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Polizzi M, Valerie K, Kim S. Commissioning and Assessment of Radiation Field and Dose Inhomogeneity for a Dual X-ray Tube Cabinet Irradiator: To Ensure Accurate Dosimetry in Radiation Biology Experiments. Adv Radiat Oncol 2024; 9:101486. [PMID: 38699670 PMCID: PMC11063221 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2024.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Standardization of x-ray cabinet irradiator dose, geometry, and calibration reporting is an ongoing process. Multi-tube designs have been introduced into the preclinical market and give a theoretical benefit but have not been widely assessed for use in preclinical irradiation conditions. The aim of this study was to report our experience commissioning a dual x-ray source cabinet irradiator (CIXD, Xstrahl Limited, United Kingdom) and assess the dose distribution for various experimental conditions. Methods and Materials Half-value layer (HVL) measurement, profile measurements, and output calibration were performed using a calibrated ion chamber. Constancy measurements were performed twice daily over 2 weeks to assess output fluctuations. Film measurements were completed using solid water to assess percent depth dose and homogeneity within the field and within variable thicknesses of solid water and phosphate-buffered saline solution. Film measurements were repeated for various arrangements of petri dishes filled with phosphate-buffered saline or water and in a 3D-printed mouse phantom. Results The x-ray tubes had a measured in-air output of 1.27 Gy/min. The HVL was 1.7 mm Cu. The upper and lower tubes both exhibited the heel effect, but when operated simultaneously, the effect was reduced. Ion chamber measurements revealed a 15% dose inhomogeneity within the tray area (18 × 18 cm2). Film measurements in the petri dishes indicated minor nonuniformities in the arrangements of the experimental apparatus. Measurements from the mouse phantom with film agreed with ion chamber measurements for various phantom placements and orientations. Conclusions X-ray cell culture and animal irradiation with dual tube cabinet irradiation is efficient and robust when using established dosimetric tools to confirm output and homogeneity. The conditions assumed for calibrations are often not maintained during experiments. We have confirmed that inhomogeneities are present for single-tube use; however, they are reduced with simultaneous tube use. Additional dosimetric monitoring should be performed for each unique irradiation setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Polizzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Siyong Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Chlorogenic Acid, the Main Antioxidant in Coffee, Reduces Radiation-Induced Apoptosis and DNA Damage via NF-E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Activation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4566949. [PMID: 35958020 PMCID: PMC9363170 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4566949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to DNA damage and apoptosis in tumor cells, thereby killing malignant cells. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a well-known antioxidant in coffee due to its strong ability to remove ROS. However, the effect of CGA on radiotherapeutic efficacy remains unclear. In this study, we showed that CGA could hinder the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy by inhibiting radiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage via scavenging excessive ROS and activating the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant system in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and a murine model. The knockdown of Nrf2 reversed CGA-mediated radiation resistance in HCC cells. In conclusion, CGA might be a potential tumor-protective compound upon irradiation and reduce the efficacy of radiotherapy via ROS scavenging and Nrf2 activation.
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Edge SD, Renard I, Pyne E, Li C, Moody H, Roy R, Beavis AW, Archibald SJ, Cawthorne CJ, Maher SG, Pires IM. PI3K inhibition as a novel therapeutic strategy for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Radiol 2021; 94:20201191. [PMID: 33434085 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20201191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neo-CRT) prior to surgery is the standard of care for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) patients. Unfortunately, most patients fail to respond to treatment. MiR-187 was previously shown to be downregulated in neo-CRT non-responders, whist in vitro miR-187 overexpression enhanced radiosensitivity and upregulated PTEN. This study evaluates the role of miR-187 and downstream PI3K signalling in radiation response in OAC. METHODS The effect of miR-187 overexpression on downstream PI3K signalling was evaluated in OAC cell lines by qPCR and Western blotting. PTEN expression was analysed in OAC pre-treatment biopsies of neo-CRT responders and non-responders. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K using GDC-0941 was evaluated in combination with radiotherapy in two-dimensional and three-dimensional OAC models in vitro and as a single agent in vivo. Radiation response in vitro was assessed via clonogenic assay. RESULTS PTEN expression was significantly decreased in neo-CRT non-responders. MiR-187 overexpression significantly upregulated PTEN expression and inhibited downstream PI3K signalling in vitro. GDC-0941 significantly reduced viability and enhanced radiation response in vitro and led to tumour growth inhibition as a single agent in vivo. CONCLUSION Targeting of PI3K signalling is a promising therapeutic strategy for OAC patients who have repressed miR-187 expression and do not respond to conventional neo-CRT. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This is the first study evaluating the effect of PI3K inhibition on radiosensitivity in OAC, with a particular focus on patients that do not respond to neo-CRT. We have shown for the first time that targeting of PI3K signalling is a promising alternative therapeutic strategy for OAC patients who do not respond to conventional neo-CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Edge
