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Wang S, Wen X, Fan Z, Ding X, Wang Q, Liu Z, Yu W. Research advancements on nerve guide conduits for nerve injury repair. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:627-637. [PMID: 38517315 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the most serious causes of disability and loss of work capacity of younger individuals. Although PNS has a certain degree of regeneration, there are still challenges like disordered growth, neuroma formation, and incomplete regeneration. Regarding the management of PNI, conventional methods such as surgery, pharmacotherapy, and rehabilitative therapy. Treatment strategies vary depending on the severity of the injury. While for the long nerve defect, autologous nerve grafting is commonly recognized as the preferred surgical approach. Nevertheless, due to lack of donor sources, neurological deficits and the low regeneration efficiency of grafted nerves, nerve guide conduits (NGCs) are recognized as a future promising technology in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current treatments for PNI, and discusses NGCs from different perspectives, such as material, design, fabrication process, and composite function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoushuai Wang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinggui Wen
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheyuan Fan
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhongling Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei Yu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
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2
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Yu L, Bennett CJ, Lin CH, Yan S, Yang J. Scaffold design considerations for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:041001. [PMID: 38996412 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad628d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) represents a serious clinical and public health problem due to its high incurrence and poor spontaneous recovery. Compared to autograft, which is still the best current practice for long-gap peripheral nerve defects in clinics, the use of polymer-based biodegradable nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) has been gaining momentum as an alternative to guide the repair of severe PNI without the need of secondary surgery and donor nerve tissue. However, simple hollow cylindrical tubes can barely outperform autograft in terms of the regenerative efficiency especially in critical sized PNI. With the rapid development of tissue engineering technology and materials science, various functionalized NGCs have emerged to enhance nerve regeneration over the past decades. From the aspect of scaffold design considerations, with a specific focus on biodegradable polymers, this review aims to summarize the recent advances in NGCs by addressing the onerous demands of biomaterial selections, structural designs, and manufacturing techniques that contributes to the biocompatibility, degradation rate, mechanical properties, drug encapsulation and release efficiency, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and the overall nerve regeneration potential of NGCs. In addition, several commercially available NGCs along with their regulation pathways and clinical applications are compared and discussed. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges and future directions attempting to provide inspiration for the future design of ideal NGCs that can completely cure long-gap peripheral nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Carly Jane Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Chung-Hsun Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Su Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Jian Yang
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, People's Republic of China
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3
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Lu C, Sun D, Kang S, Wang X, Lu L. Reduced Graphene Oxide Fibers Combined with Electrical Stimulation Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2341-2357. [PMID: 38469057 PMCID: PMC10926921 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s449160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of long-gap peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is still a substantial clinical problem. Graphene-based scaffolds possess extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristic and can conduct electrical signals, therefore have been investigated for repairing PNI. Combined with electrical stimulation (ES), a well performance should be expected. We aimed to determine the effects of reduced graphene oxide fibers (rGOFs) combined with ES on PNI repair in vivo. Methods rGOFs were prepared by one-step dimensionally confined hydrothermal strategy (DCH). Surface characteristics, chemical compositions, electrical and mechanical properties of the samples were characterized. The biocompatibility of the rGOFs were systematically explored both in vitro and in vivo. Total of 54 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into 6 experimental groups: a silicone conduit (S), S+ES, S+rGOFs-filled conduit (SGC), SGC+ES, nerve autograft, and sham groups for a 10-mm sciatic defect. Functional and histological recovery of the regenerated sciatic nerve at 12 weeks after surgery in each group of SD rats were evaluated. Results rGOFs exhibited aligned micro- and nano-channels with excellent mechanical and electrical properties. They are biocompatible in vitro and in vivo. All 6 groups exhibited PNI repair outcomes in view of neurological and morphological recovery. The SGC+ES group achieved similar therapeutic effects as nerve autograft group (P > 0.05), significantly outperformed other treatment groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expression of proteins related to axonal regeneration and angiogenesis were relatively higher in the SGC+ES. Conclusion The rGOFs had good biocompatibility combined with excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Combined with ES, the rGOFs provided superior motor nerve recovery for a 10-mm nerve gap in a murine acute transection injury model, indicating its excellent repairing ability. That the similar therapeutic effects as autologous nerve transplantation make us believe this method is a promising way to treat peripheral nerve defects, which is expected to guide clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daokuan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Kang
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Laijin Lu
- Department of Hand and Podiatric Surgery, Orthopedics Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
