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Mansour E, Saliba W, Broza YY, Frankfurt O, Zuri L, Ginat K, Palzur E, Shamir A, Haick H. Continuous Monitoring of Psychosocial Stress by Non-Invasive Volatilomics. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3215-3224. [PMID: 37494456 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Stress is becoming increasingly commonplace in modern times, making it important to have accurate and effective detection methods. Currently, detection methods such as self-evaluation and clinical questionnaires are subjective and unsuitable for long-term monitoring. There have been significant studies into biomarkers such as HRV, cortisol, electrocardiography, and blood biomarkers, but the use of multiple electrodes for electrocardiography or blood tests is impractical for real-time stress monitoring. To this end, there is a need for non-invasive sensors to monitor stress in real time. This study looks at the possibility of using breath and skin VOC fingerprinting as stress biomarkers. The Trier social stress test (TSST) was used to induce acute stress and HRV, cortisol, and anxiety levels were measured before, during, and after the test. GC-MS and sensor array were used to collect and measure VOCs. A prediction model found eight different stress-related VOCs with an accuracy of up to 78%, and a molecularly capped gold nanoparticle-based sensor revealed a significant difference in breath VOC fingerprints between the two groups. These stress-related VOCs either changed or returned to baseline after the stress induction, suggesting different metabolic pathways at different times. A correlation analysis revealed an association between VOCs and cortisol levels and a weak correlation with either HRV or anxiety levels, suggesting that VOCs may include complementary information in stress detection. This study shows the potential of VOCs as stress biomarkers, paving the way into developing a real-time, objective, non-invasive stress detection tool for well-being and early detection of stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Mansour
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Walaa Saliba
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yoav Y Broza
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ora Frankfurt
- Maale Hacarmel Mental Health Center, Tirat Carmel 3911917, Israel
| | - Liat Zuri
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Karen Ginat
- Mazor Mental Health Center, Akko 2423314, Israel
| | - Eilam Palzur
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, P.O. Box 21, Nahariya 2210001, Israel
| | - Alon Shamir
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Mazor Mental Health Center, Akko 2423314, Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- The Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Katsuyama M, Narita T, Nakashima M, Kusaba K, Ochiai M, Kunizawa N, Kawaraya A, Kuwahara Y, Horiuchi M, Nakamoto K. How emotional changes affect skin odor and its impact on others. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270457. [PMID: 35771844 PMCID: PMC9246182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gas emanating from human skin is known to vary depending on one's physical condition and diet. Thus, skin gas has been gaining substantial scholarly attention as an effective noninvasive biomarker for understanding different physical conditions. This study focuses on the relationship between psychological stress and skin gas, which has remained unclear to date. It has been deduced that when participants were subjected to interviews confirmed as stressful by physiological indicators, their skin emitted an odor similar to stir-fried leeks containing allyl mercaptan and dimethyl trisulfide. This characteristic, recognizable odor appeared reproducibly during the stress-inducing situations. Furthermore, the study deduced that individuals who perceive this stress odor experience subjective tension, confusion, and fatigue (Profile of Mood States scale). Thus, the study findings indicate the possibility of human nonverbal communication through odor, which could enhance our understanding of human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Katsuyama
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomomi Narita
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakashima
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kusaba
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ochiai
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naomi Kunizawa
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawaraya
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukari Kuwahara
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Powell NA, Ruffell A, Arnott G. The Untrained Response of Pet Dogs to Human Epileptic Seizures. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2267. [PMID: 34438725 PMCID: PMC8388511 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a debilitating and potentially life-threatening neurological condition which affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. There is currently no reliable and simple early warning seizure-onset device available, which means many people with unstable epilepsy live in fear of injury or sudden death and the negative impact of social stigmatization. If anecdotal claims that untrained dogs anticipate seizures are found to be true, they could offer a simple and readily available early warning system. We hypothesized that, given the extraordinary olfactory ability of dogs, a volatile organic compound exhaled by the dog's epileptic owner may constitute an early warning trigger mechanism to which make dogs react by owner-directed affiliative responses in the pre-seizure period. Using 19 pet dogs with no experience of epilepsy, we exposed them to odours that were deemed to be characteristic of three seizure phases, by using sweat harvested from people with epilepsy. The odours were delivered to a point immediately under a non-epileptic and seated pet dog owner's thighs. By altering the alternating odours emerging from sweat samples, captured before seizure, during a seizure and after a seizure, and two nonseizure controls, we were able to record the response of the 19 pet dogs. Our findings suggest that seizures are associated with an odour and that dogs detect this odour and demonstrate a marked increase in affiliative behaviour directed at their owners. A characteristic response of all 19 dogs to seizure odour presentation was an intense stare which was statistically significant, (p < 0.0029), across the pre-seizure, seizure and post-seizure phases when compared to control odours of nonseizure origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A. Powell
- School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
- Search and Rescue Dog Association Ireland North, Newcastle BT33 0PW, UK
| | - Alastair Ruffell
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK;
| | - Gareth Arnott
- School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
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Zamkah A, Hui T, Andrews S, Dey N, Shi F, Sherratt RS. Identification of Suitable Biomarkers for Stress and Emotion Detection for Future Personal Affective Wearable Sensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10040040. [PMID: 32316280 PMCID: PMC7235866 DOI: 10.3390/bios10040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin conductivity (i.e., sweat) forms the basis of many physiology-based emotion and stress detection systems. However, such systems typically do not detect the biomarkers present in sweat, and thus do not take advantage of the biological information in the sweat. Likewise, such systems do not detect the volatile organic components (VOC’s) created under stressful conditions. This work presents a review into the current status of human emotional stress biomarkers and proposes the major potential biomarkers for future wearable sensors in affective systems. Emotional stress has been classified as a major contributor in several social problems, related to crime, health, the economy, and indeed quality of life. While blood cortisol tests, electroencephalography and physiological parameter methods are the gold standards for measuring stress; however, they are typically invasive or inconvenient and not suitable for wearable real-time stress monitoring. Alternatively, cortisol in biofluids and VOCs emitted from the skin appear to be practical and useful markers for sensors to detect emotional stress events. This work has identified antistress hormones and cortisol metabolites as the primary stress biomarkers that can be used in future sensors for wearable affective systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Zamkah
- Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AY, UK; (A.Z.); (T.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Terence Hui
- Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AY, UK; (A.Z.); (T.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Simon Andrews
- Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AY, UK; (A.Z.); (T.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Nilanjan Dey
- Department of Information Technology, Techno India College of Technology, West Bengal 700156, India;
| | - Fuqian Shi
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA;
| | - R. Simon Sherratt
- Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AY, UK; (A.Z.); (T.H.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-118-378-8588
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