencephalography (EEG), while susceptible to environmental and physiological artifacts, can be cleaned using advanced signal processing techniques like Artifact Subspace Reconstruction (ASR) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). This study aims to demonstrate that ASR and ICA can effectively extract brain activity from the substantial artifacts occurring while skateboarding on a half-pipe ramp. Methods A dual-task paradigm was used, where subjects were presented with auditory stimuli during skateboarding and rest conditions. The effectiveness of ASR and ICA in cleaning artifacts was evaluated using a support vector machine to classify the presence or absence of a sound stimulus in single-trial EEG data. The study evaluated the effectiveness of ASR and ICA in artifact cleaning using five different pipelines: (1) Minimal cleaning (bandpass filtering), (2) ASR only, (3) ICA only, (4) ICA followed by ASR (ICAASR), and (5) ASR preceding ICA (ASRICA). Three skateboarders participated in the experiment. Results Results showed that all ICA-containing pipelines, especially ASRICA (69%, 68%, 63%), outperformed minimal cleaning (55%, 52%, 50%) in single-trial classification during skateboarding. The ASRICA pipeline performed significantly better than other pipelines containing ICA for two of the three subjects, with no other pipeline performing better than ASRICA. The superior performance of ASRICA likely results from ASR removing non-stationary artifacts, enhancing ICA decomposition. Evidenced by ASRICA identifying more brain components via ICLabel than ICA alone or ICAASR for all subjects. For the rest condition, with fewer artifacts, the ASRICA pipeline (71%, 82%, 75%) showed slight improvement over minimal cleaning (73%, 70%, 72%), performing significantly better for two subjects. Discussion This study demonstrates that ASRICA can effectively clean artifacts to extract single-trial brain activity during skateboarding. These findings affirm the feasibility of recording brain activity during physically demanding tasks involving substantial body movement, laying the groundwork for future research into the neural processes governing complex and coordinated body movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Callan
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
- Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan Jesus Torre–Tresols
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
- Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jamie Laguerta
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Integrated Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shin Ishii
- Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Renoud-Grappin R, Pazart L, Giustiniani J, Gabriel D. State of the art and future directions for measuring event-related potentials during cycling exercise: a systematic review. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17448. [PMID: 38948229 PMCID: PMC11214428 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Intro Electroencephalography (EEG) is a technique for measuring brain activity that is widely used in neuroscience research. Event-related potentials (ERPs) in the EEG make it possible to study sensory and cognitive processes in the brain. Previous reports have shown that aerobic exercise can have an impact on components of ERPs such as amplitude and latency. However, they focused on the measurement of ERPs after exercise. Objectives The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the feasibility of measuring ERPs during cycling, and to assess the impact of cycling on ERPs during cycling. Methods We followed the PRISMA guidelines for new systematic reviews. To be eligible, studies had to include healthy adults and measure ERPs during cycling. All articles were found using Google Scholar and by searching references. Data extracted from the studies included: objectives of ERP studies, ERP paradigm, EEG system, study population data, exercise characteristics (duration, intensity, pedaling cadence), and ERP and behavioral outcomes. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool was used to assess study bias. Results Twenty studies were selected. The effect of cycling on ERPs was mainly based on a comparison of P3 wave amplitude between cycling and resting states, using an attentional task. The ERP paradigm most often used was the auditory oddball task. Exercise characteristics and study methods varied considerably. Discussion It is possible to measure ERPs during cycling under conditions that are likely to introduce more artifacts, including a 3-h athletic exercise session and cycling outdoors. Secondly, no assessment of the effect of cycling on ERPs was possible, because the methods differed too widely between studies. In addition, the theories proposed to explain the results sometimes seemed to contradict each other. Although most studies reported significant results, the direction of the effects was inconsistent. Finally, we suggest some areas for improvement for future studies on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lionel Pazart
- UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Inserm CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Julie Giustiniani
- UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Inserm CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
- Service d’addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- UMR INSERM 1322 LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Inserm CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
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Grootjans Y, Harrewijn A, Fornari L, Janssen T, de Bruijn ERA, van Atteveldt N, Franken IHA. Getting closer to social interactions using electroencephalography in developmental cognitive neuroscience. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 67:101391. [PMID: 38759529 PMCID: PMC11127236 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of developmental cognitive neuroscience is advancing rapidly, with large-scale, population-wide, longitudinal studies emerging as a key means of unraveling the complexity of the developing brain and cognitive processes in children. While numerous neuroscientific techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have proved advantageous in such investigations, this perspective proposes a renewed focus on electroencephalography (EEG), leveraging underexplored possibilities of EEG. In addition to its temporal precision, low costs, and ease of application, EEG distinguishes itself with its ability to capture neural activity linked to social interactions in increasingly ecologically valid settings. Specifically, EEG can be measured during social interactions in the lab, hyperscanning can be used to study brain activity in two (or more) people simultaneously, and mobile EEG can be used to measure brain activity in real-life settings. This perspective paper summarizes research in these three areas, making a persuasive argument for the renewed inclusion of EEG into the toolkit of developmental cognitive and social neuroscientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Grootjans
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Anita Harrewijn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Fornari
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology & Institute LEARN!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tieme Janssen
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology & Institute LEARN!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Nienke van Atteveldt
- Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology & Institute LEARN!, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingmar H A Franken
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Papin LJ, Esche M, Scanlon JEM, Jacobsen NSJ, Debener S. Investigating cognitive-motor effects during slacklining using mobile EEG. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1382959. [PMID: 38818032 PMCID: PMC11137308 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1382959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Balancing is a very important skill, supporting many daily life activities. Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) dual-tasking paradigms have been established to identify the cognitive load of complex natural motor tasks, such as running and cycling. Here we used wireless, smartphone-recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and motion sensors while participants were either standing on firm ground or on a slackline, either performing an auditory oddball task (dual-task condition) or no task simultaneously (single-task condition). We expected a reduced amplitude and increased latency of the P3 event-related potential (ERP) component to target sounds for the complex balancing compared to the standing on ground condition, and a further decrease in the dual-task compared to the single-task balancing condition. Further, we expected greater postural sway during slacklining while performing the concurrent auditory attention task. Twenty young, experienced slackliners performed an auditory oddball task, silently counting rare target tones presented in a series of frequently occurring standard tones. Results revealed similar P3 topographies and morphologies during both movement conditions. Contrary to our predictions we observed neither significantly reduced P3 amplitudes, nor significantly increased latencies during slacklining. Unexpectedly, we found greater postural sway during slacklining with no additional task compared to dual-tasking. Further, we found a significant correlation between the participant's skill level and P3 latency, but not between skill level and P3 amplitude or postural sway. This pattern of results indicates an interference effect for less skilled individuals, whereas individuals with a high skill level may have shown a facilitation effect. Our study adds to the growing field of research demonstrating that ERPs obtained in uncontrolled, daily-life situations can provide meaningful results. We argue that the individual CMI effects on the P3 ERP reflects how demanding the balancing task is for untrained individuals, which draws on limited resources that are otherwise available for auditory attention processing. In future work, the analysis of concurrently recorded motion-sensor signals will help to identify the cognitive demands of motor tasks executed in natural, uncontrolled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara J. Papin
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Manik Esche
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Joanna E. M. Scanlon
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Oldenburg Branch for Hearing, Speech and Audio Technology (HSA), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology (IDMT), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nadine S. J. Jacobsen
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Debener
