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Snyder Y, Jana S. Strategies for Development of Synthetic Heart Valve Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2023; 139:101173. [PMID: 37981978 PMCID: PMC10655624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The current clinical solutions, including mechanical and bioprosthetic valves for valvular heart diseases, are plagued by coagulation, calcification, nondurability, and the inability to grow with patients. The tissue engineering approach attempts to resolve these shortcomings by producing heart valve scaffolds that may deliver patients a life-long solution. Heart valve scaffolds serve as a three-dimensional support structure made of biocompatible materials that provide adequate porosity for cell infiltration, and nutrient and waste transport, sponsor cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and allow for extracellular matrix production that together contributes to the generation of functional neotissue. The foundation of successful heart valve tissue engineering is replicating native heart valve architecture, mechanics, and cellular attributes through appropriate biomaterials and scaffold designs. This article reviews biomaterials, the fabrication of heart valve scaffolds, and their in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations applied for heart valve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Snyder
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Soumen Jana
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Okhovatian S, Mohammadi MH, Rafatian N, Radisic M. Engineering Models of the Heart Left Ventricle. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2144-2160. [PMID: 35523206 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite capturing the imagination of scientists for decades, the goal of creating an artificial heart for transplantation proved to be significantly more challenging than initially anticipated. Toward this goal, recent ground-breaking studies demonstrate the development of functional left ventricular (LV) models. LV models are artificially constructed 3D chambers that are capable of containing liquid within the engineered cavity and exhibit the functionality of native LV including contraction, ejection of fluid, and electrical impulse propagation. Various hydrogels and polymers have been used in manufacturing of LV models, relying on techniques such as electrospinning, bioprinting, casting, and molding. Most studies scaled down the models based on the dimensions of the human or rat ventricle. Initially, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were the cell type of choice for construction the LV models. Yet, as the stem cell biology field advanced, recent studies focused on the use of cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we first describe the physiological characteristics of the human heart, to establish the parameter space for modeling. We then elaborate on current advances in the field and compare recently developed LV models among themselves and with the native human left ventricle. Fabrication methods, cell types, biomaterials, functional properties, and disease modeling capability are some of the major parameters that have distinguished these models. We also highlight some of the current challenges in this field, such as vascularization, cell composition and fidelity, and discuss potential solutions to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargol Okhovatian
- Institute of Biomaterials Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Institute of Biomaterials Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.,Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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Tandon I, Ozkizilcik A, Ravishankar P, Balachandran K. Aortic valve cell microenvironment: Considerations for developing a valve-on-chip. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 2:041303. [PMID: 38504720 PMCID: PMC10903420 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac valves are sophisticated, dynamic structures residing in a complex mechanical and hemodynamic environment. Cardiac valve disease is an active and progressive disease resulting in severe socioeconomic burden, especially in the elderly. Valve disease also leads to a 50% increase in the possibility of associated cardiovascular events. Yet, valve replacement remains the standard of treatment with early detection, mitigation, and alternate therapeutic strategies still lacking. Effective study models are required to further elucidate disease mechanisms and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Organ-on-chip models offer a unique and powerful environment that incorporates the ease and reproducibility of in vitro systems along with the complexity and physiological recapitulation of the in vivo system. The key to developing effective valve-on-chip models is maintaining the cell and tissue-level microenvironment relevant to the study application. This review outlines the various components and factors that comprise and/or affect the cell microenvironment that ought to be considered while constructing a valve-on-chip model. This review also dives into the advancements made toward constructing valve-on-chip models with a specific focus on the aortic valve, that is, in vitro studies incorporating three-dimensional co-culture models that incorporate relevant extracellular matrices and mechanical and hemodynamic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tandon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Asya Ozkizilcik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Prashanth Ravishankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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Kim J, Jang J, Cho DW. Recapitulating the Cancer Microenvironment Using Bioprinting Technology for Precision Medicine. