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Metabolomics profiling of human exhaled breath condensate by SPME/GC × GC-ToFMS: Exploratory study on the use of face masks at the level of lipid peroxidation volatile markers. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nicola S, Ridolfi I, Rolla G, Filosso P, Giobbe R, Boita M, Culla B, Bucca C, Solidoro P, Brussino L. IL-17 Promotes Nitric Oxide Production in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194572. [PMID: 34640589 PMCID: PMC8509139 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lung cancer is the second most frequent malignancy worldwide, but its aetiology is still unclear. Inflammatory cytokines and Th cells, including Th17, are now emerging as being involved in NSCLC pathways, thus postulating a role of IL-17 in tumour angiogenesis by stimulating the vascular endothelial growth factor and the release of nitric oxide. Despite the fact that many biomarkers are used for chest malignancy diagnosis, data on FeNO levels and inflammatory cytokines in NSCLC are still few. Our study aimed to evaluate the relationship between pulmonary nitric oxide production and VEGF and Th17-related cytokines in the EBC of patients affected by early-stage NSCLC. Methods: FeNO measurement and lung function tests were performed in both patients affected by NCSLC and controls; EBC samples were also taken, and Th1 (IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-g, TNF-a), Th17 (IL-17, IL-23) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) related cytokines were measured. Results: Th1 and Th17-related cytokines in EBC, except for IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, were significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls, whereas no differences were seen for Th2-related cytokines. FeNO at the flow rate of 50 mL/s, JawNO and CalvNO levels were significantly higher in patients affected by NSCLC compared to controls. Significant correlations were found between FeNO 50 mL/s and IL-17, IL-1 and VEGF. JawNO levels positively correlated with IL-6, IL-17 and VEGF. No correlations were found between FeNO and Th2-related cytokines. Conclusion: This is the first report assessing a relationship between FeNO levels and Th17-related cytokines in the EBC of patients affected by early-stage NSCLC. IL-17, which could promote angiogenesis through the VEGF pathway, might be indirectly responsible for the increased lung production of NO in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nicola
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (G.R.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (C.B.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Irene Ridolfi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (G.R.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (C.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Giovanni Rolla
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (G.R.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (C.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Pierluigi Filosso
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Torino, Ospedale Molinette, Via Genova 3, 10128 Turin, Italy; (P.F.); (R.G.)
- S.C. Pneumologia U, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Giobbe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Torino, Ospedale Molinette, Via Genova 3, 10128 Turin, Italy; (P.F.); (R.G.)
- S.C. Pneumologia U, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Boita
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (G.R.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (C.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Beatrice Culla
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (G.R.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (C.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Caterina Bucca
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (G.R.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (C.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Paolo Solidoro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10128 Turin, Italy;
| | - Luisa Brussino
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (I.R.); (G.R.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (C.B.); (L.B.)
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Maniscalco M, Cutignano A, Paris D, Melck DJ, Molino A, Fuschillo S, Motta A. Metabolomics of Exhaled Breath Condensate by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry: A Methodological Approach. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2381-2399. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181008122749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
:
Respiratory diseases present a very high prevalence in the general population, with an
increase in morbidity, mortality and health-care expenses worldwide. They are complex and heterogeneous
pathologies that may present different pathological facets in different subjects, often
with personal evolution. Therefore, there is a need to identify patients with similar characteristics,
prognosis or treatment, defining the so-called phenotype, but also to mark specific differences
within each phenotype, defining the endotypes.