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Oldenburg Branch for Hearing, Speech and Audio Technology (HSA), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology (IDMT), Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Neurosensory Science and Systems, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Del Campo VL, Morán JFO, Cagigal VM, Martín JM, Pagador JB, Hornero R. The use of the eye-fixation-related potential to investigate visual perception in professional domains with high attentional demand: a literature review. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:1849-1860. [PMID: 38157102 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07275-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visual attention is a cognitive skill related to visual perception and neural activity, and also moderated by expertise, in time-constrained professional domains (e.g., aviation, driving, sport, surgery). However, the contribution of both perceptual and neural processes on performance has been studied separately in the literature. DEVELOPMENT We defend an integration of visual and neural signals to offer a more complete picture of the visual attention displayed by professionals of different skill levels when performing free-viewing tasks. Specifically, we propose to zoom the analysis in data related to the quiet eye and P300 component jointly, as a novel signal processing approach to evaluate professionals' visual attention. CONCLUSION This review highlights the advantages of using portable eye trackers and electroencephalogram systems altogether, as a promising technique for a better understanding of early cognitive components related to attentional processes. Altogether, the eye-fixation-related potentials method may provide a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms employed by the participants in natural settings, revealing what visual information is of interest for participants and distinguishing the neural bases of visual attention between targets and non-targets whenever they perceive a stimulus during free viewing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Luis Del Campo
- Laboratorio de Aprendizaje y Control Motor, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de La Universidad, S/N, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | - Víctor Martínez Cagigal
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, E.T.S.I. Telecomunicación, Paseo Belén 15, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Biomedicina (CIBER-BBN), E.T.S.I. Telecomunicación, Paseo Belén 15, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Morenas Martín
- Laboratorio de Aprendizaje y Control Motor, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de La Universidad, S/N, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - J Blas Pagador
- Centro de Cirugía de Mínima Invasión Jesús Usón, Ctra. N-521, Km. 41,8, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Roberto Hornero
- Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de Valladolid, E.T.S.I. Telecomunicación, Paseo Belén 15, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Biomedicina (CIBER-BBN), E.T.S.I. Telecomunicación, Paseo Belén 15, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
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Bonassi G, Zhao M, Samogin J, Mantini D, Marchese R, Contrino L, Tognetti P, Putzolu M, Botta A, Pelosin E, Avanzino L. Brain Networks Modulation during Simple and Complex Gait: A "Mobile Brain/Body Imaging" Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2875. [PMID: 38732980 PMCID: PMC11086305 DOI: 10.3390/s24092875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Walking encompasses a complex interplay of neuromuscular coordination and cognitive processes. Disruptions in gait can impact personal independence and quality of life, especially among the elderly and neurodegenerative patients. While traditional biomechanical analyses and neuroimaging techniques have contributed to understanding gait control, they often lack the temporal resolution needed for rapid neural dynamics. This study employs a mobile brain/body imaging (MoBI) platform with high-density electroencephalography (hd-EEG) to explore event-related desynchronization and synchronization (ERD/ERS) during overground walking. Simultaneous to hdEEG, we recorded gait spatiotemporal parameters. Participants were asked to walk under usual walking and dual-task walking conditions. For data analysis, we extracted ERD/ERS in α, β, and γ bands from 17 selected regions of interest encompassing not only the sensorimotor cerebral network but also the cognitive and affective networks. A correlation analysis was performed between gait parameters and ERD/ERS intensities in different networks in the different phases of gait. Results showed that ERD/ERS modulations across gait phases in the α and β bands extended beyond the sensorimotor network, over the cognitive and limbic networks, and were more prominent in all networks during dual tasks with respect to usual walking. Correlation analyses showed that a stronger α ERS in the initial double-support phases correlates with shorter step length, emphasizing the role of attention in motor control. Additionally, β ERD/ERS in affective and cognitive networks during dual-task walking correlated with dual-task gait performance, suggesting compensatory mechanisms in complex tasks. This study advances our understanding of neural dynamics during overground walking, emphasizing the multidimensional nature of gait control involving cognitive and affective networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bonassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (D.M.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jessica Samogin
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Dante Mantini
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (M.Z.); (J.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Roberta Marchese
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (R.M.); (A.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Luciano Contrino
- S.C. Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione Ospedaliera, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Chiavarese, 16043 Chiavari, Italy; (L.C.); (P.T.)
| | - Paola Tognetti
- S.C. Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione Ospedaliera, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Chiavarese, 16043 Chiavari, Italy; (L.C.); (P.T.)
| | - Martina Putzolu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Botta
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (R.M.); (A.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Elisa Pelosin
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (R.M.); (A.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Laura Avanzino
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (R.M.); (A.B.); (L.A.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
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Cheng S, Li W, Hui D, Ma J, Zhang T, Teng C, Dang W, Xiong K, Hu W, Cong L. Acute combined effects of concurrent physical activities on autonomic nervous activation during cognitive tasks. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1340061. [PMID: 38440348 PMCID: PMC10909997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1340061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds: The validity of heart rate variability (HRV) has been substantiated in mental workload assessments. However, cognitive tasks often coincide with physical exertion in practical mental work, but their synergic effects on HRV remains insufficiently established. The study aims were to investigate the combined effects of cognitive and physical load on autonomic nerve functions. Methods: Thirty-five healthy male subjects (aged 23.5 ± 3.3 years) were eligible and enrolled in the study. The subjects engaged in n-back cognitive tasks (1-back, 2-back, and 3-back) under three distinct physical conditions, involving isotonic contraction of the left upper limb with loads of 0 kg, 3 kg, and 5 kg. Electrocardiogram signals and cognitive task performance were recorded throughout the tasks, and post-task assessment of subjective experiences were conducted using the NASA-TLX scale. Results: The execution of n-back tasks resulted in enhanced perceptions of task-load feelings and increased reaction times among subjects, accompanied by a decline in the accuracy rate (p < 0.05). These effects were synchronously intensified by the imposition of physical load. Comparative analysis with a no-physical-load scenario revealed significant alterations in the HRV of the subjects during the cognitive task under moderate and high physical conditions. The main features were a decreased power of the high frequency component (p < 0.05) and an increased low frequency component (p < 0.05), signifying an elevation in sympathetic activity. This physiological response manifested similarly at both moderate and high physical levels. In addition, a discernible linear correlation was observed between HRV and task-load feelings, as well as task performance under the influence of physical load (p < 0.05). Conclusion: HRV can serve as a viable indicator for assessing mental workload in the context of physical activities, making it suitable for real-world mental work scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Cheng
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Duoduo Hui
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Taihui Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaolin Teng
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weitao Dang
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaiwen Xiong
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wendong Hu
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Aerospace Medical Equipment, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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11
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Vallet W, van Wassenhove V. Can cognitive neuroscience solve the lab-dilemma by going wild? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105463. [PMID: 37967734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Reproducibility, measurability, and refutability are the foundation of the scientific method applied to empirical work. In the study of animal and human behavior, experimental protocols conducted in the lab are the most reliable means by which scientists can operationalize behaviors using controlled and parameterized setups. However, whether observations in the lab fully generalize in the real world remain legitimately disputed. The notion of "experimental design" was originally intended to ensure the generalizability of experimental findings to real-world situations. Experiments in the wild are more frequently explored and significant technological advances have been made allowing mobile neuroimaging. Yet some methodological limitations remain when testing scientific hypotheses in ecological conditions. Herein, we discuss the limitations of inferential processes derive from empirical observations in the wild. The multi-causal property of an ecological situation often lacks controls, and this major concern may prevent the replication and the reliability of behavioral observations. We discuss the epistemological and historical grounds of the induction process for behavioral and cognitive neurosciences and provide some possible heuristics for In situ experimental designs compatible with psychophysics in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vallet
- CEA DRF/Joliot, NeuroSpin, INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, PSYR2 Team, Centre de recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université Lyon 1, 69000 Lyon, France.