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1122. [PMID: 34577765 PMCID: PMC8472267 DOI: 10.3390/mi12091122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complex and heterogenous nature of cancer contributes to the development of cancer cell drug resistance. The construction of the cancer microenvironment, including the cell-cell interactions and extracellular matrix (ECM), plays a significant role in the development of drug resistance. Traditional animal models used in drug discovery studies have been associated with feasibility issues that limit the recapitulation of human functions; thus, in vitro models have been developed to reconstruct the human cancer system. However, conventional two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cancer models are limited in their ability to emulate complex cancer microenvironments. Advances in technologies, including bioprinting and cancer microenvironment reconstruction, have demonstrated the potential to overcome some of the limitations of conventional models. This study reviews some representative bioprinted in vitro models used in cancer research, particularly fabrication strategies for modeling and consideration of essential factors needed for the reconstruction of the cancer microenvironment. In addition, we highlight recent studies that applied such models, including application in precision medicine using advanced bioprinting technologies to fabricate biomimetic cancer models. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges in 3D bioprinting and suggest possible strategies to construct in vitro models that better mimic the pathophysiology of the cancer microenvironment for application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Jinah Jang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Cho
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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5
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Dhand AP, Galarraga JH, Burdick JA. Enhancing Biopolymer Hydrogel Functionality through Interpenetrating Networks. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:519-538. [PMID: 32950262 PMCID: PMC7960570 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traditional hydrogels are strong candidates for biomedical applications; however, they may suffer from drawbacks such as weak mechanics, static properties, and an inability to fully replicate aspects of the cellular microenvironment. These challenges can be addressed through the incorporation of second networks to form interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels. The objective of this review is to establish clear trends on the enhanced functionality achieved by incorporating secondary networks into traditional, biopolymer-based hydrogels. These include mechanical reinforcement, 'smart' systems that respond to external stimuli, and the ability to tune cell-material interactions. Through attention to network structure and chemistry, IPN hydrogels may advance to meet challenging criteria for a wide range of biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek P Dhand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan H Galarraga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Tandon I, Johns S, Woessner A, Perez J, Cross D, Ozkizilcik A, Muldoon TJ, Vallurupalli S, Padala M, Quinn KP, Balachandran K. Label-free optical biomarkers detect early calcific aortic valve disease in a wild-type mouse model. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:521. [PMID: 33308143 PMCID: PMC7731510 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) pathophysiology is a complex, multistage process, usually diagnosed at advanced stages after significant anatomical and hemodynamic changes in the valve. Early detection of disease progression is thus pivotal in the development of prevention and mitigation strategies. In this study, we developed a diet-based, non-genetically modified mouse model for early CAVD progression, and explored the utility of two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) microscopy for early detection of CAVD progression. TPEF imaging provides label-free, non-invasive, quantitative metrics with the potential to correlate with multiple stages of CAVD pathophysiology including calcium deposition, collagen remodeling and osteogenic differentiation. Methods Twenty-week old C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control or pro-calcific diet for 16 weeks and monitored via echocardiography, histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polarized light imaging. Additionally, TPEF imaging was used to quantify tissue autofluorescence (A) at 755 nm, 810 nm and 860 nm excitation, to calculate TPEF 755–860 ratio (A860/525/(A755/460 + A860/525)) and TPEF Collagen-Calcium ratio (A810/525/(A810/460 + A810/525)) in the murine valves. In a separate experiment, animals were fed the above diets till 28 weeks to assess for later-stage calcification. Results Pro-calcific mice showed evidence of lipid deposition at 4 weeks and calcification at 16 weeks at the valve commissures. The valves of pro-calcific mice also showed positive expression for markers of osteogenic differentiation, myofibroblast activation, proliferation, inflammatory cytokines and collagen remodeling. Pro-calcific mice exhibited lower TPEF autofluorescence ratios, at locations coincident with calcification, that correlated with increased collagen disorganization and positive expression of osteogenic markers. Additionally, locations with lower TPEF autofluorescence ratios at 4 and 16 weeks exhibited increased calcification at later 28-week timepoints. Conclusions This study suggests the potential of TPEF autofluorescence metrics to serve as a label-free tool for early detection and monitoring of CAVD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Tandon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Shelby Johns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Alan Woessner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jessica Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Delaney Cross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Asya Ozkizilcik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Timothy J Muldoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Srikanth Vallurupalli
