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Lamberger Z, Schubert DW, Buechner M, Cabezas NC, Schrüfer S, Murenu N, Schaefer N, Lang G. Advanced optical assessment and modeling of extrusion bioprinting. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13972. [PMID: 38886452 PMCID: PMC11183084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of tissue engineering, biofabrication techniques are employed to process cells in hydrogel-based matrices, known as bioinks, into complex 3D structures. The aim is the production of functional tissue models or even entire organs. The regenerative production of biological tissues adheres to a multitude of criteria that ultimately determine the maturation of a functional tissue. These criteria are of biological nature, such as the biomimetic spatial positioning of different cell types within a physiologically and mechanically suitable matrix, which enables tissue maturation. Furthermore, the processing, a combination of technical procedures and biological materials, has proven highly challenging since cells are sensitive to stress, for example from shear and tensile forces, which may affect their vitality. On the other hand, high resolutions are pursued to create optimal conditions for subsequent tissue maturation. From an analytical perspective, it is prudent to first investigate the printing behavior of bioinks before undertaking complex biological tests. According to our findings, conventional shear rheological tests are insufficient to fully characterize the printing behavior of a bioink. For this reason, we have developed optical methods that, complementarily to the already developed tests, allow for quantification of printing quality and further viscoelastic modeling of bioinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Lamberger
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk W Schubert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Margitta Buechner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nathaly Chicaiza Cabezas
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrüfer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicoletta Murenu
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natascha Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Lang
- Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
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Moetazedian A, Candeo A, Liu S, Hughes A, Nasrollahi V, Saadat M, Bassi A, Grover LM, Cox LR, Poologasundarampillai G. Versatile Microfluidics for Biofabrication Platforms Enabled by an Agile and Inexpensive Fabrication Pipeline. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300636. [PMID: 37186512 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics have transformed diagnosis and screening in regenerative medicine. Recently, they are showing much promise in biofabrication. However, their adoption is inhibited by costly and drawn-out lithographic processes thus limiting progress. Here, multi-material fibers with complex core-shell geometries with sizes matching those of human arteries and arterioles are fabricated employing versatile microfluidic devices produced using an agile and inexpensive manufacturing pipeline. The pipeline consists of material extrusion additive manufacturing with an innovative continuously varied extrusion (CONVEX) approach to produce microfluidics with complex seamless geometries including, novel variable-width zigzag (V-zigzag) mixers with channel widths ranging from 100-400 µm and hydrodynamic flow-focusing components. The microfluidic systems facilitated rapid mixing of fluids by decelerating the fluids at specific zones to allow for increased diffusion across the interfaces. Better mixing even at high flow rates (100-1000 µL min-1 ) whilst avoiding turbulence led to high cell cytocompatibility (>86%) even when 100 µm nozzles are used. The presented 3D-printed microfluidic system is versatile, simple and efficient, offering a great potential to significantly advance the microfluidic platform in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirpasha Moetazedian
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
- EPSRC Future Metrology Hub, School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3D, UK
| | - Alessia Candeo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Siyun Liu
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - Arran Hughes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vahid Nasrollahi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mozafar Saadat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea Bassi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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3
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Mohd N, Razali M, Fauzi MB, Abu Kasim NH. In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Assessments of 3D-Bioprinted Scaffolds for Dental Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12881. [PMID: 37629064 PMCID: PMC10454183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a unique combination of technological advances in 3D printing and tissue engineering. It has emerged as a promising approach to address the dilemma in current dental treatments faced by clinicians in order to repair or replace injured and diseased tissues. The exploration of 3D bioprinting technology provides high reproducibility and precise control of the bioink containing the desired cells and biomaterial over the architectural and dimensional features of the scaffolds in fabricating functional tissue constructs that are specific to the patient treatment need. In recent years, the dental applications of different 3D bioprinting techniques, types of novel bioinks, and the types of cells used have been extensively explored. Most of the findings noted significant challenges compared to the non-biological 3D printing approach in constructing the bioscaffolds that mimic native tissues. Hence, this review focuses solely on the implementation of 3D bioprinting techniques and strategies based on cell-laden bioinks. It discusses the in vitro applications of 3D-bioprinted scaffolds on cell viabilities, cell functionalities, differentiation ability, and expression of the markers as well as the in vivo evaluations of the implanted bioscaffolds on the animal models for bone, periodontal, dentin, and pulp tissue regeneration. Finally, it outlines some perspectives for future developments in dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulhuda Mohd
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Masfueh Razali
