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Lindner M, Laporte A, Block S, Elomaa L, Weinhart M. Physiological Shear Stress Enhances Differentiation, Mucus-Formation and Structural 3D Organization of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:2062. [PMID: 34440830 PMCID: PMC8391940 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) mucus plays a pivotal role in the tissue homoeostasis and functionality of the gut. However, due to the shortage of affordable, realistic in vitro GI models with a physiologically relevant mucus layer, studies with deeper insights into structural and compositional changes upon chemical or physical manipulation of the system are rare. To obtain an improved mucus-containing cell model, we developed easy-to-use, reusable culture chambers that facilitated the application of GI shear stresses (0.002-0.08 dyn∙cm-2) to cells on solid surfaces or membranes of cell culture inserts in bioreactor systems, thus making them readily accessible for subsequent analyses, e.g., by confocal microscopy or transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement. The human mucus-producing epithelial HT29-MTX cell-line exhibited superior reorganization into 3-dimensional villi-like structures with highly proliferative tips under dynamic culture conditions when compared to static culture (up to 180 vs. 80 µm in height). Additionally, the median mucus layer thickness was significantly increased under flow (50 ± 24 vs. 29 ± 14 µm (static)), with a simultaneous accelerated maturation of the cells into a goblet-like phenotype. We demonstrated the strong impact of culture conditions on the differentiation and reorganization of HT29-MTX cells. The results comprise valuable advances towards the improvement of existing GI and mucus models or the development of novel systems using our newly designed culture chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lindner
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Anna Laporte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Stephan Block
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
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Kumar P, Kedaria D, Mahapatra C, Mohandas M, Chatterjee K. A designer cell culture insert with a nanofibrous membrane toward engineering an epithelial tissue model validated by cellular nanomechanics. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4714-4725. [PMID: 36134314 PMCID: PMC9419865 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00280e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineered platforms for culturing cells of the skin and other epithelial tissues are useful for the regeneration and development of in vitro tissue models used in drug screening. Recapitulating the biomechanical behavior of the cells is one of the important hallmarks of successful tissue generation on these platforms. The biomechanical behavior of cells profoundly affects the physiological functions of the generated tissue. In this work, a designer nanofibrous cell culture insert (NCCI) device was developed, consisting of a free-hanging polymeric nanofibrous membrane. The free-hanging nanofibrous membrane has a well-tailored architecture, stiffness, and topography to better mimic the extracellular matrix of any soft tissue than conventional, flat tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) surfaces. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) cultured on the designer NCCIs exhibited a 3D tissue-like phenotype compared to the cells cultured on TCPS. Furthermore, the biomechanical characterization by bio-atomic force microscopy (Bio-AFM) revealed a markedly altered cellular morphology and stiffness of the cellular cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell-cell junctions. The nuclear and cytoplasmic moduli were reduced, while the stiffness of the cellular junctions was enhanced on the NCCI compared to cells on TCPS, which are indicative of the fluidic state and migratory phenotype on the NCCI. These observations were corroborated by immunostaining, which revealed enhanced cell-cell contact along with a higher expression of junction proteins and enhanced migration in a wound-healing assay. Taken together, these results underscore the role of the novel designer NCCI device as an in vitro platform for epithelial cells with several potential applications, including drug testing, disease modeling, and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasoon Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Avenue Bangalore 560012 India +91-80-22933408
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela 769008 India
| | - Dhaval Kedaria
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Avenue Bangalore 560012 India +91-80-22933408
| | - Chinmaya Mahapatra
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Avenue Bangalore 560012 India +91-80-22933408
- School of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Monisha Mohandas
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Avenue Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Avenue Bangalore 560012 India +91-80-22933408
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science C.V. Raman Avenue Bangalore 560012 India
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Hu M, Li Y, Huang J, Wang X, Han J. Electrospun Scaffold for Biomimic Culture of Caco-2 Cell Monolayer as an In Vitro Intestinal Model. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1340-1349. [PMID: 35014485 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Caco-2 cell monolayer has been extensively used for the high-throughput assessing of nutrient absorption, screening of drug permeability, and studying the intestinal physiological process in vitro. The most used Caco-2 cell model is the Transwell model with polycarbonate microporous membranes. However, Caco-2 cells in the classical Transwell model need 21 days to gain an intact and mature monolayer. Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds mimicking the natural extracellular matrix could improve cell adhesion, proliferation, and expression, whereas there are no reports that intestinal cells were cultured on the electrospun nanofiber scaffolds. Here, electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) nanofiber scaffolds were chosen as the ideal scaffolds for Caco-2 cell monolayers to construct a modified Transwell. Cell morphology and polarity were studied. Monolayer barrier properties were assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the leakage of phenol red. As found, intact Caco-2 cell monolayers were formed on the PLA nanofiber scaffolds after 4 days of culture. After 4 days, the TEER increased to 422 Ω·cm2 and the apparent permeability coefficients of phenol red decreased to 1.0 ± 0.1 × 10-6 cm/s, suggesting that Caco-2 cell monolayers developed a formidable barrier to small molecules on the surface of PLA nanofiber scaffolds. Microvilli and tight junctions were clearly visible after day 3. Besides, Caco-2 cell monolayers on the surface of PLA nanofiber scaffolds presented higher differentiation properties than on the surface of the polycarbonate microporous membrane in traditional Transwell including higher alkaline phosphatase activity and higher P-gp activity. Results of quercetin absorption and probiotics adhesion demonstrated that Caco-2 cell monolayers formed on the surface of PLA nanofiber scaffolds also had better physiological function and prediction function in vitro. Overall, the present study indicated that the Transwell with the structurally and functionally biomimetic electrospun PLA nanofiber scaffold could be potentially developed as a promising in vitro intestinal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Hu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiu Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Meng Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang H, Shen C, Sun J. Fabrication of Hydrogel Tubes with Vascular Mimicked Stiffness for Construction of in Vitro Vascular Models. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:237-245. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Meng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuyan Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huadi Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chong Shen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jinyuan Sun