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Muralidhar Padala
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Joseph P. Whitehead Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kyle P Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials for Engineering Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112506. [PMID: 33126468 PMCID: PMC7692845 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of in vitro models that represent the native tumor microenvironment is a significant challenge for cancer research. Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture has long been the standard for in vitro cell-based studies. However, differences between 2D culture and the in vivo environment have led to poor translation of cancer research from in vitro to in vivo models, slowing the progress of the field. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) culture have improved the ability of in vitro culture to replicate in vivo conditions. Although 3D cultures still cannot achieve the complexity of the in vivo environment, they can still better replicate the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions of solid tumors. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) are three-dimensional (3D) clusters of cells with tumor-like features such as oxygen gradients and drug resistance, and represent an important translational tool for cancer research. Accordingly, natural and synthetic polymers, including collagen, hyaluronic acid, Matrigel®, polyethylene glycol (PEG), alginate and chitosan, have been used to form and study MCTS for improved clinical translatability. This review evaluates the current state of biomaterial-based MCTS formation, including advantages and disadvantages of the different biomaterials and their recent applications to the field of cancer research, with a focus on the past five years.
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8
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Ravishankar P, Ozkizilcik A, Husain A, Balachandran K. Anisotropic Fiber-Reinforced Glycosaminoglycan Hydrogels for Heart Valve Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:513-525. [PMID: 32723024 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates polymer fiber-reinforced protein-polysaccharide-based hydrogels for heart valve tissue engineering applications. Polycaprolactone and gelatin (3:1) blends were jet-spun to fabricate aligned fibers that possessed fiber diameters in the range found in the native heart valve. These fibers were embedded in methacrylated hydrogels made from gelatin, sodium hyaluronate, and chondroitin sulfate to create fiber-reinforced hydrogel composites (HCs). The fiber-reinforced gelatin glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-based HC possessed interconnected porous structures and porosity higher than fiber-only conditions. These fiber-reinforced HCs exhibited compressive modulus and biaxial mechanical behavior comparable to that of native porcine aortic valves. The fiber-reinforced HCs were able to swell higher and degraded less than the hydrogels. Elution studies revealed that less than 20% of incorporated gelatin methacrylate and GAGs were released over 2 weeks, with a steady-state release after the first day. When cultured with porcine valve interstitial cells (VICs), the fiber-reinforced composites were able to maintain higher cell viability compared with fiber-only samples. Quiescent VICs expressed alpha smooth muscle actin and calponin showing an activated phenotype, along with a few cells expressing the proliferation marker Ki67 and negative expression for RUNX2, an osteogenic marker. Our study demonstrated that compared with the hydrogels and fibers alone, combining both components can yield durable, reinforced composites that mimic heart valve mechanical behavior, while maintaining high cell viability and expressing positive activation as well as proliferation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Ravishankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Asya Ozkizilcik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Anushae Husain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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9
