1
|
Al Jedani S, Whitley CA, Ellis BG, Triantafyllou A, Smith CI, Gunning PJ, Gardner P, Risk JM, Weightman P, Barrett SD. Image fusion of IR and optical microscopy for mapping of biomolecules in tissue. Analyst 2021; 146:5848-5854. [PMID: 34498612 PMCID: PMC8475953 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that a pixel-level image fusion technique can produce images that combine the spatial resolution of optical microscopy images of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue with the chemical information in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) images. The fused images show minimal distortion and the higher spatial resolution of the H&E images overcomes the diffraction limit on the spatial resolution of the FTIR images. A consideration of the FTIR spectra of nucleic acids and collagen can explain the changes in contrast between non-cancerous oral epithelium and underlying stroma within fused images formed by combining an H&E stain of oral tissue with FTIR images of the tissue obtained at a number of wavenumbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Conor A Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | | | - Philip J Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ellis BG, Whitley CA, Al Jedani S, Smith CI, Gunning PJ, Harrison P, Unsworth P, Gardner P, Shaw RJ, Barrett SD, Triantafyllou A, Risk JM, Weightman P. Insight into metastatic oral cancer tissue from novel analyses using FTIR spectroscopy and aperture IR-SNOM. Analyst 2021; 146:4895-4904. [PMID: 34241603 PMCID: PMC8311263 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel machine learning algorithm is shown to accurately discriminate between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) nodal metastases and surrounding lymphoid tissue on the basis of a single metric, the ratio of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption intensities at 1252 cm-1 and 1285 cm-1. The metric yields discriminating sensitivities, specificities and precision of 98.8 ± 0.1%, 99.89 ± 0.01% and 99.78 ± 0.02% respectively, and an area under receiver operator characteristic (AUC) of 0.9935 ± 0.0006. The delineation of the OSCC and lymphoid tissue revealed by the image formed from the metric is in better agreement with an immunohistochemistry (IHC) stained image than are either of the FTIR images obtained at the individual wavenumbers. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) images of the tissue obtained at a number of key wavenumbers, with high spatial resolution, show variations in the chemical structure of the tissue with a feature size down to ∼4 μm. The image formed from the ratio of the SNOM images obtained at 1252 cm-1 and 1285 cm-1 shows more contrast than the SNOM images obtained at these or a number of other individual wavenumbers. The discrimination between the two tissue types is dominated by the contribution from the 1252 cm-1 signal, which is representative of nucleic acids, and this shows the OSCC tissue to be accompanied by two wide arcs of tissue which are particularly low in nucleic acids. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining shows the tumour core in this specimen to be ∼40 μm wide and the SNOM topography shows that the core centre is raised by ∼1 μm compared to the surrounding tissue. Line profiles of the SNOM signal intensity taken through the highly keratinised core show that the increase in height correlates with an increase in the protein signal. SNOM line profiles show that the nucleic acids signal decreases at the centre of the tumour core between two peaks of higher intensity. All these nucleic acid features are ∼25 μm wide, roughly the width of two cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Conor A Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | | | - Philip J Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Paul Harrison
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Paul Unsworth
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK and Regional Maxillofacial Unit, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alunda BO, Lee YJ. Review: Cantilever-Based Sensors for High Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4784. [PMID: 32854193 PMCID: PMC7506678 DOI: 10.3390/s20174784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review critically summarizes the recent advances of the microcantilever-based force sensors for atomic force microscope (AFM) applications. They are one the most common mechanical spring-mass systems and are extremely sensitive to changes in the resonant frequency, thus finding numerous applications especially for molecular sensing. Specifically, we comment on the latest progress in research on the deflection detection systems, fabrication, coating and functionalization of the microcantilevers and their application as bio- and chemical sensors. A trend on the recent breakthroughs on the study of biological samples using high-speed atomic force microscope is also reported in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ouma Alunda
- School of Mines and Engineering, Taita Taveta University, P.O. Box 635-80300 Voi, Kenya;
| | - Yong Joong Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Al Jedani S, Smith CI, Gunning P, Ellis BG, Gardner P, Barrett SD, Triantafyllou A, Risk JM, Weightman P. A de-waxing methodology for scanning probe microscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3397-3403. [PMID: 32930228 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A de-waxing protocol that successfully removes paraffin from tissue microarray (TMA) cores of fixed tissue obtained from oral cancer is described. The success of the protocol is demonstrated by the comparison of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results obtained on paraffin-embedded and de-waxed tissue and the absence of any significant correlations between infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) images of de-waxed tissue obtained at the three main paraffin IR peaks. The success of the protocol in removing paraffin from tissue is also demonstrated by images obtained with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by energy dispersive spectra (EDS) of a de-waxed CaF2 disc which shows no significant contribution from carbon. The FTIR spectra of the de-waxed TMA core overlaps that obtained from OE19 oesophageal cancer cells which had never been exposed to paraffin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | | | - Philip Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|