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Zong C, Bronckaers A, Willems G, He H, Cadenas de Llano-Pérula M. Nanomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration: Progress, Challenges and Future Perspectives. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:290. [PMID: 37367254 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive nanomaterials are increasingly being applied in oral health research. Specifically, they have shown great potential for periodontal tissue regeneration and have substantially improved oral health in translational and clinical applications. However, their limitations and side effects still need to be explored and elucidated. This article aims to review the recent advancements in nanomaterials applied for periodontal tissue regeneration and to discuss future research directions in this field, especially focusing on research using nanomaterials to improve oral health. The biomimetic and physiochemical properties of nanomaterials such as metals and polymer composites are described in detail, including their effects on the regeneration of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum and gingiva. Finally, the biomedical safety issues of their application as regenerative materials are updated, with a discussion about their complications and future perspectives. Although the applications of bioactive nanomaterials in the oral cavity are still at an initial stage, and pose numerous challenges, recent research suggests that they are a promising alternative in periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zong
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Hasselt, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Guy Willems
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Center for Dentofacial Development and Sleep Medicine, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven) and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Liang C, Liao L, Tian W. Advances Focusing on the Application of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix in Periodontal Regeneration. Biomolecules 2023; 13:673. [PMID: 37189420 PMCID: PMC10136219 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is capable of promoting stem cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. It is a promising biomaterial for application and clinical translation in the field of periodontal tissue engineering as it most effectively preserves the complex array of ECM components as they are in native tissue, providing ideal cues for regeneration and repair of damaged periodontal tissue. dECMs of different origins have different advantages and characteristics in promoting the regeneration of periodontal tissue. dECM can be used directly or dissolved in liquid for better flowability. Multiple ways were developed to improve the mechanical strength of dECM, such as functionalized scaffolds with cells that harvest scaffold-supported dECM through decellularization or crosslinked soluble dECM that can form injectable hydrogels for periodontal tissue repair. dECM has found recent success in many periodontal regeneration and repair therapies. This review focuses on the repairing effect of dECM in periodontal tissue engineering, with variations in cell/tissue sources, and specifically discusses the future trend of periodontal regeneration and the future role of soluble dECM in entire periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
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Santos MS, Carvalho MS, Silva JC. Recent Advances on Electrospun Nanofibers for Periodontal Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1307. [PMID: 37110894 PMCID: PMC10141626 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory infection caused by bacterial plaque accumulation that affects the periodontal tissues. Current treatments lack bioactive signals to induce tissue repair and coordinated regeneration of the periodontium, thus alternative strategies are needed to improve clinical outcomes. Electrospun nanofibers present high porosity and surface area and are able to mimic the natural extracellular matrix, which modulates cell attachment, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Recently, several electrospun nanofibrous membranes have been fabricated with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties, showing promising results for periodontal regeneration. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art of these nanofibrous scaffolds in periodontal regeneration strategies. First, we describe the periodontal tissues and periodontitis, as well as the currently available treatments. Next, periodontal tissue engineering (TE) strategies, as promising alternatives to the current treatments, are addressed. Electrospinning is briefly explained, the characteristics of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds are highlighted, and a detailed overview of electrospun nanofibers applied to periodontal TE is provided. Finally, current limitations and possible future developments of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for periodontitis treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda S. Santos
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta S. Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João C. Silva