- Hypoxia and Tumour Microenvironment Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Isaline Renard
- Positron Emission Tomography Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, UK, Hull, UK
| | - Emily Pyne
- Hypoxia and Tumour Microenvironment Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Chun Li
- Hypoxia and Tumour Microenvironment Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Hannah Moody
- Hypoxia and Tumour Microenvironment Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK.,Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Queen's Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
| | - Andrew W Beavis
- Faculty of Health and Well Being, Sheffield-Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Medical Physics, Queen's Centre for Oncology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Positron Emission Tomography Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, UK, Hull, UK
| | - Christopher J Cawthorne
- Positron Emission Tomography Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, UK, Hull, UK.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen G Maher
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabel M Pires
- Hypoxia and Tumour Microenvironment Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Reid P, Staudacher AH, Marcu LG, Olver I, Moghaddasi L, Brown MP, Li Y, Bezak E. Intrinsic Radiosensitivity Is Not the Determining Factor in Treatment Response Differences between HPV Negative and HPV Positive Head and Neck Cancers. Cells 2020; 9:E1788. [PMID: 32727072 PMCID: PMC7464531 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) resulting from human papillomavirus (HPV) are increasing in incidence but demonstrate significantly better treatment response than HNSCC from other causes such as tobacco and alcohol. This study sought to identify differences in HNSCC, intrinsic to HPV status, in their response to radiation dose. Previously unexamined changes in radio-responsiveness following fractionated X-ray irradiation were compared between HPV positive and negative statuses of HNSCC. Six HNSCC cell lines, 3 of each HPV status, were investigated for radiosensitivity by clonogenic assay and modelled by response as a function of dose. Generational cultures of each cell line were developed to follow changes in radiosensitivity after repeated irradiations simulating fractionated radiation therapy. As a group, the HPV positive cell lines were more radiosensitive, but with changes following repeated fractions of dose, and modelling of response as a function of dose, both statuses displayed large radiobiological heterogeneity. These findings challenge current radiobiological assumptions of head and neck cancers as early responding tissue to radiation and may go some way in explaining difficulties reaching consensus in stratification of treatment by HPV status. Consequently, results from this study do not support stratifying radiation therapy by HPV status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Reid
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (L.G.M.); (E.B.)
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Alexander H. Staudacher
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (A.H.S.); (M.P.B.)
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Loredana G. Marcu
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (L.G.M.); (E.B.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Ian Olver
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Leyla Moghaddasi
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
- Genesis Care, Adelaide Radiotherapy Centre, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael P. Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (A.H.S.); (M.P.B.)
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Yanrui Li
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Eva Bezak
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (L.G.M.); (E.B.)
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
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Johnstone CD, Bazalova-Carter M. MicroCT imaging dose to mouse organs using a validated Monte Carlo model of the small animal radiation research platform (SARRP). Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:115012. [PMID: 29741161 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aac335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to establish imaging dose to mouse organs with a validated Monte Carlo (MC) model of the image-guided Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP) and to investigate the effect of scatter from the internal walls on animal therapy dose determination. A MC model of the SARRP was built in the BEAMnrc code and validated with a series of homogeneous and heterogeneous phantom measurements. A segmented microCT scan of a mouse was used in DOSXYZnrc to determine mouse organ microCT imaging doses to 15-35 g mice for the SARRP pancake (mouse lying on couch) and standard (mouse standing on couch) imaging geometries for 40-80 kVp tube voltages. Imaging dose for off-center positioning shifts and maintaining image noise across tube voltages were also calculated. Half-value layer (HVL) measurements for the 220 kVp therapy beam in the presence of the SARRP shielding cabinet were modeled in BEAMnrc and compared to the 100 cm source-to-detector distance (SDD) in the scatter free, narrow-beam geometry recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 61 (AAPM TG-61). For a 60 kVp, 0.8 mA, and 60 s scan protocol, maximum mean organ imaging doses to boney and non-boney structures were 10.5 cGy and 3.5 cGy, respectively, for an average size 20 g mouse. Current-exposure combinations above 323, 203, 147, 116, and 95 mAs for 40-80 kVp tube voltages, respectively, will increase body doses above 10 cGy. MicroCT mean body dose was 18% lower in pancake compared to standard imaging geometry. An 11% difference in measured HVL at a 50 cm SDD was found compared to MC simulated HVL for the AAPM TG-61 recommended scatter free geometry at a 100 cm SDD. This change in HVL resulted in a 0.5% change in absorbed dose to water calculations for the treatment beam.
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