| | - Virginie van Wassenhove
- CEA DRF/Joliot, NeuroSpin, INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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12
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Downey RJ, Ferris DP. iCanClean Removes Motion, Muscle, Eye, and Line-Noise Artifacts from Phantom EEG. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8214. [PMID: 37837044 PMCID: PMC10574843 DOI: 10.3390/s23198214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test a novel approach (iCanClean) to remove non-brain sources from scalp EEG data recorded in mobile conditions. We created an electrically conductive phantom head with 10 brain sources, 10 contaminating sources, scalp, and hair. We tested the ability of iCanClean to remove artifacts while preserving brain activity under six conditions: Brain, Brain + Eyes, Brain + Neck Muscles, Brain + Facial Muscles, Brain + Walking Motion, and Brain + All Artifacts. We compared iCanClean to three other methods: Artifact Subspace Reconstruction (ASR), Auto-CCA, and Adaptive Filtering. Before and after cleaning, we calculated a Data Quality Score (0-100%), based on the average correlation between brain sources and EEG channels. iCanClean consistently outperformed the other three methods, regardless of the type or number of artifacts present. The most striking result was for the condition with all artifacts simultaneously present. Starting from a Data Quality Score of 15.7% (before cleaning), the Brain + All Artifacts condition improved to 55.9% after iCanClean. Meanwhile, it only improved to 27.6%, 27.2%, and 32.9% after ASR, Auto-CCA, and Adaptive Filtering. For context, the Brain condition scored 57.2% without cleaning (reasonable target). We conclude that iCanClean offers the ability to clear multiple artifact sources in real time and could facilitate human mobile brain-imaging studies with EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P. Ferris
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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13
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Hölle D, Bleichner MG. Smartphone-based ear-electroencephalography to study sound processing in everyday life. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3671-3685. [PMID: 37612776 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, people differ in their sound perception and thus sound processing. Some people may be distracted by construction noise, while others do not even notice. With smartphone-based mobile ear-electroencephalography (ear-EEG), we can measure and quantify sound processing in everyday life by analysing presented sounds and also naturally occurring ones. Twenty-four participants completed four controlled conditions in the lab (1 h) and one condition in the office (3 h). All conditions used the same paired-click stimuli. In the lab, participants listened to click tones under four different instructions: no task towards the sounds, reading a newspaper article, listening to an audio article or counting a rare deviant sound. In the office recording, participants followed daily activities while they were sporadically presented with clicks, without any further instruction. In the beyond-the-lab condition, in addition to the presented sounds, environmental sounds were recorded as acoustic features (i.e., loudness, power spectral density and sounds onsets). We found task-dependent differences in the auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) to the presented click sounds in all lab conditions, which underline that neural processes related to auditory attention can be differentiated with ear-EEG. In the beyond-the-lab condition, we found ERPs comparable to some of the lab conditions. The N1 amplitude to the click sounds beyond the lab was dependent on the background noise, probably due to energetic masking. Contrary to our expectation, we did not find a clear ERP in response to the environmental sounds. Overall, we showed that smartphone-based ear-EEG can be used to study sound processing of well defined-stimuli in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hölle
- Neurophysiology of Everyday Life Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin G Bleichner
- Neurophysiology of Everyday Life Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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14
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He C, Chen YY, Phang CR, Stevenson C, Chen IP, Jung TP, Ko LW. Diversity and Suitability of the State-of-the-Art Wearable and Wireless EEG Systems Review. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2023; 27:3830-3843. [PMID: 37022001 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3239053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Wireless electroencephalography (EEG) systems have been attracting increasing attention in recent times. Both the number of articles discussing wireless EEG and their proportion relative to general EEG publications have increased over years. These trends indicate that wireless EEG systems could be more accessible to researchers and the research community has recognized the potential of wireless EEG systems. To explore the development and diverse applications of wireless EEG systems, this review highlights the trends in wearable and wireless EEG systems over the past decade and compares the specifications and research applications of the major wireless systems marketed by 16 companies. For each product, five parameters (number of channels, sampling rate, cost, battery life, and resolution) were assessed for comparison. Currently, these wearable and portable wireless EEG systems have three main application areas: consumer, clinical, and research. To address this multitude of options, the article also discussed the thought process to find a suitable device that meets personalization and use cases specificities. These investigations suggest that low-price and convenience are key factors for consumer applications, wireless EEG systems with FDA or CE-certification may be more suitable for clinical settings, and devices that provide raw EEG data with high-density channels are important for laboratory research. This article presents an overview of the current state of the wireless EEG systems specifications and possible applications and serves as a guide point as it is expected that more influential and novel research will cyclically promote the development of such EEG systems.
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15
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Swerdloff MM, Hargrove LJ. Dry EEG measurement of P3 to evaluate cognitive load during sitting, standing, and walking. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287885. [PMID: 37410768 PMCID: PMC10325065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining brain imaging with dual-task paradigms provides a quantitative, direct metric of cognitive load that is agnostic to the motor task. This work aimed to quantitatively assess cognitive load during activities of daily living-sitting, standing, and walking-using a commercial dry encephalography headset. We recorded participants' brain activity while engaging in a stimulus paradigm that elicited event-related potentials. The stimulus paradigm consisted of an auditory oddball task in which participants had to report the number of oddball tones that were heard during each motor task. We extracted the P3 event-related potential, which is inversely proportional to cognitive load, from EEG signals in each condition. Our main findings showed that P3 was significantly lower during walking compared to sitting (p = .039), suggesting that cognitive load was higher during walking compared to the other activities. There were no significant differences in P3 between sitting and standing. Head motion did not have a significant impact on the measurement of cognitive load. This work validates the use of a commercial dry-EEG headset for measuring cognitive load across different motor tasks. The ability to accurately measure cognitive load in dynamic activities opens new avenues for exploring cognitive-motor interactions in individuals with and without motor impairments. This work highlights the potential of dry EEG for measuring cognitive load in naturalistic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Swerdloff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Levi J. Hargrove
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Regenstein Center for Bionic Medicine, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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16
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Schmidt-Kassow M, Kaiser J. The brain in motion-cognitive effects of simultaneous motor activity. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1127310. [PMID: 37304529 PMCID: PMC10248180 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1127310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 years, a large number of behavioral studies have investigated the effect of simultaneous exercise on cognitive functions. The heterogeneity of the results has been attributed to different parameters, such as intensity or modality of physical activity, and the investigated cognitive processes. More recent methodological improvements have enabled to record electroencephalography (EEG) during physical exercise. EEG studies combining cognitive tasks with exercise have described predominantly detrimental effects on cognitive processes and EEG parameters. However, differences in the underlying rationale and the design of EEG versus behavioral studies make direct comparisons between both types of studies difficult. In this narrative review of dual-task experiments we evaluated behavioral and EEG studies and discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneity of results and for the discrepancy between behavioral and EEG studies. Furthermore, we provide a proposal for future EEG studies on simultaneous motion to be a useful complement to behavioral studies. A crucial factor might be to find for each cognitive function the motor activity that matches this function in terms of attentional focus. This hypothesis should be investigated systematically in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Schmidt-Kassow
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Kaiser
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Olson RL, Cleveland DJ, Materia M. Effects of Low-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Neurophysiological and Behavioral Correlates of Cognitive Function. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050401. [PMID: 37232638 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise exerts a small beneficial effect on cognition. Previous research primarily examines cognitive changes following a bout of exercise, while little is currently known about changes in cognitive performance during exercise. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low-intensity cycling on cognitive function indexed by behavioral (response accuracy; reaction time) and neurocognitive (P3 mean amplitude; P3 centroid latency) responses. Twenty-seven (Mage = 22.9 ± 3.0 years old) individuals were counterbalanced into low-intensity exercise (EX) and seated control (SC) conditions spread across two testing sessions. During each condition, participants completed a 10 min resting baseline period, 20 min of either sustained cycling or seated rest, and a 20 min recovery period. Primary outcomes were assessed at 10 min intervals (five blocks total) throughout each condition via a modified visual oddball task while electroencephalography (EEG) responses were measured. Across time blocks, both conditions exhibited faster reaction times on frequent trials but reduced accuracy to rare trials, suggesting a speed-accuracy tradeoff. There were no differences between conditions in P3 centroid latency, whereas a significant reduction in P3 amplitude was observed during the 20 min exercise period compared to the control condition. Taken together, results suggest that exercise at lower doses may have minimal influence on behavioral outcomes of cognitive performance but may impact more basic measures of brain function. Information gathered from this study may aid in the development of appropriate exercise prescriptions for populations looking to specifically target cognitive function deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Olson
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - David J Cleveland
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Melissa Materia
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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18
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Wireless EEG: A survey of systems and studies. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119774. [PMID: 36566924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The popular brain monitoring method of electroencephalography (EEG) has seen a surge in commercial attention in recent years, focusing mostly on hardware miniaturization. This has led to a varied landscape of portable EEG devices with wireless capability, allowing them to be used by relatively unconstrained users in real-life conditions outside of the laboratory. The wide availability and relative affordability of these devices provide a low entry threshold for newcomers to the field of EEG research. The large device variety and the at times opaque communication from their manufacturers, however, can make it difficult to obtain an overview of this hardware landscape. Similarly, given the breadth of existing (wireless) EEG knowledge and research, it can be challenging to get started with novel ideas. Therefore, this paper first provides a list of 48 wireless EEG devices along with a number of important-sometimes difficult-to-obtain-features and characteristics to enable their side-by-side comparison, along with a brief introduction to each of these aspects and how they may influence one's decision. Secondly, we have surveyed previous literature and focused on 110 high-impact journal publications making use of wireless EEG, which we categorized by application and analyzed for device used, number of channels, sample size, and participant mobility. Together, these provide a basis for informed decision making with respect to hardware and experimental precedents when considering new, wireless EEG devices and research. At the same time, this paper provides background material and commentary about pitfalls and caveats regarding this increasingly accessible line of research.
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19
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Visual Demands of Walking Are Reflected in Eye-Blink-Evoked EEG-Activity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Blinking is a natural user-induced response which paces visual information processing. This study investigates whether blinks are viable for segmenting continuous electroencephalography (EEG) activity, for inferring cognitive demands in ecologically valid work environments. We report the blink-related EEG measures of participants who performed auditory tasks either standing, walking on grass, or whilst completing an obstacle course. Blink-related EEG activity discriminated between different levels of cognitive demand during walking. Both behavioral parameters (e.g., blink duration or head motion) and blink-related EEG activity varied with walking conditions. Larger occipital N1 was observed during walking, relative to standing and traversing an obstacle course, which reflects differences in bottom-up visual perception. In contrast, the amplitudes of top-down components (N2, P3) significantly decreased with increasing walking demands, which reflected narrowing attention. This is consistent with blink-related EEG, specifically in Theta and Alpha power that, respectively, increased and decreased with increasing demands of the walking task. This work presents a novel and robust analytical approach to evaluate the cognitive demands experienced in natural work settings, which precludes the use of artificial task manipulations for data segmentation.