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Mendoza AH, Balzarini D, Alves T, Rovai ES, Holzhausen M. Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets on Periodontal Regeneration: A Systematic Review of Pre-Clinical Studies. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 18:958-978. [PMID: 35794765 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220706092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell sheet technique using mesenchymal stem cells is a high-level strategy in periodontal regenerative medicine. Although recent studies have shown the role of MSCSs in increased dental supporting tissues and bone, there is no systematic review focused specifically on assessing periodontal regeneration in orthotopic animal models. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential of mesenchymal stem cell sheets (MSCSs) on periodontal regeneration, compared to control, in experimental animal models Methods: Pre-clinical studies in periodontal defects of animal models were considered eligible. The electronic search included the MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE and LILACS databases. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines. RESULTS A total of 17 of the 3989 studies obtained from the electronic database search were included. MSCSs included dental follicle (DF) MSCSs, periodontal ligament (PL) MSCSs, dental pulp (DP) MSCSs, bone marrow (BM) MSCSs, alveolar periosteal (AP) MSCSs and gingival (G) MSCSs. Regarding cell sheet inducing protocol, most of the studies used ascorbic acid (52.94%). Others used culture dishes grafted with a temperature-responsive polymer (47.06%). Adverse effects were not identified in the majority of studies. Meta-analysis was not considered because of methodological heterogeneities. PDL-MSCSs were superior for periodontal regeneration enhancement compared to the control, but in an induced inflammatory microenvironment, DF-MSCSs were better. Moreover, DF-MSCSs, DP-MSCSs, and BM-MSCSs showed improved results compared to the control. CONCLUSION MSCSs can improve periodontal regeneration in animal periodontal defect models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldrin Huamán Mendoza
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo Balzarini
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomaz Alves
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuel S Rovai
- Division of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Taubaté, Rua dos Operários, 09, Centro, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wang X, Chen J, Tian W. Strategies of cell and cell-free therapies for periodontal regeneration: the state of the art. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:536. [PMID: 36575471 PMCID: PMC9795760 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis often causes irrevocable destruction of tooth-supporting tissues and eventually leads to tooth loss. Currently, stem cell-based tissue engineering has achieved a favorable result in regenerating periodontal tissues. Moreover, cell-free therapies that aim to facilitate the recruitment of resident repair cell populations to injured sites by promoting cell mobilization and homing have become alternative options to cell therapy. MAIN TEXT Cell aggregates (e.g., cell sheets) retain a large amount of extracellular matrix which can improve cell viability and survival rates after implantation in vivo. Electrostatic spinning and 3D bioprinting through fabricating specific alignments and interactions scaffold structures have made promising outcomes in the construction of a microenvironment conducive to periodontal regeneration. Cell-free therapies with adding biological agents (growth factors, exosomes and conditioned media) to promote endogenous regeneration have somewhat addressed the limitations of cell therapy. CONCLUSION Hence, this article reviews the progress of stem cell-based tissue engineering and advanced strategies for endogenous regeneration based on stem cell derivatives in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Tian
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
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Uskoković V, Pejčić A, Koliqi R, Anđelković Z. Polymeric Nanotechnologies for the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Chronological Review. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122065. [PMID: 35932930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious and inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues estimated to affect 70 - 80 % of all adults. At the same time, periodontium, the site of periodontal pathologies, is an extraordinarily complex plexus of soft and hard tissues, the regeneration of which using even the most advanced forms of tissue engineering continues to be a challenge. Nanotechnologies, meanwhile, have provided exquisite tools for producing biomaterials and pharmaceutical formulations capable of elevating the efficacies of standard pharmacotherapies and surgical approaches to whole new levels. A bibliographic analysis provided here demonstrates a continuously increasing research output of studies on the use of nanotechnologies in the management of periodontal disease, even when they are normalized to the total output of studies on periodontitis. The great majority of biomaterials used to tackle periodontitis, including those that pioneered this interesting field, have been polymeric. In this article, a chronological review of polymeric nanotechnologies for the treatment of periodontitis is provided, focusing on the major conceptual innovations since the late 1990s, when the first nanostructures for the treatment of periodontal diseases were fabricated. In the opening sections, the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontitis and the anatomical and histological characteristics of the periodontium are being described, along with the general clinical manifestations of the disease and the standard means of its therapy. The most prospective chemistries in the design of polymers for these applications are also elaborated. It is concluded that the amount of innovation in this field is on the rise, despite the fact that most studies are focused on the refinement of already established paradigms in tissue engineering rather than on the development of revolutionary new concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- TardigradeNano LLC; Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University.
| | - Ana Pejčić
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Niš.
| | - Rozafa Koliqi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina".
| | - Zlatibor Anđelković
- Institute for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Priština/Kosovska Mitrovica.