:
Biomarkers are very useful to study respiratory phenotypes and endotypes. Metabolomics, one of
the recently introduced “omics”, is becoming a leading technique for biomarker discovery. For the
airways, metabolomics appears to be well suited as the respiratory tract offers a natural matrix, the
Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC), in which several biomarkers can be measured. In this review,
we will discuss the main methodological issues related to the application of Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry (MS) to EBC metabolomics for investigating
respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maniscalco
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA IRCCS, Via Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Telese Terme (Benevento), Italy
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti Edificio A, 80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Debora Paris
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti Edificio A, 80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Dominique J. Melck
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti Edificio A, 80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Antonio Molino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fuschillo
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA IRCCS, Via Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Telese Terme (Benevento), Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti Edificio A, 80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
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Pleil JD, Wallace MAG, McCord J, Madden MC, Sobus J, Ferguson G. How do cancer-sniffing dogs sort biological samples? Exploring case-control samples with non-targeted LC-Orbitrap, GC-MS, and immunochemistry methods. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016006. [PMID: 31505485 PMCID: PMC8649743 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early identification of disease onset is regarded as an important factor for successful medical intervention. However, cancer and other long-term latency diseases are rare and may take years to manifest clinically. As such, there are no gold standards with which to immediately validate proposed preclinical screening methodologies. There is evidence that dogs can sort samples reproducibly into yes/no categories based on case-control training, but the basis of their decisions is unknown. Because dogs are sniffing air, the distinguishing chemicals must be either in the gas-phase or attached to aerosols and/or airborne particles. Recent biomonitoring research has shown how to extract and analyze semi- and non-volatile compounds from human breath in exhaled condensates and aerosols. Further research has shown that exhaled aerosols can be directly collected on standard hospital-style olefin polypropylene masks and that these masks can be used as a simple sampling scheme for canine screening. In this article, detailed liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS) with Orbitrap instrumentation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed on two sets of masks sorted by consensus of a four-dog cohort as either cancer or control. Specifically, after sorting by the dogs, sample masks were cut into multiple sections and extracted for LC-MS and GC-MS non-targeted analyses. Extracts were also analyzed for human cytokines, confirming the presence of human aerosol content above levels in blank masks. In preliminary evaluations, 345 and 44 high quality chemical features were detected by LC-MS and GC-MS analyses, respectively. These features were used to develop provisional orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models to determine if the samples classified as cancer (case) or non-cancer (control) by the dogs could be separated into the same groups using analytical instrumentation. While the OPLS-DA model for the LC-HR-MS data was able to separate the two groups with statistical significance, although weak explanatory power, the GC-MS model was not found to be significant. These results suggest that the dogs may rely on the less volatile compounds from breath aerosol that were analyzed by LC-HR-MS than the more volatile compounds observed by GC-MS to sort mask samples into groups. These results provide justification for more expansive studies in the future that aim to characterize specific chemical features, and the role(s) of these features in maintaining homeostatic biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States of America
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Geer Wallace MA, Pleil JD, Madden MC. Identifying organic compounds in exhaled breath aerosol: Non-invasive sampling from respirator surfaces and disposable hospital masks. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2019; 137:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105444. [PMID: 34121762 PMCID: PMC8193830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) is an important non-invasive biological medium for detecting exogenous environmental contaminants and endogenous metabolites present in the pulmonary tract. Currently, EBA is typically captured as a constituent of the mainstream clinical tool referred to as exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This article describes a simpler, completely non-invasive method for collecting EBA directly from different forms of hard-surface plastic respirator masks and disposable hospital paper breathing masks without first collecting EBC. The new EBA methodology bypasses the complex EBC procedures that require specialized collection gear, dry ice or other coolant, in-field sample processing, and refrigerated transport to the laboratory. Herein, mask samples collected from different types of plastic respirators and paper hospital masks worn by volunteers in the laboratory were analyzed using high resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) and immunochemistry. The results of immunochemistry analysis revealed that cytokines were collected above background on both plastic respirator surfaces and paper hospital masks, confirming the presence of human biological constituents. Non-targeted HR-LC-MS analyses demonstrated that larger exogenous molecules such as plasticizers, pesticides, and consumer product chemicals as well as endogenous biochemicals, including cytokines and fatty acids were also detected on mask surfaces. These results suggest that mask sampling is a viable technique for EBA collection to assess potential inhalation exposures and endogenous indicators of health state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Corresponding author: M. Ariel Geer Wallace, , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA, (919) 541-7526