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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Patuzzo S, Goracci G, Gasperini L, Ciliberti R. 3D Bioprinting Technology: Scientific Aspects and Ethical Issues. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2018; 24:335-348. [PMID: 28660387 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The scientific development of 3D bioprinting is rapidly advancing. This innovative technology involves many ethical and regulatory issues, including theoretical, source, transplantation and enhancement, animal welfare, economic, safety and information arguments. 3D bioprinting technology requires an adequate bioethical debate in order to develop regulations in the interest both of public health and the development of research. This paper aims to initiate and promote ethical debate. The authors examine scientific aspects of 3D bioprinting technology and explore related ethical issues, with special regard to the protection of individual rights and transparency of research. In common with all new biotechnologies, 3D bioprinting technology involves both opportunities and risks. Consequently, several scientific and ethical issues need to be addressed. A bioethical debate should be carefully increased through a multidisciplinary approach among experts and also among the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Patuzzo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giada Goracci
- Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Verona, 37129, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Gasperini
- 3B's, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4806-909, Caldas das Taipas, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarãs, Portugal
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Pocock K, Delon L, Bala V, Rao S, Priest C, Prestidge C, Thierry B. Intestine-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Model for Efficient in Vitro Screening of Oral Chemotherapeutic Uptake. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:951-959. [PMID: 33429567 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many highly effective chemotherapeutic agents can only be administered intravenously as their oral delivery is compromised by low gastro-intestinal solubility and permeability. SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) is one such drug; however, recently synthesized lipophilic prodrugs offer a potential solution to the low oral bioavailability issue. Here we introduce a microfluidic-based intestine-on-a-chip (IOAC) model, which has the potential to provide new insight into the structure-permeability relationship for lipophilic prodrugs. More specifically, the IOAC model utilizes external mechanical cues that induce specific differentiation of an epithelial cell monolayer to provide a barrier function that exhibits an undulating morphology with microvilli expression on the cell surface; this is more biologically relevant than conventional Caco-2 Transwell models. IOAC permeability data for SN38 modified with fatty acid esters of different chain lengths and at different molecular positions correlate excellently with water-lipid partitioning data and have the potential to significantly advance their preclinical development. In addition to advancing mechanistic insight into the permeability of many challenging drug candidates, we envisage the IOAC model to also be applicable to nanoparticle and biological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyall Pocock
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Ludivine Delon
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Vaskor Bala
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Shasha Rao
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Clive Prestidge
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Anabazhagan AN, Chatterjee I, Priyamvada S, Kumar A, Tyagi S, Saksena S, Alrefai WA, Dudeja PK, Gill RK. Methods to Study Epithelial Transport Protein Function and Expression in Native Intestine and Caco-2 Cells Grown in 3D. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28362399 DOI: 10.3791/55304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has important transport and barrier functions that play key roles in normal physiological functions of the body while providing a barrier to foreign particles. Impaired epithelial transport (ion, nutrient, or drugs) has been associated with many diseases and can have consequences that extend beyond the normal physiological functions of the transporters, such as by influencing epithelial integrity and the gut microbiome. Understanding the function and regulation of transport proteins is critical for the development of improved therapeutic interventions. The biggest challenge in the study of epithelial transport is developing a suitable model system that recapitulates important features of the native intestinal epithelial cells. Several in vitro cell culture models, such as Caco-2, T-84, and HT-29-Cl.19A cells are typically used in epithelial transport research. These cell lines represent a reductionist approach to modeling the epithelium and have been used in many mechanistic studies, including their examination of epithelial-microbial interactions. However, cell monolayers do not accurately reflect cell-cell interactions and the in vivo microenvironment. Cells grown in 3D have shown to be promising models for drug permeability studies. We show that Caco-2 cells in 3D can be used to study epithelial transporters. It is also important that studies in Caco-2 cells are complemented with other models to rule out cell specific effects and to take into account the complexity of the native intestine. Several methods have been previously used to assess the functionality of transporters, such as everted sac and uptake in isolated epithelial cells or in isolated plasma membrane vesicles. Taking into consideration the challenges in the field with respect to models and the measurement of transport function, we demonstrate here a protocol to grow Caco-2 cells in 3D and describe the use of an Ussing chamber as an effective approach to measure serotonin transport, such as in intact polarized intestinal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Sangeeta Tyagi
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Seema Saksena
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Research, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Research, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Department of Research, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center
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Shen C, Li Y, Wang H, Meng Q. Mechanically strong interpenetrating network hydrogels for differential cellular adhesion. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels as “soft-and-wet” materials have been widely used as tissue engineering scaffolds due to their similarity to natural extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Shen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Yuyan Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Huadi Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Qin Meng
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
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