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Gutiérrez B, González-Quijón ME, Martínez-Rodríguez P, Alarcón-Apablaza J, Godoy K, Cury DP, Lezcano MF, Vargas-Chávez D, Dias FJ. Comprehensive Development of a Cellulose Acetate and Soy Protein-Based Scaffold for Nerve Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:216. [PMID: 38257015 PMCID: PMC10820324 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elaboration of biocompatible nerve guide conduits (NGCs) has been studied in recent years as a treatment for total nerve rupture lesions (axonotmesis). Different natural polymers have been used in these studies, including cellulose associated with soy protein. The purpose of this report was to describe manufacturing NGCs suitable for nerve regeneration using the method of dip coating and evaporation of solvent with cellulose acetate (CA) functionalized with soy protein acid hydrolysate (SPAH). METHODS The manufacturing method and bacterial control precautions for the CA/SPAH NGCs were described. The structure of the NGCs was analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM); porosity was analyzed with a degassing method using a porosimeter. Schwann cell (SCL 4.1/F7) biocompatibility of cell-seeded nerve guide conduits was evaluated with the MTT assay. RESULTS The method employed allowed an easy elaboration and customization of NGCs, free of bacteria, with pores in the internal surface, and the uniform wall thickness allowed manipulation, which showed flexibility; additionally, the sample was suturable. The NGCs showed initial biocompatibility with Schwann cells, revealing cells adhered to the NGC structure after 5 days. CONCLUSIONS The fabricated CA/SPAH NGCs showed adequate features to be used for peripheral nerve regeneration studies. Future reports are necessary to discuss the ideal concentration of CA and SPAH and the mechanical and physicochemical properties of this biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Gutiérrez
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - María Eugenia González-Quijón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Paulina Martínez-Rodríguez
- Oral Biology Research Centre (CIBO-UFRO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Josefa Alarcón-Apablaza
- Research Centre in Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Karina Godoy
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Diego Pulzatto Cury
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
- Department of Cellular Biology and the Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - María Florencia Lezcano
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde 3100, Argentina;
| | - Daniel Vargas-Chávez
- Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Fernando José Dias
- Oral Biology Research Centre (CIBO-UFRO), Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Department of Integral Adults Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
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Wu S, Shen W, Ge X, Ao F, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Jia X, Mao Y, Luo Y. Advances in Large Gap Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair and Regeneration with Bridging Nerve Guidance Conduits. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300078. [PMID: 37235853 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a common complication of accidents and diseases. The traditional autologous nerve graft approach remains the gold standard for the treatment of nerve injuries. While sources of autologous nerve grafts are very limited and difficult to obtain. Nerve guidance conduits are widely used in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries as an alternative to nerve autografts and allografts. However, the development of nerve conduits does not meet the needs of large gap peripheral nerve injury. Functional nerve conduits can provide a good microenvironment for axon elongation and myelin regeneration. Herein, the manufacturing methods and different design types of functional bridging nerve conduits for nerve conduits combined with electrical or magnetic stimulation and loaded with Schwann cells, etc., are summarized. It summarizes the literature and finds that the technical solutions of functional nerve conduits with electrical stimulation, magnetic stimulation and nerve conduits combined with Schwann cells can be used as effective strategies for bridging large gap nerve injury and provide an effective way for the study of large gap nerve injury repair. In addition, functional nerve conduits provide a new way to construct delivery systems for drugs and growth factors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wu
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Wen Shen
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Ge
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Fen Ao
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, No. 215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoni Jia
- Central Laboratory, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yueyang Mao
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yali Luo
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
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Visser Z, Verma SK, Rainey JK, Frampton JP. Loading and Release of Quercetin from Contact-Drawn Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Scaffolds. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1305-1317. [PMID: 36524014 PMCID: PMC9745892 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric drug releasing systems have numerous applications for the treatment of chronic diseases and traumatic injuries. In this study, a simple, cost-effective, and scalable method for dry spinning of crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers is presented. This method utilizes an entangled solution of PVA to form liquid bridges that are drawn into rapidly drying fibers through extensional flow. The fibers are crosslinked by a one-pot reaction in which glyoxal is introduced to the PVA solution prior to contact drawing. Failure analysis of fiber formation is used to understand the interplay of polymer concentration, glyoxal concentration, and crosslinking time to identify appropriate formulations for the production of glyoxal-crosslinked PVA fibers. The small molecule quercetin (an anti-inflammatory plant flavonoid) can be added to the one-pot reaction and is shown to be incorporated into the fibers in a concentration-dependent manner. Upon rehydration in an aqueous medium, the glyoxal-crosslinked PVA fiber scaffolds retain their morphology and slowly degrade, as measured over the course of 10 days. As the scaffolds degrade, they release the loaded quercetin, reaching a cumulative release of 56 ± 6% of the loaded drug after 10 days. The bioactivity of the released quercetin is verified by combining quercetin-loaded fibers with contact-drawn polyethylene oxide-type I collagen (PEO-Col) fibers and monitoring the growth of PC12 cells on the fibers. PC12 cells readily attach to the PEO-Col fibers and display increased nerve growth factor-induced elongation and neurite formation in the presence of quercetin-loaded PVA fibers relative to substrates formed from only PEO-Col fibers or PEO-Col and PVA fibers without quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