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michael C. Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Campanella A, De Summa S, Tommasi S. Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers for lung cancer. J Breath Res 2019; 13:044002. [PMID: 31282387 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab2f9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide and the identification of clinically useful biomarkers for lung cancer detection at both early and metastatic stage is a pressing medical need. Although many improvements have been made in the treatment and in the early screening of this cancer, most diagnosis are made at a late stage, when a lot of genetic and epigenetic changes have occurred. A promising source of biomarkers reflective of the pathogenesis of lung cancer is exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a biological fluid and a natural matrix of the respiratory tract. Molecules such as DNAs, RNAs, proteins, metabolites and volatile compounds are present in EBC, and their presence/absence or their variation in concentrations can be used as biomarkers. The aims of this review are to briefly describe exhaled breath composition, firstly, and then to document some of the EBC candidate biomarkers for lung cancer by dividing them according to their origin (genome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, proteome and microbiota) in order to demonstrate the potential use of EBC as a helpful tool in cancer diagnostics, molecular profiling, therapy monitoring and screening of high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Campanella
- Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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O’Lenick CR, Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Sobus JR, Wallace MAG. Detection and analysis of endogenous polar volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) in urine for human exposome research. Biomarkers 2019; 24:240-248. [PMID: 30475075 PMCID: PMC10614422 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1548031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: The human exposome, defined as '…everything that is not the genome', comprises all chemicals in the body interacting with life processes. The exposome drives genes x environment (GxE) interactions that can cause long-term latency and chronic diseases. The exposome constantly changes in response to external exposures and internal metabolism. Different types of compounds are found in different biological media. Objective: Measure polar volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) excreted in urine to document endogenous metabolites and exogenous compounds from environmental exposures. Methods: Use headspace collection and sorbent tube thermal desorption coupled with bench-top gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for targeted and non-targeted approaches. Identify and categorize PVOCs that may distinguish among healthy and affected individuals. Results: Method is successfully demonstrated to tabulate a series of 28 PVOCs detected in human urine across 120 samples from 28 human subjects. Median concentrations range from below detect to 165 ng/mL. Certain PVOCs have potential health implications. Conclusions: Headspace collection with sorbent tubes is an effective method for documenting PVOCs in urine that are otherwise difficult to measure. This methodology can provide probative information regarding biochemical processes and adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, NERL/ORD, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jon R. Sobus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, NERL/ORD, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Exposure Methods and Measurements Division, NERL/ORD, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Volatilomic insight of head and neck cancer via the effects observed on saliva metabolites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17725. [PMID: 30531924 PMCID: PMC6286361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogeneous malignant disease with distinct global distribution. Metabolic adaptations of HNC are significantly gaining clinical interests nowadays. Here, we investigated effects of HNC on differential expression of volatile metabolites in human saliva. We applied headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of saliva samples collected from 59 human subjects (HNC − 32, Control − 27). We identified and quantified 48 volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) and observed profound effects of HNC on these metabolites. These effects were VOM specific and significantly differed in the biologically comparable healthy controls. HNC induced changes in salivary VOM composition were well attributed to in vivo metabolic effects. A panel of 15 VOMs with variable importance in projection (VIP) score >1, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p-value < 0.05 and log2 fold change (log2 FC) value of ≥0.58/≤−0.58 were regarded as discriminatory metabolites of pathophysiological importance. Afterwards, receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) projected certain VOMs viz., 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-decanediol, 2,5-bis1,1-dimethylethylphenol and E-3-decen-2-ol with profound metabolic effects of HNC and highest class segregation potential. Moreover, metabolic pathways analysis portrayed several dysregulated pathways in HNC, which enhanced our basic understanding on salivary VOM changes. Our observations could redefine several known/already investigated systemic phenomenons (e.g. biochemical pathways). These findings will inspire further research in this direction and may open unconventional avenues for non-invasive monitoring of HNC and its therapy in the future.
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Clinical metabolomics of exhaled breath condensate in chronic respiratory diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 88:121-149. [PMID: 30612604 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are complex multifactorial disorders involving the airways and other lung structures. The development of reliable markers for an early and accurate diagnosis, including disease phenotype, and prediction of the response and/or adherence to treatment prescribed are essential points for the correct management of CRDs. Beside the traditional techniques to detect biomarkers, "omics" sciences have stimulated interest in clinical field as they could potentially improve the study of disease phenotype. Perturbations in a variety of metabolic and signaling pathways could contribute an understanding of CRDs pathogenesis. In particular, metabolomics provides powerful tools to map biological perturbations and their relationship with disease pathogenesis. The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a natural matrix of the respiratory tract, and is well suited for metabolomics studies. In this article, we review the current state of metabolomics methodology applied to EBC in the study of CRDs.