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Quan Q, Wang X, Lu C, Ma W, Han J, Xia G, Yang G, Wang C. Association of extracellular matrix microarchitecture and three-dimensional collective invasion of cancer cells. Biotech Histochem 2020; 95:605-612. [PMID: 32292080 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1744187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As much as 90% of cancer associated mortality follows metastasis of a primary tumor. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and CTC clusters are important for metastasis. Compared to CTCs, CTC clusters formed by collective invasion exhibit a 23-50 fold increase in metastatic potential, but the factors that influence collective invasion are largely unknown. Using well defined three-dimensional matrices and different extracellular matrix (ECM) concentrations, we found that cancer cells were more prone to collective invasion at low ECM concentration. Moreover, despite variation of biological factors, changes in ECM microarchitecture, especially the pore size of the matrix, was correlated with the probability of collective invasion, which indicates that the physical microarchitecture of ECM plays an important role in collective invasion of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University , Beijing, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenzong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jintao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University , Beijing, P. R. China
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Oveissi F, Naficy S, Lee A, Winlaw D, Dehghani F. Materials and manufacturing perspectives in engineering heart valves: a review. Mater Today Bio 2020; 5:100038. [PMID: 32211604 PMCID: PMC7083765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Valvular heart diseases (VHD) are a major health burden, affecting millions of people worldwide. The treatments for such diseases rely on medicine, valve repair, and artificial heart valves including mechanical and bioprosthetic valves. Yet, there are countless reports on possible alternatives noting long-term stability and biocompatibility issues and highlighting the need for fabrication of more durable and effective replacements. This review discusses the current and potential materials that can be used for developing such valves along with existing and developing fabrication methods. With this perspective, we quantitatively compare mechanical properties of various materials that are currently used or proposed for heart valves along with their fabrication processes to identify challenges we face in creating new materials and manufacturing techniques to better mimick the performance of native heart valves.
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Key Words
- 3D printing
- Biofabrication
- Biomaterials
- E, Young's modulus
- Electrospinning
- Gal, galactose-α1,3-galactose
- GelMa, gelatin methacrylate
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HAVIC, human aortic valvular interstitial cells
- MA-HA, methacrylated hyaluronic acid
- NeuGc, N-glycolylneuraminic acid
- P4HB, poly(4-hydroxybutyrate)
- PAAm, polyacrylamide
- PCE, polycitrate-(ε-polypeptide)
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PE, polyethylene
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEGDA, polyethylene glycol diacrylate
- PGA, poly(glycolic acid)
- PHA, poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
- PLA, polylactide
- PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)
- PPG, polypropylene glycol
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- PU, polyurethane
- SIBS, poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene)
- SMC, smooth muscle cells
- VHD, valvular heart disease
- VIC, aortic valve leaflet interstitial cells
- Valvular heart diseases
- dECM, decellularized extracellular matrix
- ePTFE, expanded PTFE
- xSIBS, crosslinked version of SIBS
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Oveissi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - S. Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - A. Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - D.S. Winlaw
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - F. Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Khang A, Gonzalez Rodriguez A, Schroeder ME, Sansom J, Lejeune E, Anseth KS, Sacks MS. Quantifying heart valve interstitial cell contractile state using highly tunable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:354-367. [PMID: 31323351 PMCID: PMC6717677 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells (VIC) are the primary cell type residing within heart valve tissues. In many valve pathologies, VICs become activated and will subsequently profoundly remodel the valve tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). A primary indicator of VIC activation is the upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) stress fibers, which in turn increase VIC contractility. Thus, contractile state reflects VIC activation and ECM biosynthesis levels. In general, cell contraction studies have largely utilized two-dimensional substrates, which are a vastly different micro mechanical environment than 3D native leaflet tissue. To address this limitation, hydrogels have been a popular choice for studying cells in a three-dimensional environment due to their tunable properties and optical transparency, which allows for direct cell visualization. In the present study, we extended the use of hydrogels to study the active contractile behavior of VICs. Aortic VICs (AVIC) were encapsulated within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels and were subjected to flexural-deformation tests to assess the state of AVIC contraction. Using a finite element model of the experimental setup, we determined the effective shear modulus μ of the constructs. An increase in μ resulting from AVIC active contraction was observed. Results further indicated that AVIC contraction had a more pronounced effect on μ in softer gels (72 ± 21% increase in μ within 2.5 kPa gels) and was dependent upon the availability of adhesion sites (0.5-1 mM CRGDS). The transparency of the gel allowed us to image AVICs directly within the hydrogel, where we observed a time-dependent decrease in volume (time constant τ=3.04 min) when the AVICs were induced into a hypertensive state. Our results indicated that AVIC contraction was regulated by both the intrinsic (unseeded) gel stiffness and the CRGDS peptide concentrations. This finding suggests that AVIC contractile state can be profoundly modulated through their local micro environment using modifiable PEG gels in a 3D micromechanical-emulating environment. Moving forward, this approach has the potential to be used towards delineating normal and diseased VIC biomechanical properties using highly tunable PEG biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Khang