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20
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Gorjan D, Gramann K, De Pauw K, Marusic U. Removal of movement-induced EEG artifacts: current state of the art and guidelines. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35147512 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac542c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique used to record cortical neurons' electrical activity using electrodes placed on the scalp. It has become a promising avenue for research beyond state-of-the-art EEG research that is conducted under static conditions. EEG signals are always contaminated by artifacts and other physiological signals. Artifact contamination increases with the intensity of movement. In the last decade (since 2010), researchers have started to implement EEG measurements in dynamic setups to increase the overall ecological validity of the studies. Many different methods are used to remove non-brain activity from the EEG signal, and there are no clear guidelines on which method should be used in dynamic setups and for specific movement intensities. Currently, the most common methods for removing artifacts in movement studies are methods based on independent component analysis (ICA). However, the choice of method for artifact removal depends on the type and intensity of movement, which affects the characteristics of the artifacts and the EEG parameters of interest. When dealing with EEG under non-static conditions, special care must be taken already in the designing period of an experiment. Software and hardware solutions must be combined to achieve sufficient removal of unwanted signals from EEG measurements. We have provided recommendations for the use of each method depending on the intensity of the movement and highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of the methods. However, due to the current gap in the literature, further development and evaluation of methods for artifact removal in EEG data during locomotion is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasa Gorjan
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, Koper, 6000, SLOVENIA
| | - Klaus Gramann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Fasanenstr. 1, Berlin, Berlin, 10623, GERMANY
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel, Brussel, 1050, BELGIUM
| | - Uros Marusic
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, Koper, 6000, SLOVENIA
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21
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Zhao M, Bonassi G, Guarnieri R, Pelosin E, Nieuwboer A, Avanzino L, Mantini D. A multi-step blind source separation approach for the attenuation of artifacts in mobile high-density electroencephalography data. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34874319 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely used technique to address research questions about brain functioning, from controlled laboratorial conditions to naturalistic environments. However, EEG data are affected by biological (e.g. ocular, myogenic) and non-biological (e.g. movement-related) artifacts, which-depending on their extent-may limit the interpretability of the study results. Blind source separation (BSS) approaches have demonstrated to be particularly promising for the attenuation of artifacts in high-density EEG (hdEEG) data. Previous EEG artifact removal studies suggested that it may not be optimal to use the same BSS method for different kinds of artifacts.Approach.In this study, we developed a novel multi-step BSS approach to optimize the attenuation of ocular, movement-related and myogenic artifacts from hdEEG data. For validation purposes, we used hdEEG data collected in a group of healthy participants in standing, slow-walking and fast-walking conditions. During part of the experiment, a series of tone bursts were used to evoke auditory responses. We quantified event-related potentials (ERPs) using hdEEG signals collected during an auditory stimulation, as well as the event-related desynchronization (ERD) by contrasting hdEEG signals collected in walking and standing conditions, without auditory stimulation. We compared the results obtained in terms of auditory ERP and motor-related ERD using the proposed multi-step BSS approach, with respect to two classically used single-step BSS approaches.Main results. The use of our approach yielded the lowest residual noise in the hdEEG data, and permitted to retrieve stronger and more reliable modulations of neural activity than alternative solutions. Overall, our study confirmed that the performance of BSS-based artifact removal can be improved by using specific BSS methods and parameters for different kinds of artifacts.Significance.Our technological solution supports a wider use of hdEEG-based source imaging in movement and rehabilitation studies, and contributes to the further development of mobile brain/body imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Zhao
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaia Bonassi
- S.C. Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione Ospedaliera, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Chiavarese, 16043 Chiavari, Italy
| | - Roberto Guarnieri
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Icometrix, 3012 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisa Pelosin
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Dante Mantini
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venice, Italy
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22
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Lee YE, Shin GH, Lee M, Lee SW. Mobile BCI dataset of scalp- and ear-EEGs with ERP and SSVEP paradigms while standing, walking, and running. Sci Data 2021; 8:315. [PMID: 34930915 PMCID: PMC8688416 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a mobile dataset obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) of the scalp and around the ear as well as from locomotion sensors by 24 participants moving at four different speeds while performing two brain-computer interface (BCI) tasks. The data were collected from 32-channel scalp-EEG, 14-channel ear-EEG, 4-channel electrooculography, and 9-channel inertial measurement units placed at the forehead, left ankle, and right ankle. The recording conditions were as follows: standing, slow walking, fast walking, and slight running at speeds of 0, 0.8, 1.6, and 2.0 m/s, respectively. For each speed, two different BCI paradigms, event-related potential and steady-state visual evoked potential, were recorded. To evaluate the signal quality, scalp- and ear-EEG data were qualitatively and quantitatively validated during each speed. We believe that the dataset will facilitate BCIs in diverse mobile environments to analyze brain activities and evaluate the performance quantitatively for expanding the use of practical BCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Korea University, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hwan Shin
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Korea University, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Korea University, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Whan Lee
- Korea University, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Korea University, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Liebherr M, Corcoran AW, Alday PM, Coussens S, Bellan V, Howlett CA, Immink MA, Kohler M, Schlesewsky M, Bornkessel-Schlesewsky I. EEG and behavioral correlates of attentional processing while walking and navigating naturalistic environments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22325. [PMID: 34785702 PMCID: PMC8595363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to regulate one's attention in accordance with fluctuating task demands and environmental contexts is an essential feature of adaptive behavior. Although the electrophysiological correlates of attentional processing have been extensively studied in the laboratory, relatively little is known about the way they unfold under more variable, ecologically-valid conditions. Accordingly, this study employed a 'real-world' EEG design to investigate how attentional processing varies under increasing cognitive, motor, and environmental demands. Forty-four participants were exposed to an auditory oddball task while (1) sitting in a quiet room inside the lab, (2) walking around a sports field, and (3) wayfinding across a university campus. In each condition, participants were instructed to either count or ignore oddball stimuli. While behavioral performance was similar across the lab and field conditions, oddball count accuracy was significantly reduced in the campus condition. Moreover, event-related potential components (mismatch negativity and P3) elicited in both 'real-world' settings differed significantly from those obtained under laboratory conditions. These findings demonstrate the impact of environmental factors on attentional processing during simultaneously-performed motor and cognitive tasks, highlighting the value of incorporating dynamic and unpredictable contexts within naturalistic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Liebherr
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Andrew W. Corcoran
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Cognition and Philosophy Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip M. Alday
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Scott Coussens
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Valeria Bellan
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia ,grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Caitlin A. Howlett
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia ,grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maarten A. Immink
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia ,grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Sport, Health, Activity, Performance and Exercise Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark Kohler
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthias Schlesewsky
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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24
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Janssen TW, Grammer JK, Bleichner MG, Bulgarelli C, Davidesco I, Dikker S, Jasińska KK, Siugzdaite R, Vassena E, Vatakis A, Zion‐Golumbic E, van Atteveldt N. Opportunities and Limitations of Mobile Neuroimaging Technologies in Educational Neuroscience. MIND, BRAIN AND EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL MIND, BRAIN, AND EDUCATION SOCIETY 2021; 15:354-370. [PMID: 35875415 PMCID: PMC9292610 DOI: 10.1111/mbe.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As the field of educational neuroscience continues to grow, questions have emerged regarding the ecological validity and applicability of this research to educational practice. Recent advances in mobile neuroimaging technologies have made it possible to conduct neuroscientific studies directly in naturalistic learning environments. We propose that embedding mobile neuroimaging research in a cycle (Matusz, Dikker, Huth, & Perrodin, 2019), involving lab-based, seminaturalistic, and fully naturalistic experiments, is well suited for addressing educational questions. With this review, we take a cautious approach, by discussing the valuable insights that can be gained from mobile neuroimaging technology, including electroencephalography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, as well as the challenges posed by bringing neuroscientific methods into the classroom. Research paradigms used alongside mobile neuroimaging technology vary considerably. To illustrate this point, studies are discussed with increasingly naturalistic designs. We conclude with several ethical considerations that should be taken into account in this unique area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieme W.P. Janssen
- Department of Clinical, Neuro‐ & Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Jennie K. Grammer
- Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California Los Angeles
| | | | - Chiara Bulgarelli
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck University of London
| | - Ido Davidesco
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Connecticut
| | | | - Kaja K. Jasińska
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto
| | | | - Eliana Vassena
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University
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25