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Jackson TC, Zhang YV, Sime PJ, Phipps RP, Kottmann RM. Development of an accurate and sensitive method for lactate analysis in exhaled breath condensate by LC MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:468-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rolla G, Fusaro E, Nicola S, Bucca C, Peroni C, Parisi S, Cassinis MC, Ferraris A, Angelino F, Heffler E, Boita M, Brussino L. Th-17 cytokines and interstitial lung involvement in systemic sclerosis. J Breath Res 2016; 10:046013. [PMID: 27869103 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/4/046013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The two phenotypes of both limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis (SSc) have different forms of pulmonary involvement: pulmonary arterial hypertension (limited phenotype) or interstitial lung disease (ILD) (diffuse phenotype). We aimed to investigate whether Th17-related cytokines, as measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and in serum were connected to ILD in diffuse SSc patients. We found that for both limited and diffuse SSc, the EBC levels of all cytokines and most of the cytokine serum levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls, while, the EBC levels of Th-17 cytokines and the serum levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly higher in diffuse than in limited SSc. Moreover, the thoracic CT-scan score of ILD was significantly associated with the EBC levels of IL-1 beta and with the serum IL-23, TNF-α and IL-10 levels, whereas lung carbon monoxide diffusing capacity was negatively related to the EBC levels of IL-1 beta, IL-17 and serum IL-10. Serum IL-23 was also inversely correlated with vital capacity. In conclusion, in diffuse SSc patients our results show a clear link between Th-17 cytokines measured both in EBC and in serum with interstitial lung involvement. This highlights how important it is to target Th-17 cytokines when developing new treatments for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rolla
- Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Pleil JD. Breath biomarkers in toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2669-2682. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pleil JD, Angrish MM, Madden MC. Immunochemistry for high-throughput screening of human exhaled breath condensate (EBC) media: implementation of automated quanterix SIMOA instrumentation. J Breath Res 2015; 9:047108. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/9/4/047108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Huang J, Deng H, Song D, Xu H. Electrospun polystyrene/graphene nanofiber film as a novel adsorbent of thin film microextraction for extraction of aldehydes in human exhaled breath condensates. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 878:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Exhaled Breath Condensate: Technical and Diagnostic Aspects. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:435160. [PMID: 26106641 PMCID: PMC4461795 DOI: 10.1155/2015/435160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 30-year progress of research on exhaled breath condensate in a disease-based approach. Methods. We searched PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using the following keywords: exhaled breath condensate (EBC), biomarkers, pH, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), smoking, COPD, lung cancer, NSCLC, mechanical ventilation, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung diseases, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and drugs. Results. We found 12600 related articles in total in Google Scholar, 1807 in ScienceDirect, and 1081 in PubMed/Medline, published from 1980 to October 2014. 228 original investigation and review articles were eligible. Conclusions. There is rapidly increasing number of innovative articles, covering all the areas of modern respiratory medicine and expanding EBC potential clinical applications to other fields of internal medicine. However, the majority of published papers represent the results of small-scale studies and thus current knowledge must be further evaluated in large cohorts. In regard to the potential clinical use of EBC-analysis, several limitations must be pointed out, including poor reproducibility of biomarkers and absence of large surveys towards determination of reference-normal values. In conclusion, contemporary EBC-analysis is an intriguing achievement, but still in early stage when it comes to its application in clinical practice.