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 240 East 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Andrea Gonzalez Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Megan E Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Jacob Sansom
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 240 East 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Emma Lejeune
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 240 East 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO80309, United States
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, The Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 240 East 24th Street, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Lam NT, Tandon I, Balachandran K. The role of fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2 on the pathological behavior of valve interstitial cells in a three-dimensional mechanically-conditioned model. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:45. [PMID: 31149027 PMCID: PMC6537403 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More than five million Americans suffer from heart valve disease annually, a condition that worsens cardiac function and gradually leads to heart failure if appropriate treatment is not performed on time. Currently no medication can cure heart valve disease, leaving surgical intervention as the only viable option for patients at late stages of cardiac valve disease. Tremendous efforts have been undertaken to elucidate how resident cells in the valves respond to pathological stimulation as well as the underlying mechanisms that regulate these responses, to identify potential therapeutic targets for non-surgical treatment of valvular heart disease. Results Cardiac valve interstitial cells (VICs) naturally reside in a complex three-dimensional environment under varying hemodynamics, which is difficult to replicate in vitro. As a result, most cell signaling studies in the field have traditionally been conducted on two-dimensional models or in the absence of hemodynamic forces. Previously, we reported the fabrication of a hydrogel scaffold that could be used to culture valve cells under dynamic mechanical stimulation in a valve-mimetic environment. This model, therefore appeared to be suitable for VIC signaling studies as it provided cells a three-dimensional environment with the ability to incorporate mechanical stretching stimulation. Utilizing this model, we investigated the possible role of fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2 (FGF1 and FGF2) via FGFR1 receptor signaling in regulating valve cell activation under physiological (10% stretch) and pathological (20% stretch) mechanical conditions as well as in mediating cell proliferation and metabolism via the Akt/mTOR pathways. We reported that 1) FGF1 and FGF2 treatment was able to maintain the quiescent phenotype of VICs; 2) Cells increased proliferation as determined by optical redox ratios under elevated cyclic stretch via Akt/mTOR pathways; and 3) FGF1 and 2 signaling via the FGFR1 reduced VIC proliferation and activation under elevated cyclic stretch conditions. Conclusions Overall, these results suggested that targeting FGFR1 receptor signaling may represent a possible therapeutic strategy for preventing heart valve disease progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0168-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thien Lam
- 1Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Ishita Tandon
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- 1Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 122 John A. White Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
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13
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α-Tocopherol liposome loaded chitosan hydrogel to suppress oxidative stress injury in cardiomyocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:1192-1202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Wang HF, Ran R, Liu Y, Hui Y, Zeng B, Chen D, Weitz DA, Zhao CX. Tumor-Vasculature-on-a-Chip for Investigating Nanoparticle Extravasation and Tumor Accumulation. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11600-11609. [PMID: 30380832 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle tumor accumulation relies on a key mechanism, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, but it remains challenging to decipher the exact impact of the EPR effect. Animal models in combination with imaging modalities are useful, but it is impossible to delineate the roles of multiple biological barriers involved in nanoparticle tumor accumulation. Here we report a microfluidic tumor-vasculature-on-a-chip (TVOC) mimicking two key biological barriers, namely, tumor leaky vasculature and 3D tumor tissue with dense extracellular matrix (ECM), to study nanoparticle extravasation through leaky vasculature and the following accumulation in tumor tissues. Intact 3D tumor vasculature was developed with selective permeability of small molecules (20 kDa) but not large ones (70 kDa). The permeability was further tuned by cytokine stimulation, demonstrating the independent control of the leaky tumor vasculature. Combined with tumor spheroids in dense ECM, our TVOC model is capable of predicting nanoparticles' in vivo tumor accumulation, thus providing a powerful platform for nanoparticle evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fei Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Rui Ran