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Dean Office, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Arif ZU, Khalid MY, Noroozi R, Hossain M, Shi HH, Tariq A, Ramakrishna S, Umer R. Additive manufacturing of sustainable biomaterials for biomedical applications. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100812. [PMID: 37274921 PMCID: PMC10238852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers are promising environmentally benign materials applicable in multifarious applications. They are especially favorable in implantable biomedical devices thanks to their excellent unique properties, including bioactivity, renewability, bioresorbability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and hydrophilicity. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a flexible and intricate manufacturing technology, which is widely used to fabricate biopolymer-based customized products and structures for advanced healthcare systems. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of these sustainable materials is applied in functional clinical settings including wound dressing, drug delivery systems, medical implants and tissue engineering. The present review highlights recent advancements in different types of biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, which are employed to develop different biomedical products by using extrusion, vat polymerization, laser and inkjet 3D printing techniques in addition to normal bioprinting and four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting techniques. This review also incorporates the influence of nanoparticles on the biological and mechanical performances of 3D-printed tissue scaffolds. This work also addresses current challenges as well as future developments of environmentally friendly polymeric materials manufactured through the AM techniques. Ideally, there is a need for more focused research on the adequate blending of these biodegradable biopolymers for achieving useful results in targeted biomedical areas. We envision that biopolymer-based 3D-printed composites have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical sector in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ullah Arif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reza Noroozi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - HaoTian Harvey Shi
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Western University, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ali Tariq
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Management & Technology Lahore, Sialkot Campus 51041, Pakistan
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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Montalbano G, Calore AR, Vitale‐Brovarone C. Extrusion
3D
printing of a multiphase collagen‐based material: An optimized strategy to obtain biomimetic scaffolds with high shape fidelity. J Appl Polym Sci 2023; 140:e53593. [PMID: 37035465 PMCID: PMC10078475 DOI: 10.1002/app.53593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extrusion printing represents one of the leading additive manufacturing techniques for tissue engineering purposes due to the possibility of achieving accurate control of the final shape and porosity of the scaffold. Despite many polymeric materials having already been optimized for this application, the processing of biopolymer-based systems still presents several limitations mainly ascribed to their poor rheological properties. Moreover, the introduction of inorganic components into the biomaterial formulation may introduce further difficulties related to system homogeneity, finally compromising its extrudability. In this context, the present study aimed at developing a new multi-phase biomaterial ink able to mimic the native composition of bone extracellular matrix, combining type-I-collagen with nano-hydroxyapatite and mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles. Starting from a comprehensive rheological assessment, computational-fluid-dynamics-based models were exploited to describe the material flow regime and define the optimal printing process planning. During printing, a gelatin-based bath was exploited to support the deposition of the material, while the gelation of collagen and its further chemical crosslinking with genipin enabled the stabilization of the printed structure, characterized by high shape fidelity. The developed strategy enables the extrusion printing of complex multi-phase systems and the design of high-precision biomimetic scaffolds with great potential for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Montalbano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy
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Xu HQ, Liu JC, Zhang ZY, Xu CX. A review on cell damage, viability, and functionality during 3D bioprinting. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:70. [PMID: 36522661 PMCID: PMC9756521 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting fabricates 3D functional tissues/organs by accurately depositing the bioink composed of the biological materials and living cells. Even though 3D bioprinting techniques have experienced significant advancement over the past decades, it remains challenging for 3D bioprinting to artificially fabricate functional tissues/organs with high post-printing cell viability and functionality since cells endure various types of stress during the bioprinting process. Generally, cell viability which is affected by several factors including the stress and the environmental factors, such as pH and temperature, is mainly determined by the magnitude and duration of the stress imposed on the cells with poorer cell viability under a higher stress and a longer duration condition. The maintenance of high cell viability especially for those vulnerable cells, such as stem cells which are more sensitive to multiple stresses, is a key initial step to ensure the functionality of the artificial tissues/organs. In addition, maintaining the pluripotency of the cells such as proliferation and differentiation abilities is also essential for the 3D-bioprinted tissues/organs to be similar to native tissues/organs. This review discusses various pathways triggering cell damage and the major factors affecting cell viability during different bioprinting processes, summarizes the studies on cell viabilities and functionalities in different bioprinting processes, and presents several potential approaches to protect cells from injuries to ensure high cell viability and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Qi Xu
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jia-Chen Liu
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Zheng-Yi Zhang
- School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chang-Xue Xu
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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Tyramine-Functionalized Alginate-Collagen Hybrid Hydrogel Inks for 3D-Bioprinting. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153173. [PMID: 35956690 PMCID: PMC9371113 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrusion-based 3D-bioprinting using hydrogels has exhibited potential in precision medicine; however, researchers are beset with several challenges. A major challenge of this technique is the production of constructs with sufficient height and fidelity to support cellular behavior in vivo. In this study, we present the 3D-bioprinting of cylindrical constructs with tunable gelation kinetics by controlling the covalent crosslinking density and gelation time of a tyramine-functionalized alginate hydrogel (ALG-TYR) via enzymatic reaction by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The extruded filament was crosslinked for a second time on a support bath containing H2O2 to increase fidelity after printing. The resulting tubular construct, with a height of 6 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm, retained its mechanical properties and had a maximum 2-fold swelling after 2 d. Furthermore, collagen (COL) was introduced into the ALG-TYR hydrogel network to increase the mechanical modulus and cell cytocompatibility, as the encapsulated fibroblast cells exhibited a higher cell viability in the ALG-TYR/COL construct (92.13 ± 0.70%) than in ALG-TYR alone (68.18 ± 3.73%). In summary, a vascular ECM-mimicking scaffold was 3D-bioprinted with the ALG-TYR/COL hybrid hydrogel, and this scaffold can support tissue growth for clinical translation in regenerative and personalized medicine.
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