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Angrish MM, Madden MC, Pleil JD. Probe molecule (PrM) approach in adverse outcome pathway (AOP) based high-throughput screening (HTS): in vivo discovery for developing in vitro target methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:551-9. [PMID: 25692543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and accurate adverse outcome pathway (AOP) based high-throughput screening (HTS) methods use a systems biology based approach to computationally model in vitro cellular and molecular data for rapid chemical prioritization; however, not all HTS assays are grounded by relevant in vivo exposure data. The challenge is to develop HTS assays with unambiguous quantitative links between in vitro responses and corresponding in vivo effects, which is complicated by metabolically insufficient systems, in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), cross-species comparisons, and other inherent issues correlating IVIVE findings. This article introduces the concept of ultrasensitive gas phase probe molecules (PrMs) to help bridge the current HTS assay IVIVE gap. The PrM concept assesses metabolic pathways that have already been well-defined from intact human or mammalian models. Specifically, the idea is to introduce a gas phase probe molecule into a system, observe normal steady state, add chemicals of interest, and quantitatively measure (from headspace gas) effects on PrM metabolism that can be directly linked back to a well-defined and corresponding in vivo effect. As an example, we developed the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and differential equations to estimate methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) metabolism to tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) via cytochrome (CYP) 2A6 in the liver from human empirical data. Because MTBE metabolic pathways are well characterized from in vivo data, we can use it as a PrM to explore direct and indirect chemical effects on CYP pathways. The PrM concept could be easily applied to in vitro and alternative models of disease and phenotype, and even test for volatile chemicals while avoiding liquid handling robotics. Furthermore, a PrM can be designed for any chemical with known empirical human exposure data and used to assess chemicals for which no information exists. Herein, we propose an elegant gas phase probe molecule-based approach to in vitro toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Angrish
- †ORISE Participant, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Michael C Madden
- ‡Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL/ORD, US EPA, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- §Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Pleil JD, Sobus JR, Stiegel MA, Hu D, Oliver KD, Olenick C, Strynar M, Clark M, Madden MC, Funk WE. Estimating common parameters of lognormally distributed environmental and biomonitoring data: harmonizing disparate statistics from publications. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:341-68. [PMID: 25333994 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.956854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The progression of science is driven by the accumulation of knowledge and builds upon published work of others. Another important feature is to place current results into the context of previous observations. The published literature, however, often does not provide sufficient direct information for the reader to interpret the results beyond the scope of that particular article. Authors tend to provide only summary statistics in various forms, such as means and standard deviations, median and range, quartiles, 95% confidence intervals, and so on, rather than providing measurement data. Second, essentially all environmental and biomonitoring measurements have an underlying lognormal distribution, so certain published statistical characterizations may be inappropriate for comparisons. The aim of this study was to review and develop direct conversions of different descriptions of data into a standard format comprised of the geometric mean (GM) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) and then demonstrate how, under the assumption of lognormal distribution, these parameters are used to answer questions of confidence intervals, exceedance levels, and statistical differences among distributions. A wide variety of real-world measurement data sets was reviewed, and it was demonstrated that these data sets are indeed of lognormal character, thus making them amenable to these methods. Potential errors incurred from making retrospective estimates from disparate summary statistics are described. In addition to providing tools to interpret "other people's data," this review should also be seen as a cautionary tale for publishing one's own data to make it as useful as possible for other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- a Human Exposure and Atmospheric Science Division, NERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, the goal of many researchers is analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as noninvasively obtained sample. A total quality in laboratory diagnostic processes in EBC analysis was investigated: pre-analytical (formation, collection, storage of EBC), analytical (sensitivity of applied methods, standardization) and post-analytical (interpretation of results) phases. EBC analysis is still used as a research tool. Limitations referred to pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases of EBC analysis are numerous, e.g. low concentrations of EBC constituents, single-analyte methods lack in sensitivity, and multi-analyte has not been fully explored, and reference values are not established. When all, pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical requirements are met, EBC biomarkers as well as biomarker patterns can be selected and EBC analysis can hopefully be used in clinical practice, in both, the diagnosis and in the longitudinal follow-up of patients, resulting in better outcome of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Dodig
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Amal H, Leja M, Broza YY, Tisch U, Funka K, Liepniece-Karele I, Skapars R, Xu ZQ, Liu H, Haick H. Geographical variation in the exhaled volatile organic compounds. J Breath Res 2013; 7:047102. [PMID: 24184568 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/4/047102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breath-gas analysis has demonstrated that concentration profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be used for detecting a variety of diseases, among them gastric cancer (GC) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Here, we explore how geographical variation affects the disease-specific changes in the chemical composition of breath samples, as compared to control states (less severe gastric conditions). Alveolar exhaled breath samples from 260 patients were collected at two remotely different geographic locations (China and Latvia), following similar breath-collection protocols. Each cohort included 130 patients that were matched in terms of diagnosis (37 GC/32 PUD/61 controls), average