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Kim JY, Yun YJ, Jeong J, Kim CY, Müller KR, Lee SW. Leaf-inspired homeostatic cellulose biosensors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/16/eabe7432. [PMID: 33863725 PMCID: PMC8051876 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe7432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An incompatibility between skin homeostasis and existing biosensor interfaces inhibits long-term electrophysiological signal measurement. Inspired by the leaf homeostasis system, we developed the first homeostatic cellulose biosensor with functions of protection, sensation, self-regulation, and biosafety. Moreover, we find that a mesoporous cellulose membrane transforms into homeostatic material with properties that include high ion conductivity, excellent flexibility and stability, appropriate adhesion force, and self-healing effects when swollen in a saline solution. The proposed biosensor is found to maintain a stable skin-sensor interface through homeostasis even when challenged by various stresses, such as a dynamic environment, severe detachment, dense hair, sweat, and long-term measurement. Last, we demonstrate the high usability of our homeostatic biosensor for continuous and stable measurement of electrophysiological signals and give a showcase application in the field of brain-computer interfacing where the biosensors and machine learning together help to control real-time applications beyond the laboratory at unprecedented versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- NeuroPitta Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Yun
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment (KU-KIST Green School), Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - C-Yoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- ML Group and BIFOLD, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Seong-Whan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Delaux A, de Saint Aubert JB, Ramanoël S, Bécu M, Gehrke L, Klug M, Chavarriaga R, Sahel JA, Gramann K, Arleo A. Mobile brain/body imaging of landmark-based navigation with high-density EEG. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:8256-8282. [PMID: 33738880 PMCID: PMC9291975 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coupling behavioral measures and brain imaging in naturalistic, ecological conditions is key to comprehend the neural bases of spatial navigation. This highly integrative function encompasses sensorimotor, cognitive, and executive processes that jointly mediate active exploration and spatial learning. However, most neuroimaging approaches in humans are based on static, motion‐constrained paradigms and they do not account for all these processes, in particular multisensory integration. Following the Mobile Brain/Body Imaging approach, we aimed to explore the cortical correlates of landmark‐based navigation in actively behaving young adults, solving a Y‐maze task in immersive virtual reality. EEG analysis identified a set of brain areas matching state‐of‐the‐art brain imaging literature of landmark‐based navigation. Spatial behavior in mobile conditions additionally involved sensorimotor areas related to motor execution and proprioception usually overlooked in static fMRI paradigms. Expectedly, we located a cortical source in or near the posterior cingulate, in line with the engagement of the retrosplenial complex in spatial reorientation. Consistent with its role in visuo‐spatial processing and coding, we observed an alpha‐power desynchronization while participants gathered visual information. We also hypothesized behavior‐dependent modulations of the cortical signal during navigation. Despite finding few differences between the encoding and retrieval phases of the task, we identified transient time–frequency patterns attributed, for instance, to attentional demand, as reflected in the alpha/gamma range, or memory workload in the delta/theta range. We confirmed that combining mobile high‐density EEG and biometric measures can help unravel the brain structures and the neural modulations subtending ecological landmark‐based navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Delaux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stephen Ramanoël
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Marcia Bécu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Lukas Gehrke
- Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Klug
- Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo Chavarriaga
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.,Zurich University of Applied Sciences, ZHAW Datalab, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Klaus Gramann
- Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelo Arleo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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27
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Edwards DJ, Trujillo LT. An Analysis of the External Validity of EEG Spectral Power in an Uncontrolled Outdoor Environment during Default and Complex Neurocognitive States. Brain Sci 2021; 11:330. [PMID: 33808022 PMCID: PMC7998369 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) studies collect data within controlled laboratory environments that limit the external validity of scientific conclusions. To probe these validity limits, we used a mobile EEG system to record electrophysiological signals from human participants while they were located within a controlled laboratory environment and an uncontrolled outdoor environment exhibiting several moderate background influences. Participants performed two tasks during these recordings, one engaging brain activity related to several complex cognitive functions (number sense, attention, memory, executive function) and the other engaging two default brain states. We computed EEG spectral power over three frequency bands (theta: 4-7 Hz, alpha: 8-13 Hz, low beta: 14-20 Hz) where EEG oscillatory activity is known to correlate with the neurocognitive states engaged by these tasks. Null hypothesis significance testing yielded significant EEG power effects typical of the neurocognitive states engaged by each task, but only a beta-band power difference between the two background recording environments during the default brain state. Bayesian analysis showed that the remaining environment null effects were unlikely to reflect measurement insensitivities. This overall pattern of results supports the external validity of laboratory EEG power findings for complex and default neurocognitive states engaged within moderately uncontrolled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton J. Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080-3021, USA;
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Logan T. Trujillo
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
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28
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Robles D, Kuziek JWP, Wlasitz NA, Bartlett NT, Hurd PL, Mathewson KE. EEG in motion: Using an oddball task to explore motor interference in active skateboarding. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:8196-8213. [PMID: 33644960 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in portable computer devices have opened new avenues in the study of human cognition outside research laboratories. This flexibility in methodology has led to the publication of several electroencephalography studies recording brain responses in real-world scenarios such as cycling and walking outside. In the present study, we tested the classic auditory oddball task while participants moved around an indoor running track using an electric skateboard. This novel approach allows for the study of attention in motion while virtually removing body movement. Using the skateboard auditory oddball paradigm, we found reliable and expected standard-target differences in the P3 and MMN/N2b event-related potentials. We also recorded baseline electroencephalography activity and found that, compared to this baseline, alpha power is attenuated in frontal and parietal regions during skateboarding. In order to explore the influence of motor interference in cognitive resources during skateboarding, we compared participants' preferred riding stance (baseline level of riding difficulty) versus their non-preferred stance (increased level of riding difficulty). We found that an increase in riding difficulty did not modulate the P3 and tonic alpha amplitude during skateboard motion. These results suggest that increases in motor demands might not lead to reductions in cognitive resources as shown in previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Robles
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jonathan W P Kuziek
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole A Wlasitz
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan T Bartlett
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Pete L Hurd
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kyle E Mathewson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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29
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Lin CT, King JT, John AR, Huang KC, Cao Z, Wang YK. The Impact of Vigorous Cycling Exercise on Visual Attention: A Study With the BR8 Wireless Dry EEG System. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621365. [PMID: 33679304 PMCID: PMC7928413 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that exercise can influence cognitive performance. But advancing our understanding of the interrelations between psychology and physiology in sports neuroscience requires the study of real-time brain dynamics during exercise in the field. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the most powerful brain imaging technologies. However, the limited portability and long preparation time of traditional wet-sensor systems largely limits their use to laboratory settings. Wireless dry-sensor systems are emerging with much greater potential for practical application in sports. Hence, in this paper, we use the BR8 wireless dry-sensor EEG system to measure P300 brain dynamics while cycling at various intensities. The preparation time was mostly less than 2 min as BR8 system’s dry sensors were able to attain the required skin-sensor interface impedance, enabling its operation without any skin preparation or application of conductive gel. Ten participants performed four sessions of a 3 min rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task while resting and while cycling. These four sessions were pre-CE (RSVP only), low-CE (RSVP in 40–50% of max heart rate), vigorous-CE (RSVP in 71–85% of max heart rate) and post-CE (RSVP only). The recorded brain signals demonstrate that the P300 amplitudes, observed at the Pz channel, for the target and non-target responses were significantly different in all four sessions. The results also show decreased reaction times to the visual attention task during vigorous exercise, enriching our understanding of the ways in which exercise can enhance cognitive performance. Even though only a single channel was evaluated in this study, the quality and reliability of the measurement using these dry sensor-based EEG systems is clearly demonstrated by our results. Further, the smooth implementation of the experiment with a dry system and the success of the data analysis demonstrate that wireless dry EEG devices can open avenues for real-time measurement of cognitive functions in athletes outside the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Teng Lin
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tai King
- Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Alka Rachel John
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kuan-Chih Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Zehong Cao
- Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Yu-Kai Wang
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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30
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Modulation of attention and stress with arousal: The mental and physical effects of riding a motorcycle. Brain Res 2021; 1752:147203. [PMID: 33482998 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Existing theories suggest that moderate arousal improves selective attention, as would be expected in the context of competitive sports or sensation-seeking activities. Here we investigated how riding a motorcycle, an attention-demanding physical activity, affects sensory processing. To do so, we implemented the passive auditory oddball paradigm and measured the EEG response of participants as they rode a motorcycle, drove a car, and sat at rest. Specifically, we measured the N1 and mismatch negativity to auditory tones, as well as alpha power during periods of no tones. We investigated whether riding and driving modulated non-CNS metrics including heart rate and concentrations of the hormones epinephrine, cortisol, DHEA-S, and testosterone. While participants were riding, we found a decrease in N1 amplitude, increase in mismatch negativity, and decrease in relative alpha power, together suggesting enhancement of sensory processing and visual attention. Riding increased epinephrine levels, increased heart rate, and decreased the ratio of cortisol to DHEA-S. Together, these results suggest that riding increases focus, heightens the brain's passive monitoring of changes in the sensory environment, and alters HPA axis response. More generally, our findings suggest that selective attention and sensory monitoring seem to be separable neural processes.