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Yue Hui
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Bijun Zeng
- Diamantina Institute , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems , Zhejiang University , Zheda Road, No. 38 , Hangzhou , 310027 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Equipment, College of Energy Engineering , Zhejiang University , Zheda Road, No. 38 , Hangzhou , 310027 , People's Republic of China
| | - David A Weitz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Physics , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology , The University of Queensland , St Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
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15
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Fakoya AOJ, Otohinoyi DA, Yusuf J. Current Trends in Biomaterial Utilization for Cardiopulmonary System Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3123961. [PMID: 29853910 PMCID: PMC5949153 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3123961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiopulmonary system is made up of the heart and the lungs, with the core function of one complementing the other. The unimpeded and optimal cycling of blood between these two systems is pivotal to the overall function of the entire human body. Although the function of the cardiopulmonary system appears uncomplicated, the tissues that make up this system are undoubtedly complex. Hence, damage to this system is undesirable as its capacity to self-regenerate is quite limited. The surge in the incidence and prevalence of cardiopulmonary diseases has reached a critical state for a top-notch response as it currently tops the mortality table. Several therapies currently being utilized can only sustain chronically ailing patients for a short period while they are awaiting a possible transplant, which is also not devoid of complications. Regenerative therapeutic techniques now appear to be a potential approach to solve this conundrum posed by these poorly self-regenerating tissues. Stem cell therapy alone appears not to be sufficient to provide the desired tissue regeneration and hence the drive for biomaterials that can support its transplantation and translation, providing not only physical support to seeded cells but also chemical and physiological cues to the cells to facilitate tissue regeneration. The cardiac and pulmonary systems, although literarily seen as just being functionally and spatially cooperative, as shown by their diverse and dissimilar adult cellular and tissue composition has been proven to share some common embryological codevelopment. However, necessitating their consideration for separate review is the immense adult architectural difference in these systems. This review also looks at details on new biological and synthetic biomaterials, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and organ decellularization for cardiopulmonary regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua Yusuf
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau, Dominica
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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16
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Yan Q, Deng L, Zhao X, Ye L, Fang Y, Meng Y, Wang Z, Luo X, Liu S, Li A. Establishment and characterization of an immortalized human hepatocyte line for the development of bioartificial liver system. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:665-674. [PMID: 29435697 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For further research and application of Bioartificial liver systems (BAL), active proliferation capacity and full hepatic functionality of the biomaterials is mandatory. However, there are still no suitable cell lines meeting the requirements for an ideal cell source in BAL development that makes it necessary to explore other sources. Here, we constructed a new cell line derived from well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma tissues designated NHBL2. Immunol staining showed that NHBL2 possessed the capacity of synthesizing albumin and CYP2E1 and quantitative analysis showed that the albumin synthesis ability of NHBL2 was comparable to C3A while urea production was highly abundant of NHBL2 compared with that of C3A. Using gene expression microarray analysis, we found that the expression levels of a set of genes encoding Phase I and Phase II metabolizing enzymes as well as many others related to common bioconversion and metabolic processes were significantly higher in NHBL2 cell line than that in C3A. Moreover, functional optimization assay in Matrigel showed obvious improvements of liver-related function level and a low malignance of this cell line. These findings indicated that NHBL2 possessed relatively attractive and full hepatic functionality that might be a potential cell line for BAL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinmei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Liangying Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xiaobei Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Aimin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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