B. Visser
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, HalifaxB3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Surendra Kumar Verma
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, HalifaxB3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K. Rainey
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, HalifaxB3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, HalifaxB3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, HalifaxB3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John P. Frampton
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, HalifaxB3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, HalifaxB3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
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7
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Li Y, Chen Z, Zhou J, Guan Y, Xing J, Niu Z, Zhang B, Zeng Q, Pei X, Wang Y, Peng J, Xu W, Yue W, Han Y. Combining chitin biological conduits with injectable adipose tissue-derived decellularised matrix hydrogels loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the repair of peripheral nerve defects in rats. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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8
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Prest TA, Meder TJ, Skillen CD, Marchal L, Soletti L, Gardner PA, Cheetham J, Brown BN. Safety and efficacy of an injectable nerve-specific hydrogel in a rodent crush injury model. Muscle Nerve 2021; 65:247-255. [PMID: 34738250 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS While the peripheral nervous system has the inherent ability to recover following injury, results are often unsatisfactory, resulting in permanent functional deficits and disability. Therefore, methods that enhance regeneration are of significant interest. The present study investigates an injectable nerve-tissue-specific hydrogel as a biomaterial for nerve regeneration in a rat nerve crush model. METHODS Nerve-specific hydrogels were injected into the subepineurial space in both uninjured and crushed sciatic nerves of rats to assess safety and efficacy, respectively. The animals were followed longitudinally for 12 wk using sciatic functional index and kinematic measures. At 12 wk, electrophysiologic examination was also performed, followed by nerve and muscle histologic assessment. RESULTS When the hydrogel was injected into an uninjured nerve, no differences in sciatic functional index, kinematic function, or axon counts were observed. A slight reduction in muscle fiber diameter was observed in the hydrogel-injected animals, but overall muscle area and kinematic function were not affected. Hydrogel injection following nerve crush injury resulted in multiple modest improvements in sciatic functional index and kinematic function with an earlier return to normal function observed in the hydrogel treated animals as compared to untreated controls. While no improvements in supramaximal compound motor action potential were observed in hydrogel treated animals, increased axon counts were observed on histologic assessment. DISCUSSION These improvements in functional and histologic outcomes in a rapidly and fully recovering model suggest that injection of a nerve-specific hydrogel is safe and has the potential to improve outcomes following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Prest
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tyler J Meder
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clint D Skillen
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lucile Marchal
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Paul A Gardner
- Renerva, LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Cheetham
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Renerva, LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Bryan N Brown
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Renerva, LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Yan X, Yu Y, Wang S, Xu H, He Q, Wen J, Xu J, Li K, Huang Z, Xu P. Preparation and characterization of conductive nerve guide conduit filled with dual drug-loaded nanofibers. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115211053917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) has become one of the common clinical diseases. How to promote the regeneration and function recovery of the damaged peripheral nerve has been the focus of attention in the medical field. Evidence suggests that the longitudinal filling of oriented fibers in nerve guide conduit (NGC) is especially beneficial to the repair of long gap PNI. In this study, polypyrrole (PPy) nanospheres (PNSs) were prepared by the soft-templating method, and mixed with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) to prepare conductive PNSs/PLA NGC, and the optimal ratio of PNSs was 4.5%. PLA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as shell, chitosan (CS) and paeoniflorin (PF) as core, oriented coaxial nanofibers were obtained and then filled into PNSs/PLA NGC. The composite NGC has excellent mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, hydrophilic properties, and degradation properties. Besides, the successive release of VEGF and PF can play a synergistic role in promoting nerve regeneration. In vitro experiments showed that the composite NGC was nontoxic and suitable for the adhesion and proliferation of nerve cells. In addition, PNSs combined with electrical stimulation (ES) can significantly promote the differentiation and proliferation of nerve cells, which is conducive to nerve regeneration. These positive results indicate that the composite NGC is a promising candidate in the repair of long gap PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Haixing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qundi He
- Wuhan Mafangshan Middle School, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kebi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peihu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Yang S, Zhu J, Lu C, Chai Y, Cao Z, Lu J, Zhang Z, Zhao H, Huang YY, Yao S, Kong X, Zhang P, Wang X. Aligned fibrin/functionalized self-assembling peptide interpenetrating nanofiber hydrogel presenting multi-cues promotes peripheral nerve functional recovery. Bioact Mater 2021; 8:529-544. [PMID: 34541418 PMCID: PMC8435993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve guidance conduits with hollow lumen fail to regenerate critical-sized peripheral nerve defects (15 mm in rats and 25 mm in humans), which can be improved by a beneficial intraluminal microenvironment. However, individual cues provided by intraluminal filling materials are inadequate to eliminate the functional gap between regenerated nerves and normal nerves. Herein, an aligned fibrin/functionalized self-assembling peptide (AFG/fSAP) interpenetrating nanofiber hydrogel that exerting synergistic topographical