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31
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Packheiser J, Berretz G, Rook N, Bahr C, Schockenhoff L, Güntürkün O, Ocklenburg S. Investigating real-life emotions in romantic couples: a mobile EEG study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1142. [PMID: 33441947 PMCID: PMC7806608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural basis of emotional processing has been largely investigated in constrained spatial environments such as stationary EEGs or fMRI scanners using highly artificial stimuli like standardized pictures depicting emotional scenes. Typically, such standardized experiments have low ecological validity and it remains unclear whether their results reflect neuronal processing in real-life affective situations at all. Critically, emotional situations do not only encompass the perception of emotions, but also behavioral components associated with them. In this study, we aimed to investigate real-life emotions by recording couples in their homes using mobile EEG technology during embracing, kissing and emotional speech. We focused on asymmetries in affective processing as emotions have been demonstrated to be strongly lateralized in the brain. We found higher alpha and beta power asymmetry during kissing and embracing on frontal electrodes during emotional kisses and speech compared to a neutral control condition indicative of stronger left-hemispheric activation. In contrast, we found lower alpha power asymmetry at parieto-occipital electrode sites in the emotional compared to the neutral condition indicative of stronger right-hemispheric activation. Our findings for alpha power asymmetries are in line with models of emotional lateralization that postulate a valence-specific processing over frontal cortices and right-hemispheric dominance in emotional processing in parieto-occipital regions. In contrast, beta power asymmetries pointed more towards valence-specific processing indicating that, while alpha and beta frequencies seem to be functionally associated, they are not reflecting identical cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Packheiser
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gesa Berretz
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Noemi Rook
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Celine Bahr
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lynn Schockenhoff
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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32
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Wang J, Wang W, Ren S, Shi W, Hou ZG. Engagement Enhancement Based on Human-in-the-Loop Optimization for Neural Rehabilitation. Front Neurorobot 2020; 14:596019. [PMID: 33304263 PMCID: PMC7693715 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2020.596019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing patients' engagement is of great benefit for neural rehabilitation. However, physiological and neurological differences among individuals can cause divergent responses to the same task, and the responses can further change considerably during training; both of these factors make engagement enhancement a challenge. This challenge can be overcome by training task optimization based on subjects' responses. To this end, an engagement enhancement method based on human-in-the-loop optimization is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an interactive speed-tracking riding game is designed as the training task in which four reference speed curves (RSCs) are designed to construct the reference trajectory in each generation. Each RSC is modeled using a piecewise function, which is determined by the starting velocity, transient time, and end velocity. Based on the parameterized model, the difficulty of the training task, which is a key factor affecting the engagement, can be optimized. Then, the objective function is designed with consideration to the tracking accuracy and the surface electromyogram (sEMG)-based muscle activation, and the physical and physiological responses of the subjects can consequently be evaluated simultaneously. Moreover, a covariance matrix adaption evolution strategy, which is relatively tolerant of both measurement noises and human adaptation, is used to generate the optimal parameters of the RSCs periodically. By optimization of the RSCs persistently, the objective function can be maximized, and the subjects' engagement can be enhanced. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by the validation and comparison experiments. The results show that both subjects' sEMG-based motor engagement and electroencephalography based neural engagement can be improved significantly and maintained at a high level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixin Ren
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguo Shi
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Hou
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Beijing, China
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33
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Sun R, Chan C, H Hsiao J, Tang AC. Validation of SOBI-DANS method for automatic identification of horizontal and vertical eye movement components from EEG. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13731. [PMID: 33283897 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurophysiological investigation of neural processes are hindered by the presence of large artifacts associated with eye movement. Although blind source separation (BSS)-based hybrid algorithms are useful for separating, identifying, and removing these artifacts from EEG, it remains unexamined to what extent neural signals can remain mixed with these artifact components, potentially resulting in unintended removal of critical neural signals. Here, we present a novel validation approach to quantitatively evaluate to what extent horizontal and vertical saccadic eye movement-related artifact components (H and V Comps) are indeed ocular in origin. To automate the identification of the H and V Comps recovered by the second-order blind identification (SOBI), we introduced a novel Discriminant ANd Similarity (DANS)-based method. Through source localization, we showed that over 95% of variance in the SOBI-DANS identified H and V Comps' scalp projections were ocular in origin. Through the analysis of saccade-related potentials (SRPs), we found that the H and V Comps' SRP amplitudes were finely modulated by eye movement direction and distance jointly. SOBI-DANS' component selection was in 100% agreement with human experts' selection and was 100% successful in component identification across all participants indicating a high cross-individual consistency or robustness. These results set the stage for future work to transform the to-be-thrown-away artifacts into signals indicative of gaze position, thereby providing readily co-registered eye movement and neural signal without using a separate eye tracker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- The Laboratory of Neuroscience for Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cynthia Chan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet H Hsiao
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Akaysha C Tang
- The Laboratory of Neuroscience for Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Neural Dialogue, Shenzhen, China
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Albuquerque I, Tiwari A, Parent M, Cassani R, Gagnon JF, Lafond D, Tremblay S, Falk TH. WAUC: A Multi-Modal Database for Mental Workload Assessment Under Physical Activity. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:549524. [PMID: 33335465 PMCID: PMC7736238 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.549524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of mental workload is crucial for applications that require sustained attention and where conditions such as mental fatigue and drowsiness must be avoided. Previous work that attempted to devise objective methods to model mental workload were mainly based on neurological or physiological data collected when the participants performed tasks that did not involve physical activity. While such models may be useful for scenarios that involve static operators, they may not apply in real-world situations where operators are performing tasks under varying levels of physical activity, such as those faced by first responders, firefighters, and police officers. Here, we describe WAUC, a multimodal database of mental Workload Assessment Under physical aCtivity. The study involved 48 participants who performed the NASA Revised Multi-Attribute Task Battery II under three different activity level conditions. Physical activity was manipulated by changing the speed of a stationary bike or a treadmill. During data collection, six neural and physiological modalities were recorded, namely: electroencephalography, electrocardiography, breathing rate, skin temperature, galvanic skin response, and blood volume pulse, in addition to 3-axis accelerometry. Moreover, participants were asked to answer the NASA Task Load Index questionnaire after each experimental section, as well as rate their physical fatigue level on the Borg fatigue scale. In order to bring our experimental setup closer to real-world situations, all signals were monitored using wearable, off-the-shelf devices. In this paper, we describe the adopted experimental protocol, as well as validate the subjective, neural, and physiological data collected. The WAUC database, including the raw data and features, subjective ratings, and scripts to reproduce the experiments reported herein will be made available at: http://musaelab.ca/resources/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Albuquerque
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Abhishek Tiwari
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Parent
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Raymundo Cassani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Lafond
- Thales Digital Solutions Inc., Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Tiago H Falk
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Parker A, Slack C, Skoe E. Comparisons of Auditory Brainstem Responses Between a Laboratory and Simulated Home Environment. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:3877-3892. [PMID: 33108246 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Miniaturization of digital technologies has created new opportunities for remote health care and neuroscientific fieldwork. The current study assesses comparisons between in-home auditory brainstem response (ABR) recordings and recordings obtained in a traditional lab setting. Method Click-evoked and speech-evoked ABRs were recorded in 12 normal-hearing, young adult participants over three test sessions in (a) a shielded sound booth within a research lab, (b) a simulated home environment, and (c) the research lab once more. The same single-family house was used for all home testing. Results Analyses of ABR latencies, a common clinical metric, showed high repeatability between the home and lab environments across both the click-evoked and speech-evoked ABRs. Like ABR latencies, response consistency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were robust both in the lab and in the home and did not show significant differences between locations, although variability between the home and lab was higher than latencies, with two participants influencing this lower repeatability between locations. Response consistency and SNR also patterned together, with a trend for higher SNRs to pair with more consistent responses in both the home and lab environments. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining high-quality ABR recordings within a simulated home environment that closely approximate those recorded in a more traditional recording environment. This line of work may open doors to greater accessibility to underserved clinical and research populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Parker
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
- Connecticut Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | - Candace Slack
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
| | - Erika Skoe
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
- Connecticut Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
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Scanlon JEM, Jacobsen NSJ, Maack MC, Debener S. Does the electrode amplification style matter? A comparison of active and passive EEG system configurations during standing and walking. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:8381-8395. [PMID: 33185920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been stated that active-transmission electrodes should improve signal quality in mobile EEG recordings. However, few studies have directly compared active- and passive-transmission electrodes during a mobile task. In this repeated measurement study, we investigated the performance of active and passive signal transmission electrodes with the same amplifier system in their respective typical configurations, during a mobile auditory task. The task was an auditory discrimination (1,000 vs. 800 Hz; counterbalanced) oddball task using approximately 560 trials (15% targets) for each condition. Eighteen participants performed the auditory oddball task both while standing and walking in an outdoor environment. While walking, there was a significant decrease in P3 amplitude, post-trial rejection trial numbers, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). No significant differences were found in signal quality between the two electrode configurations. SNR and P3 amplitude were test-retest reliable between recordings. We conclude that adequate use of a passive EEG electrode system achieves signal quality equivalent to that of an active system during a mobile task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E M Scanlon
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Marike C Maack
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Debener
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Center for Neurosensory Science and Systems, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Swerdloff MM, Hargrove LJ. Quantifying Cognitive Load using EEG during Ambulation and Postural Tasks. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2849-2852. [PMID: 33018600 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive load may be an important outcome measure for the effectiveness of assistive devices such as prostheses and exoskeletons, but cognitive load is not adequately assessed in part due to the indirect physiological measures traditionally used for evaluation. Robust, direct measures are now available through mobile electroencephalography (EEG), but there are no standard protocols for measuring cognitive load during ambulatory and postural activities. Here we provide a proof-of-concept protocol for measuring cognitive load using an auditory oddball cognitive task to elicit P3 event-related potentials (ERP) during three tasks: sitting, standing, and walking on a treadmill. Our results show that this protocol successfully elicited P3 in each task, with as little as 5 minutes of data collection per task. We found a difference in P3 during sitting and walking after approximately 30 minutes of task completion, indicating that the cognitive load of walking was higher than that of sitting (p = .012).