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Deng R, Xie Y, Chan U, Xu T, Huang Y. Biomaterials and biotechnology for periodontal tissue regeneration: Recent advances and perspectives. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2022; 16:1-10. [PMID: 35936933 PMCID: PMC9339747 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2022.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal tissues are organized in a complex three-dimensional (3D) architecture, including the alveolar bone, cementum, and a highly aligned periodontal ligament (PDL). Regeneration is difficult due to the complex structure of these tissues. Currently, materials are developing rapidly, among which synthetic polymers and hydrogels have extensive applications. Moreover, techniques have made a spurt of progress. By applying guided tissue regeneration (GTR) to hydrogels and cell sheets and using 3D printing, a scaffold with an elaborate biomimetic structure can be constructed to guide the orientation of fibers. The incorporation of cells and biotic factors improves regeneration. Nevertheless, the current studies lack long-term effect tracking, clinical research, and in-depth mechanistic research. In summary, periodontal tissue engineering still has considerable room for development. The development of materials and techniques and an in-depth study of the mechanism will provide an impetus for periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Deng
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuzheng Xie
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Unman Chan
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
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Bousnaki M, Beketova A, Kontonasaki E. A Review of In Vivo and Clinical Studies Applying Scaffolds and Cell Sheet Technology for Periodontal Ligament Regeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:435. [PMID: 35327627 PMCID: PMC8945901 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Different approaches to develop engineered scaffolds for periodontal tissues regeneration have been proposed. In this review, innovations in stem cell technology and scaffolds engineering focused primarily on Periodontal Ligament (PDL) regeneration are discussed and analyzed based on results from pre-clinical in vivo studies and clinical trials. Most of those developments include the use of polymeric materials with different patterning and surface nanotopography and printing of complex and sophisticated multiphasic composite scaffolds with different compartments to accomodate for the different periodontal tissues' architecture. Despite the increased effort in producing these scaffolds and their undoubtable efficiency to guide and support tissue regeneration, appropriate source of cells is also needed to provide new tissue formation and various biological and mechanochemical cues from the Extraccellular Matrix (ECM) to provide biophysical stimuli for cell growth and differentiation. Cell sheet engineering is a novel promising technique that allows obtaining cells in a sheet format while preserving ECM components. The right combination of those factors has not been discovered yet and efforts are still needed to ameliorate regenerative outcomes towards the functional organisation of the developed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eleana Kontonasaki
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.B.); (A.B.)
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Abstract
Successful periodontal regeneration requires the hierarchical reorganization of multiple tissues including periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone, and gingiva. The limitation of conventional regenerative therapies has been attracting research interest in tissue engineering-based periodontal therapies where progenitor cells, scaffolds, and bioactive molecules are delivered. Scaffolds offer not only structural support but also provide geometrical clue to guide cell fate. Additionally, functionalization improves bioactive properties to the scaffold. Various scaffold designs have been proposed for periodontal regeneration. These include the fabrication of biomimetic periodontal extracellular matrix, multiphasic scaffolds with tissue-specific layers, and personalized 3D printed scaffolds. This review summarizes the basic concept as well as the recent advancement of scaffold designing and fabrication for periodontal regeneration and provides an insight of future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Yamada
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine - Tissue Engineering Group, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Siddharth Shanbhag
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine - Tissue Engineering Group, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine - Tissue Engineering Group, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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Huang JP, Wu YM, Liu JM, Zhang L, Li BX, Chen LL, Ding PH, Tan JY. Decellularized matrix could affect the proliferation and differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells in vitro. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:929-939. [PMID: 34173232 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Recently, decellularized matrix (DCM) is considered as a new biomaterial for tissue regeneration. To explore the possible application of DCM in periodontal regeneration, the effect of DCM from three different cells on the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) was investigated. METHODS DCM derived from human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), dental pulp cells (DPCs), and gingival fibroblasts (GFs) were fabricated using Triton X-100/NH4 OH combined with DNase I. Allogeneic PDLSCs were cultured on PDLC-DCM, DPC-DCM, and GF-DCM, respectively. The proliferative capacity of PDLSCs was evaluated by PicoGreen assay kit. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), collagen I (COL1), periostin (POSTN), and cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS PDLC-DCM, DPC-DCM, and GF-DCM had similar and integrated networks of extracellular matrix, as well as significantly decreased DNA content. Compared with control group in which PDLSCs were directly seeded in culture plates, PDLC-DCM, DPC-DCM, and GF-DCM promoted the proliferation of re-seeded PDLSCs. Additionally, PDLSCs on DCM exhibited higher mRNA and protein expression levels of ALP, RUNX2, OCN, and COL1. The expression of POSTN in PDLC-DCM group was significantly higher than control group at both mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS PDLC-DCM, DPC-DCM, and GF-DCM could enhance the proliferation of PDLSCs. PDLC-DCM facilitated osteogenic differentiation and periodontal ligament differentiation of PDLSCs, while DPC-DCM and GF-DCM promoted osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Min Wu
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Mei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Xiu Li
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Hui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yi Tan
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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