and biochemical cues for peripheral nerve regeneration is constructed via electrospinning and molecular self-assembly. The hydrogel possesses an aligned structure, high water content, appropriate mechanical properties and suitable biodegradation capabilities for nerve repair, which enhances the alignment and neurotrophin secretion of primary Schwann cells (SCs) in vitro, and successfully bridges a 15-mm sciatic nerve gap in rats in vivo. The rats transplanted with the AFG/fSAP hydrogel exhibit satisfactory morphological and functional recovery in myelinated nerve fibers and innervated muscles. The motor function recovery facilitated by the AFG/fSAP hydrogel is comparable with that of autografts. Moreover, the AFG/fSAP hydrogel upregulates the regeneration-associated gene expression and activates the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in the regenerated nerve. Altogether, the AFG/fSAP hydrogel represents a promising approach for peripheral nerve repair through an integration of structural guidance and biochemical stimulation. A novel aligned interpenetrating nanofiber hydrogel is first constructed for peripheral nerve regeneration. The aligned hydrogel presents synergistic topographical and biochemical cues for peripheral nerve regeneration. Nerve conduits filled with the aligned hydrogel can repair the long-distance sciatic nerve defects in 12 weeks. The function recovery facilitated by the aligned hydrogel is comparable with that of autografts. The aligned hydrogel upregulates regeneration-related genes and activates the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jinjin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Changfeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Yi Chai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Zheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yin-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Peixun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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11
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Poudel BK, Robert MC, Simpson FC, Malhotra K, Jacques L, LaBarre P, Griffith M. In situ Tissue Regeneration in the Cornea from Bench to Bedside. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:506-526. [PMID: 34380144 DOI: 10.1159/000514690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal blindness accounts for 5.1% of visual deficiency and is the fourth leading cause of blindness globally. An additional 1.5-2 million people develop corneal blindness each year, including many children born with or who later develop corneal infections. Over 90% of corneal blind people globally live in low- and middle-income regions (LMIRs), where corneal ulcers are approximately 10-fold higher compared to high-income countries. While corneal transplantation is an effective option for patients in high-income countries, there is a considerable global shortage of corneal graft tissue and limited corneal transplant programs in many LMIRs. In situ tissue regeneration aims to restore diseases or damaged tissues by inducing organ regeneration. This can be achieved in the cornea using biomaterials based on extracellular matrix (ECM) components like collagen, hyaluronic acid, and silk. Solid corneal implants based on recombinant human collagen type III were successfully implanted into patients resulting in regeneration of the corneal epithelium, stroma, and sub-basal nerve plexus. As ECM crosslinking and manufacturing methods improve, the focus of biomaterial development has shifted to injectable, in situ gelling formulations. Collagen, collagen-mimetic, and gelatin-based in situ gelling formulas have shown the ability to repair corneal wounds, surgical incisions, and perforations in in-vivo models. Biomaterial approaches may not be sufficient to treat inflammatory conditions, so other cell-free therapies such as treatment with tolerogenic exosomes and extracellular vesicles may improve treatment outcomes. Overall, many of the technologies described here show promise as future medical devices or combination products with cell or drug-based therapies. In situ tissue regeneration, particularly with liquid formulas, offers the ability to triage and treat corneal injuries and disease with a single regenerative solution, providing alternatives to organ transplantation and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay K Poudel
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Robert
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département d'Opthalmologie, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fiona C Simpson
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département d'Opthalmologie, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Génie Biomédicale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kamal Malhotra
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département d'Opthalmologie, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ludovic Jacques
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - May Griffith
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département d'Opthalmologie, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut du Génie Biomédicale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Grijalvo S, Díaz DD. Graphene-based hybrid materials as promising scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105005. [PMID: 33667593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a serious clinical health problem caused by the damage of peripheral nerves which results in neurological deficits and permanent disability. There are several factors that may cause PNI such as localized damage (car accident, trauma, electrical injury) and outbreak of the systemic diseases (autoimmune or diabetes). While various diagnostic procedures including X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as other type of examinations such as electromyography or nerve conduction studies have been efficiently developed, a full recovery in patients with PNI is in many cases deficient or incomplete. This is the reason why additional therapeutic strategies should be explored to favor a complete rehabilitation in order to get appropriate nerve injury regeneration. The use of biomaterials acting as scaffolds opens an interesting approach in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications due to their ability to guide the growth of new tissues, adhesion and proliferation of cells including the expression of bioactive signals. This review discusses the preparation and therapeutic strategies describing in vitro and in vivo experiments using graphene-based materials in the context of PNI and their ability to promote nerve tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Grijalvo
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Spain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Institute of Bio-Organic Antonio González, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätstr. 31, Regensburg, 93053, Germany.