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Ortiz O, Blustein D, Kuruganti U. Test-Retest Reliability of Time-Domain EEG Features to Assess Cognitive Load Using a Wireless Dry-Electrode System. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2885-2888. [PMID: 33018609 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) can provide critical support and improve daily task functionality for prosthesis users or social interaction for patients with locked-in syndrome using an assistive communication device. One goal in the development of sophisticated HMIs is to reduce the cognitive load (CL) they place on the user to promote the use of the technology. Electroencephalogram (EEG)-derived measures collected with wired wet-electrode systems have been used to assess CL in laboratory environments and have demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability. Assessment of CL during real-world unconstrained HMI operation, however, requires the use of a wireless dry-electrode EEG system which provides easier electrode application and untethered movement. However, the test-retest reliability of wireless dry-electrode systems to quantify CL has not been explored. Ensuring the consistent capture of CL-related signals across multiple sessions is critical if these devices are to be used to assess how improvements in HMIs affect CL. Therefore, the current study used a wireless dry-electrode EEG system to compare Evoked Response Potential (ERP) features of a simple auditory oddball task to measure CL during two separate testing sessions a week apart. ERPs of 11 subjects were recorded while participants performed a virtual task at two difficulty levels. A significant correlation was found between the P300 component of the ERPs and subjective ratings of CL during both testing sessions. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant test-retest reliability for this same ERP feature and similar signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) across sessions.Clinical Relevance- This is an initial step in validating wireless dry-electrode EEG systems to assess cognitive load across multiple sessions. The evidence presented is critical if dry-wireless EEG systems are to be used to identify aspects of HMIs that reduce CL in clinical and real-life environments. Assessing CL in unconstrained environments can better inform clinicians and technology developers in their design of future HMIs.
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Reiser JE, Wascher E, Rinkenauer G, Arnau S. Cognitive-motor interference in the wild: Assessing the effects of movement complexity on task switching using mobile EEG. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:8175-8195. [PMID: 32889772 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adaptively changing between different tasks while in locomotion is a fundamental prerequisite of modern daily life. The cognitive processes underlying dual tasking have been investigated extensively using EEG. Due to technological restrictions, however, this was not possible for dual-task scenarios including locomotion. With new technological opportunities, this became possible and cognitive-motor interference can be studied, even in outside-the-lab environments. In the present study, participants carried out a cognitive-motor interference task as they responded to cued, auditory task-switch stimuli while performing locomotive tasks with increasing complexity (standing, walking, traversing an obstacle course). We observed increased subjective workload ratings as well as decreased behavioural performance for increased movement complexity and cognitive task difficulty. A higher movement load went along with a decrease of parietal P2, N2 and P3 amplitudes and frontal Theta power. A higher cognitive load, on the other hand, was reflected by decreased frontal CNV amplitudes. Additionally, a connectivity analysis using inter-site phase coherence revealed that higher movement as well as cognitive task difficulty had an impairing effect on fronto-parietal connectivity. In conclusion, subjective ratings, behavioural performance and electrophysiological results indicate that less cognitive resources were available to be deployed towards the execution of the cognitive task when in locomotion compared to standing still. Connectivity results also show a scarcity of attentional resources when switching a task during the highest movement complexity condition. Summarized, all findings indicate a central role of attentional control regarding cognitive-motor dual tasking and an inherent limitation of cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E Reiser
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rinkenauer
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnau
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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The Effect That Auditory Distractions Have on a Visual P300 Speller While Utilizing Low-Cost Off-the-Shelf Equipment. COMPUTERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/computers9030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect that selected auditory distractions have on the signal of a visual P300 Speller in terms of accuracy, amplitude, latency, user preference, signal morphology, and overall signal quality. In addition, it ensues the development of a hierarchical taxonomy aimed at categorizing distractions in the P300b domain and the effect thereof. This work is part of a larger electroencephalography based project and is based on the P300 speller brain–computer interface (oddball) paradigm and the xDAWN algorithm, with eight to ten healthy subjects, using a non-invasive brain–computer interface based on low-fidelity electroencephalographic (EEG) equipment. Our results suggest that the accuracy was best for the lab condition (LC) at 100%, followed by music at 90% (M90) at 98%, trailed by music at 30% (M30) and music at 60% (M60) equally at 96%, and shadowed by ambient noise (AN) at 92.5%, passive talking (PT) at 90%, and finally by active listening (AL) at 87.5%. The subjects’ preference prodigiously shows that the preferred condition was LC as originally expected, followed by M90, M60, AN, M30, AL, and PT. Statistical analysis between all independent variables shows that we accept our null hypothesis for both the amplitude and latency. This work includes data and comparisons from our previous papers. These additional results should give some insight into the practicability of the aforementioned P300 speller methodology and equipment to be used for real-world applications.
