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Thienoguanosine, a unique non-perturbing reporter for investigating rotational dynamics of DNA duplexes and their complexes with proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:210-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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2
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Bisballe N, Laursen BW. What is Best Strategy for Water Soluble Fluorescence Dyes?-A Case Study Using Long Fluorescence Lifetime DAOTA Dyes*. Chemistry 2020; 26:15969-15976. [PMID: 32639046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilic nature of organic dyes complicates their effectiveness in aqueous solutions. In this work we investigate three different strategies for achieving water-solubility of the diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA+ ) chromophore: hydrophilic counter ions, aromatic sulfonation of the chromophore, and attachment of charged side chains. The long fluorescence lifetime (FLT, τf =20 ns) of DAOTA+ makes it a sensitive probe to analyze solvation and aggregation effects. Direct sulfonation of the chromophore was found to increase solubility drastically, but at the cost of greatly reduced quantum yields (QYs) due to enhanced non-radiative deactivation processes. The introduction of either cationic (4) or zwitterionic side chains (5), however, brings the FLT (τf =18 ns) and QY (ϕf =0.56) of the dye to the same level as the parent chromophore in acetonitrile. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy also reveals a high resistance to aggregation and non-specific binding in a high loading of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results clearly show that addition of charged flexible side chains is preferable to direct sulfonation of the chromophore core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Bisballe
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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3
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Barsuk I, Lainé PP, Maurel F, Brémond É. Triangulenium dyes: the comprehensive photo-absorption and emission story of a versatile family of chromophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20673-20684. [PMID: 32895673 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02990d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The triangulenium dyes constitute a family of versatile chromophores whose impressive photo-absorption and emission properties are currently highlighted in numerous novel experimental applications. In this investigation, we provide a comprehensive TDDFT characterization of their spectroscopic properties elucidating the origin of their large and complex absorption and emission vibronic spectra spread over the (whole) visible region. More precisely, by benchmarking the performance of 10 commonly-used exchange-correlation density functionals belonging to different classes of approximation, we develop and validate a computational protocol allowing the accurate modeling of both the position and optical line-shape of their vibrationally-resolved absorption and emission band structures. We find that semilocal approximations provide the best estimate of the structure of the vibronic spectra, however they spuriously and strongly underestimate their position. We finally show that global-hybrid density functionals mixing between 20 and 30% of exact-like exchange are an excellent compromise to get a satisfactory estimate of both of these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Barsuk
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Éric Brémond
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
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4
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Laursen BW, Bogh SA, Sørensen TJ. Long fluorescence lifetime triangulenium dyes in imaging and fluorescence polarization assay. Methods Enzymol 2020; 640:249-265. [PMID: 32560801 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of new fluorescent dyes-new fluorochromes-has a large potential to improve the established methods in enzymology, by empowering both detection capability and the scope of the individual method. Unfortunately, there are huge barriers when adopting new improved fluorescent dyes in established methods. The dyes have to be generally available, protocols for labeling and analysis must be in place, and the field has to be aware how the new improved dye can enhance their method of choice. In this chapter, we will address these issues for the triangulenium dyes. A class of dyes that has a long fluorescence lifetime and emission in the red. A unique combination that opens up new possibilities for the study of protein rotational motion, when developing fluorescence polarization (FP) assays, and for all time-resolved imaging or analysis platforms. To make these dyes generally available, the features of the long fluorescence lifetime triangulenium dyes are described and an optimized labelling protocol are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sidsel A Bogh
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Santella M, Della Pia E, Sørensen JK, Laursen BW. Synthesis and properties of sulfur-functionalized triarylmethylium, acridinium and triangulenium dyes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2133-2141. [PMID: 31579076 PMCID: PMC6753677 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triangulenium dyes functionalized with one, two or three ethylthiol functionalities were synthesized and their optical properties were studied. The sulfur functionalities were introduced by aromatic nucleophilic substitution of methoxy groups in triarylmethylium cations with ethanethiol followed by partial or full ring closure of the ortho positions with nitrogen or oxygen bridges leading to sulfur-functionalized acridinium, xanthenium or triangulenium dyes. For all the dye classes the sulfur functionalities are found to lead to intensely absorbing dyes in the visible range (470 to 515 nm), quite similar to known analogous dye systems with dialkylamino donor groups in place of the ethylthiol substituents. For the triangulenium derivatives significant fluorescence was observed (Φf = 0.1 to Φf = 0.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Santella