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13
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Entekhabi E, Haghbin Nazarpak M, Shafieian M, Mohammadi H, Firouzi M, Hassannejad Z. Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of 3D composite scaffold based on collagen/hyaluronic acid sponge and electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:300-312. [PMID: 32490587 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of peripheral nerve autografts with tissue engineered nerve grafts will potentially resolve the lack of nerve tissue especially in patients with severe concomitant soft tissue injuries. This study attempted to fabricate a tissue engineered nerve graft composed of electrospun PCL conduit filled with collagen-hyaluronic acid (COL-HA) sponge with different COL-HA weight ratios including 100:0, 98:2, 95:5 and 90:10. The effect of HA addition on the sponge porosity, mechanical properties, water absorption and degradation rate was assessed. A good cohesion between the electrospun PCL nanofibers and COL-HA sponges were seen in all sponges with different HA contents. Mechanical properties of PCL nanofibrous layer were similar to the rat sciatic nerve; the ultimate tensile strength was 2.23 ± 0.35 MPa at the elongation of 35%. Additionally, Schwann cell proliferation and morphology on three dimensional (3D) composite scaffold were evaluated by using MTT and SEM assays, respectively. Rising the HA content resulted in higher water absorption as well as greater pore size and porosity, while a decrease in Schwann cell proliferation compared to pure collagen sponge, although reduction in cell proliferation was not statistically significant. The lower Schwann cell proliferation on the COL-HA was attributed to the greater degradation rate and pore size of the COL-HA sponges. Also, dorsal root ganglion assay showed that the engineered 3D construct significantly increases axon growth. Taken together, these results suggest that the fabricated 3D composite scaffold provide a permissive environment for Schwann cells proliferation and maturation and can encourage axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Entekhabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Haghbin Nazarpak
- New Technologies Research Center (NTRC), Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafieian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniye Mohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Firouzi
- Tissue Repair Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hassannejad
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Angelaki D, Kavatzikidou P, Fotakis C, Stratakis E, Ranella A. Laser-induced topographies enable the spatial patterning of co-cultured peripheral nervous system cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 115:111144. [PMID: 32600731 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system comprises glia and neurons that receive the necessary cues for their adhesion and proliferation from their extracellular milieu. In this study, a spatial platform of pseudoperiodic morphologies including patterns of nano- and micro- structures on Si were developed via direct ultrafast-laser structuring and were used as substrates for the patterning of co-cultured neuronal cells. The response of murine Schwann (SW10) and Neuro2a (N2a) cells were investigated both in monocultures and in a glia and neuronal co-culture system. Our results denoted that different types of neural tissue cells respond differently to the underlying topography, but furthermore, the presence of the glial cells alters the adhesion behavior of the neuronal cells in their co-culture. Therefore, we envisage that direct laser structuring that enables spatial patterning of the cells of the nervous system in a controllable manner according to the research needs, could in the future be a useful tool for understanding neural network interfaces and their electrical activity, synaptic processes and myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Angelaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion 711 10, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion 710 03, Greece.
| | - P Kavatzikidou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion 711 10, Greece.
| | - C Fotakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion 711 10, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion 710 03, Greece.
| | - E Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion 711 10, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion 710 03, Greece.
| | - A Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion 711 10, Greece.
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15
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Vijayavenkataraman S. Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: A review on design, materials and fabrication methods. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:54-69. [PMID: 32044456 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves can sustain injuries due to loss of structure and/or function of peripheral nerves because of accident, trauma and other causes, which leads to partial or complete loss of sensory, motor, and autonomic functions and neuropathic pain. Even with the extensive knowledge on the pathophysiology and regeneration mechanisms of peripheral nerve injuries (PNI), reliable treatment methods that ensure full functional recovery are scant. Nerve autografting is the current gold standard for treatment of PNI. Given the limitations of autografts including donor site morbidity and limited supply, alternate treatment methods are being pursued by the researchers. Neural guide conduits (NGCs) are increasingly being considered as a potential alternative to nerve autografts. The anatomy of peripheral nerves, classification of PNI, and current treatment methods are briefly yet succinctly reviewed. A detailed review on the various designs of NGCs, the different materials used for making the NGCs, and the fabrication methods adopted is presented in this work. Much progress had been made in all the aspects of making an NGC, including the design, materials and fabrication techniques. The advent of advanced technologies such as additive manufacturing and 3D bioprinting could be beneficial in easing the production of patient-specific NGCs. NGCs with supporting cells or stem cells, NGCs loaded with neurotropic factors and drugs, and 4D printed NGCs are some of the futuristic areas of interest. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Neural guide conduits (NGCs) are increasingly being considered as a potential alternative to nerve autografts in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. A detailed review on the various designs of NGCs, the different materials used for making the NGCs, and the fabrication methods (including Additive Manufacturing) adopted is presented in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, NY, USA.