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41
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Parada FJ, Rossi A. Perfect timing: Mobile brain/body imaging scaffolds the 4E‐cognition research program. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:8081-8091. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Parada
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología Facultad de Psicología Universidad Diego Portales Santiago Chile
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Social Facultad de Psicología Universidad Diego Portales Santiago Chile
| | - Alejandra Rossi
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología Facultad de Psicología Universidad Diego Portales Santiago Chile
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Social Facultad de Psicología Universidad Diego Portales Santiago Chile
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42
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Blum S, Emkes R, Minow F, Anlauff J, Finke A, Debener S. Flex-printed forehead EEG sensors (fEEGrid) for long-term EEG acquisition. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:034003. [PMID: 32380486 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this report we present the fEEGrid, an electrode array applied to the forehead that allows convenient long-term recordings of electroencephalography (EEG) signals over many hours. APPROACH Twenty young, healthy participants wore the fEEGrid and completed traditional EEG paradigms in two sessions on the same day. The sessions were eight hours apart, participants performed the same tasks in an early and a late session. For the late session fEEGrid data were concurrently recorded with traditional cap EEG data. MAIN RESULTS Our analyses show that typical event-related potentials responses were captured reliably by the fEEGrid. Single-trial analyses revealed that classification was possible above chance level for auditory and tactile oddball paradigms. We also found that the signal quality remained high and impedances did not deteriorate, but instead improved over the course of the day. Regarding wearing comfort, all participants indicated that the fEEGrid was comfortable to wear and did not cause any pain even after 8 h of wearing it. SIGNIFICANCE We show in this report, that high quality EEG signals can be captured with the fEEGrid reliably, even in long-term recording scenarios and with a signal quality that may be considered suitable for online brain-computer Interface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Blum
- Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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43
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Scanlon JE, Redman EX, Kuziek JW, Mathewson KE. A ride in the park: Cycling in different outdoor environments modulates the auditory evoked potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 151:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Barry DN, Tierney TM, Holmes N, Boto E, Roberts G, Leggett J, Bowtell R, Brookes MJ, Barnes GR, Maguire EA. Imaging the human hippocampus with optically-pumped magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage 2019; 203:116192. [PMID: 31521823 PMCID: PMC6854457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically-pumped (OP) magnetometers allow magnetoencephalography (MEG) to be performed while a participant's head is unconstrained. To fully leverage this new technology, and in particular its capacity for mobility, the activity of deep brain structures which facilitate explorative behaviours such as navigation, must be detectable using OP-MEG. One such crucial brain region is the hippocampus. Here we had three healthy adult participants perform a hippocampal-dependent task - the imagination of novel scene imagery - while being scanned using OP-MEG. A conjunction analysis across these three participants revealed a significant change in theta power in the medial temporal lobe. The peak of this activated cluster was located in the anterior hippocampus. We repeated the experiment with the same participants in a conventional SQUID-MEG scanner and found similar engagement of the medial temporal lobe, also with a peak in the anterior hippocampus. These OP-MEG findings indicate exciting new opportunities for investigating the neural correlates of a range of crucial cognitive functions in naturalistic contexts including spatial navigation, episodic memory and social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Barry
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Tim M Tierney
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Niall Holmes
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elena Boto
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gillian Roberts
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James Leggett
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard Bowtell
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matthew J Brookes
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gareth R Barnes
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
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Mobile EEG identifies the re-allocation of attention during real-world activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15851. [PMID: 31676780 PMCID: PMC6825178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of attention between competing processing demands can have dramatic real-world consequences, however little is known about how limited attentional resources are distributed during real-world behaviour. Here we employ mobile EEG to characterise the allocation of attention across multiple sensory-cognitive processing demands during naturalistic movement. We used a neural marker of attention, the Event-Related Potential (ERP) P300 effect, to show that attention to targets is reduced when human participants walk compared to when they stand still. In a second experiment, we show that this reduction in attention is not caused by the act of walking per se. A third experiment identified the independent processing demands driving reduced attention to target stimuli during motion. ERP data reveals that the reduction in attention seen during walking reflects the linear and additive sum of the processing demands produced by visual and inertial stimulation. The mobile cognition approach used here shows how limited resources are precisely re-allocated according to the sensory processing demands that occur during real-world behaviour.
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Poirier CJ, Gadfort P, Dixon AMR, Nonte MW, Conroy JK, Hairston WD. Hardware Implementation of an Adaptive Data Acquisition System for Real-World EEG. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2018:3294-3297. [PMID: 30441094 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Collecting EEG involves digitizing a very small signal across a vast potential dynamic range, particularly within real-world neuroimaging conditions, where noise can be especially prominent. Conventional methods require highresolution, power-hungry data acquisition systems (DAQs), creating limits on usable time before manual interaction is necessary for recharge. Here, we discuss continued work on an alternative DAQ approach capable of acquiring high resolution data with ultra-low power use by adjusting parameters of the analog front end (AFE) in real time to allow use of low-resolution ADCs. This work compares signal quality of a hardware implementation of our adaptive AFE DAQ to that of an industry standard DAQ. Results demonstrate successful reconstruction of signals in both clean and noisy EEG monitoring environments at low bit-depths while maintaining high correlation and low standard deviation of error. This suggests promise for a fully integrated implementation with substantially lower power consumption.
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Petrini FM, Valle G, Bumbasirevic M, Barberi F, Bortolotti D, Cvancara P, Hiairrassary A, Mijovic P, Sverrisson AÖ, Pedrocchi A, Divoux JL, Popovic I, Lechler K, Mijovic B, Guiraud D, Stieglitz T, Alexandersson A, Micera S, Lesic A, Raspopovic S. Enhancing functional abilities and cognitive integration of the lower limb prosthesis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:11/512/eaav8939. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav8939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lower limb amputation (LLA) destroys the sensory communication between the brain and the external world during standing and walking. Current prostheses do not restore sensory feedback to amputees, who, relying on very limited haptic information from the stump-socket interaction, are forced to deal with serious issues: the risk of falls, decreased mobility, prosthesis being perceived as an external object (low embodiment), and increased cognitive burden. Poor mobility is one of the causes of eventual device abandonment. Restoring sensory feedback from the missing leg of above-knee (transfemoral) amputees and integrating the sensory feedback into the sensorimotor loop would markedly improve the life of patients. In this study, we developed a leg neuroprosthesis, which provided real-time tactile and emulated proprioceptive feedback to three transfemoral amputees through nerve stimulation. The feedback was exploited in active tasks, which proved that our approach promoted improved mobility, fall prevention, and agility. We also showed increased embodiment of the lower limb prosthesis (LLP), through phantom leg displacement perception and questionnaires, and ease of the cognitive effort during a dual-task paradigm, through electroencephalographic recordings. Our results demonstrate that induced sensory feedback can be integrated at supraspinal levels to restore functional abilities of the missing leg. This work paves the way for further investigations about how the brain interprets different artificial feedback strategies and for the development of fully implantable sensory-enhanced leg neuroprostheses, which could drastically ameliorate life quality in people with disability.
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48
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Recording mobile EEG in an outdoor environment reveals cognitive-motor interference dependent on movement complexity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13086. [PMID: 31511571 PMCID: PMC6739372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oftentimes we find ourselves in situations in which we need to perform concurrent motor and cognitive tasks like simple locomotion while being cognitively involved. In the present study, we investigated in how far cognitive and motor functioning interfere in an outdoor environment. Our participants performed an auditory oddball task while concurrently completing various motor tasks on the outside premises of our institute. Beside behavioural responses and subjective workload ratings, we also analysed electrophysiological data recorded with a 30-channel mobile EEG montage. We observed an increase of subjective workload and decrease of performance with increasing movement complexity. Accordingly, we also found a decrease in the parietal P3 amplitude as well as in frontal midline Theta power with higher motor load. These results indicate that an increased movement complexity imposes a higher workload to the cognitive system, which, in turn, effectively reduces the availability of cognitive resources for the cognitive task. Overall this experiment demonstrates the feasibility of transferring classical paradigms of cognitive research to real-world settings. The findings support the notion of shared resources for motor and cognitive functions by demonstrating distinct modulations of correlates of cognitive processes across different motor tasks.
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49
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Petrini FM, Bumbasirevic M, Valle G, Ilic V, Mijović P, Čvančara P, Barberi F, Katic N, Bortolotti D, Andreu D, Lechler K, Lesic A, Mazic S, Mijović B, Guiraud D, Stieglitz T, Alexandersson A, Micera S, Raspopovic S. Sensory feedback restoration in leg amputees improves walking speed, metabolic cost and phantom pain. Nat Med 2019; 25:1356-1363. [PMID: 31501600 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conventional leg prostheses do not convey sensory information about motion or interaction with the ground to above-knee amputees, thereby reducing confidence and walking speed in the users that is associated with high mental and physical fatigue1-4. The lack of physiological feedback from the remaining extremity to the brain also contributes to the generation of phantom limb pain from the missing leg5,6. To determine whether neural sensory feedback restoration addresses these issues, we conducted a study with two transfemoral amputees, implanted with four intraneural stimulation electrodes7 in the remaining tibial nerve (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03350061). Participants were evaluated while using a neuroprosthetic device consisting of a prosthetic leg equipped with foot and knee sensors. These sensors drive neural stimulation, which elicits sensations of knee motion and the sole of the foot touching the ground. We found that walking speed and self-reported confidence increased while mental and physical fatigue decreased for both participants during neural sensory feedback compared to the no stimulation trials. Furthermore, participants exhibited reduced phantom limb pain with neural sensory feedback. The results from these proof-of-concept cases provide the rationale for larger population studies investigating the clinical utility of neuroprostheses that restore sensory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maria Petrini
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,SensArs Neuroprosthetics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marko Bumbasirevic
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Giacomo Valle
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,The BioRobotics Institute, SantAnna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vladimir Ilic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Paul Čvančara
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Federica Barberi
- SensArs Neuroprosthetics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,The BioRobotics Institute, SantAnna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - David Andreu
- Inria, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Aleksandar Lesic
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mazic
- Institute of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - David Guiraud
- Inria, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Silvestro Micera
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,The BioRobotics Institute, SantAnna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stanisa Raspopovic
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,SensArs Neuroprosthetics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Scanlon JE, Townsend KA, Cormier DL, Kuziek JW, Mathewson KE. Taking off the training wheels: Measuring auditory P3 during outdoor cycling using an active wet EEG system. Brain Res 2019; 1716:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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