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Della Pia
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kryger Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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6
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Rosenberg M, Junker AKR, Sørensen TJ, Laursen BW. Fluorescence pH Probes Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer Quenching of Long Fluorescence Lifetime Triangulenium Dyes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rosenberg
- Nano-Science Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anne Kathrine R. Junker
- Nano-Science Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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7
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Rosenberg M, Santella M, Bogh SA, Muñoz AV, Andersen HOB, Hammerich O, Bora I, Lincke K, Laursen BW. Extended Triangulenium Ions: Syntheses and Characterization of Benzo-Bridged Dioxa- and Diazatriangulenium Dyes. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2556-2567. [PMID: 30694674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The very limited class of fluorophores, with a long fluorescence lifetime (>10 ns) and fluorescence beyond 550 nm, has been expanded with two benzo-fused triangulenium derivatives and two cationic [5]-helicene salts. The syntheses of the benzo-bridged dioxa- and diazatriangulenium derivatives (BDOTA+ and BDATA+, respectively) required two different synthetic approaches, which reflect the structural and physiochemical impact on the reactivity of [5]-helicenium precursors. Spectroscopic investigations show that the introduction of the benzo bridge into the triangulenium chromophore significantly redshifts the absorption and emission while maintaining fluorescence lifetimes above 10 ns. The combination of a high quantum yield, long fluorescence lifetime, and emission above 600 nm is possible only if the structural aspects of the triangulenium framework are perfectly harmonized to secure a low rate of nonradiative deactivation. The new benzo bridge may be a general motif to obtain red-shifted derivatives of other dye classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rosenberg
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
| | - Marco Santella
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
| | - Sidsel A Bogh
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
| | - Alberto Viñas Muñoz
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
| | - Helene O B Andersen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
| | - Ilkay Bora
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
| | - Kasper Lincke
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark
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8
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Rosenberg M, Rostgaard KR, Liao Z, Madsen AØ, Martinez KL, Vosch T, Laursen BW. Design, synthesis, and time-gated cell imaging of carbon-bridged triangulenium dyes with long fluorescence lifetime and red emission. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3122-3130. [PMID: 29780456 PMCID: PMC5932597 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved fluorescence offers many advantages over normal steady-state detection and becomes increasingly important in bioimaging. However, only very few fluorophores with emission in the visible range and fluorescence lifetimes above 5 ns are available. In this work, we prepare a series of new aza/oxa-triangulenium dyes where one of the usual oxa or aza bridges is replaced by an isopropyl bridge. This leads to a significant redshift of fluorescence with only moderate reductions of quantum yields and a unique long fluorescence lifetime. The fluorescence of the isopropyl bridged diazatriangulenium derivative CDATA+ is red-shifted by 50 nm (1400 cm-1) as compared to the oxygen-bridged DAOTA+ chromophore and has intense emission in the red region (600-700 nm) with a quantum yield of 61%, and a fluorescence lifetime of 15.8 ns in apolar solution. When the CDATA+ dye is used as cell stain, high photostability and efficient time-gated cell imaging is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosenberg
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| | - K R Rostgaard
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| | - Z Liao
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| | - A Ø Madsen
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark
| | - K L Martinez
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| | - T Vosch
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
| | - B W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 , Copenhagen Ø , Denmark . ;
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9