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16
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Salehi M, Bagher Z, Kamrava SK, Ehterami A, Alizadeh R, Farhadi M, Falah M, Komeili A. Alginate/chitosan hydrogel containing olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells for sciatic nerve tissue engineering. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15357-15368. [PMID: 30701533 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve damage still remain a significant clinical problem. In this study, alginate/chitosan (alg/chit) hydrogel was used for the transplantation of olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs) to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. The OE-MSCs were isolated from olfactory mucosa biopsies and evaluated by different cell surface markers and differentiation capacity. After creating sciatic nerve injury in a rat model, OE-MSCs were transplanted to the injured area with alg/chit hydrogel which was prepared and well-characterized. The prepared hydrogel had the porosity of 91.3 ± 1.27%, the swelling ratio of 379% after 240 min, weight loss percentages of 80 ± 5.56% after 14 days, and good blood compatibility. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and LIVE/DEAD staining were done to assay the behavior of OE-MSCs on alg/chit hydrogel and the results confirmed that the hydrogel can provide a suitable substrate for cell survival. For functional analysis, alg/chit hydrogel with and without OE- MSCs was injected into a 3-mm sciatic nerve defect of Wistar rats. The results of the sciatic functional index, hot plate latency, electrophysiological assessment, weight-loss percentage of wet gastrocnemius muscle, and histopathological examination using hematoxylin-eosin and Luxol fast blue staining showed that utilizing alg/chit hydrogel with OE-MSCs to the sciatic nerve defect enhance regeneration compared to the control group and hydrogel without cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.,Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bagher
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Kamran Kamrava
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Ehterami
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafieh Alizadeh
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Falah
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Komeili
- Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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17
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The use of hydrogels for cell-based treatment of chronic kidney disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1977-1994. [PMID: 30220651 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major and growing public health concern with increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide. The therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) holds great promise for treatment of CKD. However, there are significant bottlenecks in the clinical translation due to the reduced number of transplanted cells and the duration of their presence at the site of tissue damage. Bioengineered hydrogels may provide a route of cell delivery to enhance treatment efficacy and optimise the targeting effectiveness while minimising any loss of cell function. In this review, we highlight the advances in stem cell therapy targeting kidney disease and discuss the emerging role of hydrogel delivery systems to fully realise the potential of adult stem cells as a regenerative therapy for CKD in humans. MSCs and EPCs mediate kidney repair through distinct paracrine effects. As a delivery system, hydrogels can prolong these paracrine effects by improving retention at the site of injury and protecting the transplanted cells from the harsh inflammatory microenvironment. We also discuss the features of a hydrogel, which may be tuned to optimise the therapeutic potential of encapsulated stem cells, including cell-adhesive epitopes, material stiffness, nanotopography, modes of gelation and degradation and the inclusion of bioactive molecules. This review concludes with a discussion of the challenges to be met for the widespread clinical use of hydrogel delivery system of stem cell therapy for CKD.
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18
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Zhang R, Rosen JM. The role of undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve repair. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:757-763. [PMID: 29862994 PMCID: PMC5998619 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.232457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries impose significant health and economic consequences, yet no surgical repair can deliver a complete recovery of sensory or motor function. Traditional methods of repair are less than ideal: direct coaptation can only be performed when tension-free repair is possible, and transplantation of nerve autograft can cause donor-site morbidity and neuroma formation. Cell-based therapy delivered via nerve conduits has thus been explored as an alternative method of nerve repair in recent years. Stem cells are promising sources of the regenerative core material in a nerve conduit because stem cells are multipotent in function, abundant in supply, and more accessible than the myelinating Schwann cells. Among different types of stem cells, undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cell (uASC), which can be processed from adipose tissue in less than two hours, is a promising yet underexplored cell type. Studies of uASC have emerged in the past decade and have shown that autologous uASCs are non-immunogenic, easy to access, abundant in supply, and efficacious at promoting nerve regeneration. Two theories have been proposed as the primary regenerative mechanisms of uASC: in situ trans-differentiation towards Schwann cells, and secretion of trophic and anti-inflammatory factors. Future studies need to fully elucidate the mechanisms, side effects, and efficacy of uASC-based nerve regeneration so that uASCs can be utilized in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Joseph M. Rosen
- Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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19
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Allbright KO, Bliley JM, Havis E, Kim D, Dibernardo GA, Grybowski D, Waldner M, James IB, Sivak WN, Rubin JP, Marra KG. Delivery of adipose‐derived stem cells in poloxamer hydrogel improves peripheral nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58:251-260. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra O. Allbright
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Bliley
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Emmanuelle Havis