age, gender ratio and smoking habits. Helicobacter Pylori infection, which is a major cause for GC and PUD, was found in part of the patients, as well as in part of the controls, at both locations. The breath samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, using the same equipment and protocol-of-experiment. We observed similar characteristic differences in the chemical composition of the breath samples between the study groups at the two locations, even though the exact composition of the breath samples differed. Both in China and Latvia, the GC patients and controls could be distinguished by differences in the average levels of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; PUD patients were distinguished from controls by the levels of aromatic compounds and alcohols; GC and PUD patients could not be distinguished at either site. This pilot study indicates the limitations of chemical breath-gas analysis alone for identifying gastric diseases based on the concentration profiles of separate VOCs in international patient cohorts. We assume that these limitations would apply to other diseases as well. The presented data could potentially be useful for developing an alternative, universally applicable diagnostic method that relies on the detection of changes in the collective patterns of the disease-specific classes of exhaled VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Amal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Pleil JD, Stiegel MA. Evolution of Environmental Exposure Science: Using Breath-Borne Biomarkers for “Discovery” of the Human Exposome. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9984-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402306f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D. Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Matthew A. Stiegel
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
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Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Sobus JR. Breath biomarkers in environmental health science: exploring patterns in the human exposome. J Breath Res 2011; 5:046005. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/4/046005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Sobus JR, Liu Q, Madden MC. Observing the human exposome as reflected in breath biomarkers: heat map data interpretation for environmental and intelligence research. J Breath Res 2011; 5:037104. [PMID: 21654022 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/3/037104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the research of human system biology and the interactions with the external environment has permeated all phases of environmental, medical and public health research. Similar to the fields of genomics and proteomics research, the advent of new instrumentation for measuring breath biomarkers and their associated meta-data also provide very useful, albeit complex, data structures. The biomarker research community is beginning to invoke tools from system biology to assess the impact of environmental exposures, as well as from internal health states, on the expression of suites of chemicals in exhaled breath. This new approach introduces the concept of the exposome as a complement to the genome in exploring the environment-gene interaction. In addition to answering questions regarding health status for the medical community, breath biomarker patterns are useful for assessing public health risks from environmental exposures. Furthermore, breath biomarker patterns can inform security risks from suspects via covert interrogation of blood borne chemical levels that reflect previous activities. This paper discusses how different classes of exhaled breath biomarker measurements can be used to rapidly assess patterns in complex data. We present exhaled breath data sets to demonstrate the value of the graphical 'heat map' approach for hypothesis development and subsequent guidance for stochastic and mixed effect data interpretation. We also show how to graphically interpret exhaled breath measurements of exogenous jet fuel components, as well as exhaled breath condensate measurements of endogenous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Rakow NA, Wendland MS, Trend JE, Poirier RJ, Paolucci DM, Maki SP, Lyons CS, Swierczek MJ. Visual indicator for trace organic volatiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3767-3770. [PMID: 20166749 DOI: 10.1021/la903483q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe herein a novel approach for visual indication of trace organic vapors. The sensor utilizes a microporous material within a visual thin film transducer to produce changes in color upon exposure to a very wide range of volatile organic compounds. Visual indication at 5 parts per million (ppm) is demonstrated, with optoelectronic detection achieved to below 50 parts per billion (ppb). Through a thoughtful design of the sensor, we are able to avoid interference from water vapor, a critical attribute needed for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal A Rakow
- 3M Company, 3M Center, Building 235-2B-87, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144, USA
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Hubbard H, Sobus J, Pleil J, Madden M, Tabucchi S. Application of novel method to measure endogenous VOCs in exhaled breath condensate before and after exposure to diesel exhaust. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3652-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Cáp P, Dryahina K, Pehal F, Spanel P. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry of exhaled breath condensate headspace. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2844-2850. [PMID: 18712707 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a relatively simple noninvasive method of breath analysis; however, no data have been reported that would relate concentration of volatile compounds in EBC to their gaseous concentrations in exhaled air. The aim of the study was to investigate which volatile compounds are present in EBC and how their concentrations relate to results of direct breath analysis. Thus, samples of EBC were collected in a standard way from several subjects and absolute levels of several common volatile breath metabolites (ammonia, acetone, ethanol, methanol, propanol, isoprene, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) were then determined in their headspace using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Results are compared with those from on-line breath analyses carried out immediately before collecting the EBC samples. It has been demonstrated that SIFT-MS can be used to quantify the concentrations of volatiles in EBC samples and that, for methanol, ammonia, ethanol and acetone, the EBC concentrations correlate with the direct breath levels. However, the EBC concentrations of isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and propanol do not correlate with direct breath measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Cáp
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Na Homolce, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education, Prague, Czech Republic
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