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Bogh S, Simmermacher M, Westberg M, Bregnhøj M, Rosenberg M, De Vico L, Veiga M, Laursen BW, Ogilby PR, Sauer SPA, Sørensen TJ. Azadioxatriangulenium and Diazaoxatriangulenium: Quantum Yields and Fundamental Photophysical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:193-203. [PMID: 31457221 PMCID: PMC6641101 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have investigated and exploited the photophysical properties of triangulenium dyes. Azadioxatriangulenium (ADOTA) and diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA), in particular, have features that make them useful in various fluorescence-based technologies (e.g., bioimaging). Through our work with ADOTA and DAOTA, we became aware that the reported fluorescence quantum yields (ϕfl) for these dyes are lower than their actual values. We thus set out to further investigate the fundamental structure-property relationships in these unique conjugated cationic systems. The nonradiative processes in the systems were explored using transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved emission spectroscopy in combination with computational chemistry. The influence of molecular oxygen on the fluorescence properties was explored, and the singlet oxygen sensitization efficiencies of ADOTA and DAOTA were determined. We conclude that, for these dyes, the amount of nonradiative deactivation of the first excited singlet state (S1) of the azaoxa-triangulenium fluorophores is low, that the rate of such deactivation is slower than what is observed in common cationic dyes, that there are no observable radiative transitions occurring from the first excited triplet state (T1) of these dyes, and that the efficiency of sensitized singlet oxygen production is low (ϕΔ ≤ 10%). These photophysical results provide a solid base upon which technological applications of these fluorescent dyes can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel
A. Bogh
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Westberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Rosenberg
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Luca De Vico
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Manoel Veiga
- PicoQuant
GmbH, Rudower Chaussee
29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stephan P. A. Sauer
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science
Center & Department of Chemistry, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, 2100 København
Ø, Denmark
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10
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Chib R, Mummert M, Bora I, Laursen BW, Shah S, Pendry R, Gryczynski I, Borejdo J, Gryczynski Z, Fudala R. Fluorescent biosensor for the detection of hyaluronidase: intensity-based ratiometric sensing and fluorescence lifetime-based sensing using a long lifetime azadioxatriangulenium (ADOTA) fluorophore. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3811-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Wallabregue A, Moreau D, Sherin P, Moneva Lorente P, Jarolímová Z, Bakker E, Vauthey E, Gruenberg J, Lacour J. Selective Imaging of Late Endosomes with a pH-Sensitive Diazaoxatriangulene Fluorescent Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1752-5. [PMID: 26799309 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Late endosomes are a major trafficking hub in the cell at the crossroads between endocytosis, autophagy, and degradation in lysosomes. Herein is disclosed the first small molecule allowing their selective imaging and monitoring in the form of a diazaoxatriangulene fluorophore, 1a (hexadecyl side chain). The compound is prepared in three steps from a simple carbenium precursor. In nanospheres, this pH-sensitive (pKa = 7.3), photochemically stable dye fluoresces in the red part of visible light (601 and 578 nm, acid and basic forms, respectively) with a quantum yield between 14 and 16% and an excited-state lifetime of 7.7-7.8 ns. Importantly, the protonated form 1a·H(+) provokes a specific staining of late endosome compartments (pH 5.0-5.5) after 5 h of incubation with HeLa cells. Not surprisingly, this late endosome marking depends on the intra-organelle pH, and changing the nature of the lipophilic chain provokes a loss of selectivity. Interestingly, fixation of the fluorophore is readily achieved with paraformaldehyde, giving the possibility to image both live and fixed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Sherin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS , Institutskaya street 3A, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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12
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Bora I, Bogh SA, Rosenberg M, Santella M, Sørensen TJ, Laursen BW. Diazaoxatriangulenium: synthesis of reactive derivatives and conjugation to bovine serum albumin. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 14:1091-101. [PMID: 26633730 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02293b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The azaoxa-triangulenium dyes are characterised by emission in the red and a long fluorescence lifetime (up to 25 ns). These properties have been widely explored for the azadioxatrianguelnium (ADOTA) dye. Here, the syntheses of reactive maleimide and NHS-ester forms of the diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA) system are reported. The DAOTA fluorophore was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and investigated in comparison to the corresponding ADOTA-BSA conjugate. It was found that the fluorescence of DAOTA experienced a significantly higher degree of solvent quenching if compared to ADOTA as non-conjugated dyes in aqueous solution, while the fluorescence quenching observed upon conjugation to BSA was significantly reduced for DAOTA when compared to ADOTA. The differences in observed quenching for the conjugates can be explained by the different electronic structures of the dyes, which renders DAOTA significantly less prone to reductive photoinduced electron transfer (PET) quenching from e.g. tryptophan. We conclude that DAOTA, with emission in the red and inherent resistance to PET quenching, is an ideal platform for the development of long fluorescence lifetime probes for time-resolved imaging and fluorescence polarisation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Bora
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
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