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Deok‐Yeol Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Gabriella A. Dibernardo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Damian Grybowski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Matthias Waldner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Isaac B. James
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Wesley N. Sivak
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - J. Peter Rubin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
| | - Kacey G. Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3550 Terrace Street 6B, Scaife Hall Pittsburgh Pennsylvania15261 USA
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20
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Ossipov DA, Romero AB, Ossipova E. Light-activatable prodrugs based on hyaluronic acid biomaterials. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 180:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Xu H, Zhang L, Bao Y, Yan X, Yin Y, Li Y, Wang X, Huang Z, Xu P. Preparation and characterization of injectable chitosan–hyaluronic acid hydrogels for nerve growth factor sustained release. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911516662068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The usage of hollow nerve conduits shows inferior recovery effect on the repair of peripheral nerve defects. In this study, a biocompatible and biodegradable pH-induced injectable chitosan–hyaluronic acid hydrogel for nerve growth factor encapsulation and sustained release was developed as the fillers in the lumen of hollow nerve conduit to reform its microenvironment for peripheral nerve regeneration. The physicochemical properties of hydrogel were characterized by gelation time, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, compressive modulus, porosity, swelling ratio, and in vitro degradation. The in vitro nerve growth factor release profiles and cell evaluation were also investigated. The results show that the structure of chitosan–hyaluronic acid hydrogel is composed of interconnected channels with a controllable pore diameter ranging from 20 to 100 µm. The hydrogel can be degraded more than 70% within 8 weeks in vitro and is available for nerve growth factor sustained release. The chitosan–hyaluronic acid/nerve growth factor hydrogel is non-toxic and suitable for adhesion and proliferation of nerve cells and capable of maintaining nerve growth factor activity. Therefore, it could be a promising intraluminal filler of nerve conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration in neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lingxi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yun Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yixia Yin
- Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Peihu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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22
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Liow SS, Dou Q, Kai D, Karim AA, Zhang K, Xu F, Loh XJ. Thermogels: In Situ Gelling Biomaterial. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:295-316. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sing Shy Liow
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Qingqing Dou
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Anis Abdul Karim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Kangyi Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | | | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore
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23
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24
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Oriented growth and transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards a Schwann cell fate on micropatterned substrates. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:325-35. [PMID: 26371993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While Schwann cells (SCs) have a significant role in peripheral nerve regeneration, their use in treatments has been limited because of lack of a readily available source. To address this issue, this study focused on the effect of guidance cues by employing micropatterned polymeric films to influence the alignment, morphology and transdifferentiation of bone marrow-derived rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards a Schwann cell-like fate. Two different types of polymers, biocompatible polystyrene (PS) and biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were used to fabricate patterned films. Percentages of transdifferentiated MSCs (tMSCs) immunolabeled with SC markers (α-S100β and α-p75(NTR)) were found to be similar on patterned versus smooth PS and PLA substrates. However, patterning had a significant effect on the alignment and elongation of the tMSCs. More than 80% of the tMSCs were oriented in the direction of microgrooves (0°-20°), while cells on the smooth substrates were randomly oriented. The aspect ratio [AR, ratio of length (in direction of microgrooves) and breadth (in direction perpendicular to microgrooves)] of the tMSCs on patterned substrates had a value of approximately five, as compared to cells on smooth substrates where the AR was one. Understanding responses to these cues in vitro helps us in understanding the behavior and interaction of the cells with the 3D environment of the scaffolds, facilitating the application of these concepts to designing effective nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Trends in the design of nerve guidance channels in peripheral nerve tissue engineering. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:87-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lorden ER, Levinson HM, Leong KW. Integration of drug, protein, and gene delivery systems with regenerative medicine. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 5:168-86. [PMID: 25787742 PMCID: PMC4382089 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-013-0165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has the potential to drastically change the field of health care from reactive to preventative and restorative. Exciting advances in stem cell biology and cellular reprogramming have fueled the progress of this field. Biochemical cues in the form of small molecule drugs, growth factors, zinc finger protein transcription factors and nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, monoclonal antibodies, plasmid DNA, aptamers, or RNA interference agents can play an important role to influence stem cell differentiation and the outcome of tissue regeneration. Many of these biochemical factors are fragile and must act intracellularly at the molecular level. They require an effective delivery system, which can take the form of a scaffold (e.g., hydrogels and electrospun fibers), carrier (viral and nonviral), nano- and microparticle, or genetically modified cell. In this review, we will discuss the history and current technologies of drug, protein, and gene delivery in the context of regenerative medicine. Next, we will present case examples of how delivery technologies are being applied to promote angiogenesis in nonhealing wounds or prevent angiogenesis in age related macular degeneration. Finally, we will conclude with a brief discussion of the regulatory pathway from bench to bedside for the clinical translation of these novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard M. Levinson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Black KA, Lin BF, Wonder EA, Desai SS, Chung EJ, Ulery BD, Katari RS, Tirrell MV. Biocompatibility and characterization of a peptide amphiphile hydrogel for applications in peripheral nerve regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1333-42. [PMID: 25626921 PMCID: PMC4394881 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a debilitating condition for which new bioengineering solutions are needed. Autografting, the gold standard in treatment, involves sacrifice of a healthy nerve and results in loss of sensation or function at the donor site. One alternative solution to autografting is to use a nerve guide conduit designed to physically guide the nerve as it regenerates across the injury gap. Such conduits are effective for short gap injuries, but fail to surpass autografting in long gap injuries. One strategy to enhance regeneration inside conduits in long gap injuries is to fill the guide conduits with a hydrogel to mimic the native extracellular matrix found in peripheral nerves. In this work, a peptide amphiphile (PA)-based hydrogel was optimized for peripheral nerve repair. Hydrogels consisting of the PA C16GSH were compared with a commercially available collagen gel. Schwann cells, a cell type important in the peripheral nerve regenerative cascade, were able to spread, proliferate, and migrate better on C16GSH gels in vitro when compared with cells seeded on collagen gels. Moreover, C16GSH gels were implanted subcutaneously in a murine model and were found to be biocompatible, degrade over time, and support angiogenesis without causing inflammation or a foreign body immune response. Taken together, these results help optimize and instruct the development of a new synthetic hydrogel as a luminal filler for conduit-mediated peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Black
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California
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Ramburrun P, Kumar P, Choonara YE, Bijukumar D, du Toit LC, Pillay V. A review of bioactive release from nerve conduits as a neurotherapeutic strategy for neuronal growth in peripheral nerve injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:132350. [PMID: 25143934 PMCID: PMC4131113 DOI: 10.1155/2014/132350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve regeneration strategies employ the use of polymeric engineered nerve conduits encompassed with components of a delivery system. This allows for the controlled and sustained release of neurotrophic growth factors for the enhancement of the innate regenerative capacity of the injured nerves. This review article focuses on the delivery of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) and the importance of the parameters that control release kinetics in the delivery of optimal quantities of NTFs for improved therapeutic effect and prevention of dose dumping. Studies utilizing various controlled-release strategies, in attempt to obtain ideal release kinetics, have been reviewed in this paper. Release strategies discussed include affinity-based models, crosslinking techniques, and layer-by-layer technologies. Currently available synthetic hollow nerve conduits, an alternative to the nerve autografts, have proven to be successful in the bridging and regeneration of primarily the short transected nerve gaps in several patient cases. However, current research emphasizes on the development of more advanced nerve conduits able to simulate the effectiveness of the autograft which includes, in particular, the ability to deliver growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Ramburrun
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Divya Bijukumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Lisa C. du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Carriel V, Alaminos M, Garzón I, Campos A, Cornelissen M. Tissue engineering of the peripheral nervous system. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:301-18. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.887444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Costa HJZR, Bento RF, Salomone R, Azzi-Nogueira D, Zanatta DB, Paulino Costa M, da Silva CF, Strauss BE, Haddad LA. Mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells within polyglycolic acid tube observed in vivo after six weeks enhance facial nerve regeneration. Brain Res 2013; 1510:10-21. [PMID: 23542586 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autografting is the gold-standard method for facial nerve repair with tissue loss. Its association with high-quality scaffolds and cell implants has disclosed distinct experimental outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and histological effects of bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) combined with polyglycolic acid tube (PGAt) in autografted rat facial nerves. After neurotmesis of the mandibular branch of the rat facial nerve, surgical repair consisted of nerve autografting (groups A-E) contained in pGAT (groups B-E), filled with basement membrane matrix (groups C-E) with undifferentiated BMSC (group D) or Schwann-like cells that had differentiated from BMSC (group E). Axon morphometrics and an objective compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) analysis were conducted. Immunofluorescence assays were carried out with Schwann cell marker S100 and anti-β-galactosidase to label exogenous cells. Six weeks after surgery, animals from either cell-containing group had mean CMAP amplitudes significantly higher than control groups. Differently from other groups, facial nerves with Schwann-like cell implants had mean axonal densities within reference values. This same group had the highest mean axonal diameter in distal segments. We observed expression of the reporter gene lacZ in nerve cells in the graft and distally from it in groups D and E. Group-E cells had lacZ coexpressed with S100. In conclusion, regeneration of the facial nerve was improved by BMSC within PGAt in rats, yet Schwann-like cells were associated with superior effects. Accordingly, groups D and E had BMSC integrated in neural tissue with maintenance of former cell phenotype for six weeks.
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