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Whitley CA, Ellis BG, Triantafyllou A, Gunning PJ, Gardner P, Barrett SD, Shaw RJ, Smith CI, Weightman P, Risk JM. Prediction of prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma using infrared microspectroscopy. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7094. [PMID: 38468595 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimation of prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is inaccurate prior to surgery, only being effected following subsequent pathological analysis of the primary tumour and excised lymph nodes. Consequently, a proportion of patients are overtreated, with an increase in morbidity, or undertreated, with inadequate margins and risk of recurrence. We hypothesise that it is possible to accurately characterise clinical outcomes from infrared spectra arising from diagnostic biopsies. In this first step, we correlate survival with IR spectra derived from the primary tumour. METHODS Infrared spectra were collected from tumour tissue from 29 patients with OSCC and subject to classification modelling. RESULTS The model had a median AUROC of 0.89 with regard to prognosis, a median specificity of 0.83, and a hazard ratio of 6.29 in univariate Cox proportional hazard modelling. CONCLUSION The data suggest that FTIR spectra may be a useful early biomarker of prognosis in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor A Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip J Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Gardner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Al Jedani S, Smith CI, Ingham J, Whitley CA, Ellis BG, Triantafyllou A, Gunning PJ, Gardner P, Risk JM, Shaw RJ, Weightman P, Barrett SD. Tissue discrimination in head and neck cancer using image fusion of IR and optical microscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:4189-4194. [PMID: 37529901 PMCID: PMC10440831 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00692a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A regression-based fusion algorithm has been used to merge hyperspectral Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data with an H&E image of oral squamous cell carcinoma metastases in cervical lymphoid nodal tissue. This provides insight into the success of the ratio of FTIR absorbances at 1252 cm-1 and 1285 cm-1 in discriminating between these tissue types. The success is due to absorbances at these two wavenumbers being dominated by contributions from DNA and collagen, respectively. A pixel-by-pixel fit of the fused spectra to the FTIR spectra of collagen, DNA and cytokeratin reveals the contributions of these molecules to the tissue at high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
- Department of Physics, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - James Ingham
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Conor A Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8YE, UK
| | - Philip J Gunning
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Head and Neck Surgery, Liverpool University Foundation NHS Trust, Aintree Hospital, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
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Ellis BG, Ingham J, Whitley CA, Al Jedani S, Gunning PJ, Gardner P, Shaw RJ, Barrett SD, Triantafyllou A, Risk JM, Smith CI, Weightman P. Metric-based analysis of FTIR data to discriminate tissue types in oral cancer. Analyst 2023; 148:1948-1953. [PMID: 37067098 PMCID: PMC10152457 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00258f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
A machine learning algorithm (MLA) has predicted the prognosis of oral potentially malignant lesions and discriminated between lymph node tissue and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The MLA analyses metrics, which are ratios of Fourier transform infrared absorbances, and identifies key wavenumbers that can be associated with molecular biomarkers. The wider efficacy of the MLA is now shown in the more complex primary OSCC tumour setting, where it is able to identify seven types of tissue. Three epithelial and four non-epithelial tissue types were discriminated from each other with sensitivities between 82% and 96% and specificities between 90% and 99%. The wavenumbers involved in the five best discriminating metrics for each tissue type were tightly grouped, indicating that small changes in the spectral profiles of the different tissue types are important. The number of samples used in this study was small, but the information will provide a basis for further, larger investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - James Ingham
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Conor A Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Philip J Gunning
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Head and Neck Surgery, Liverpool University Foundation NHS Trust, Aintree Hospital, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8YE, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | | | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
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Ingham J, Smith CI, Ellis BG, Whitley CA, Triantafyllou A, Gunning PJ, Barrett SD, Gardener P, Shaw RJ, Risk JM, Weightman P. Prediction of malignant transformation in oral epithelial dysplasia using machine learning. IOP SciNotes 2022; 3:034001. [PMID: 36277682 PMCID: PMC9580266 DOI: 10.1088/2633-1357/ac95e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A machine learning algorithm (MLA) has been applied to a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) dataset previously analysed with a principal component analysis (PCA) linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model. This comparison has confirmed the robustness of FTIR as a prognostic tool for oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). The MLA is able to predict malignancy with a sensitivity of 84 ± 3% and a specificity of 79 ± 3%. It provides key wavenumbers that will be important for the development of devices that can be used for improved prognosis of OED.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ingham
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline I Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - Conor A Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, L69 3GA, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, United Kingdom
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gardener
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, United Kingdom
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
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Ellis BG, Whitley CA, Triantafyllou A, Gunning PJ, Smith CI, Barrett SD, Gardner P, Shaw RJ, Weightman P, Risk JM. Prediction of malignant transformation in oral epithelial dysplasia using infrared absorbance spectra. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266043. [PMID: 35333891 PMCID: PMC8956195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a histopathologically-defined, potentially premalignant condition of the oral cavity. The rate of transformation to frank carcinoma is relatively low (12% within 2 years) and prediction based on histopathological grade is unreliable, leading to both over- and under-treatment. Alternative approaches include infrared (IR) spectroscopy, which is able to classify cancerous and non-cancerous tissue in a number of cancers, including oral. The aim of this study was to explore the capability of FTIR (Fourier-transform IR) microscopy and machine learning as a means of predicting malignant transformation of OED. Supervised, retrospective analysis of longitudinally-collected OED biopsy samples from 17 patients with high risk OED lesions: 10 lesions transformed and 7 did not over a follow-up period of more than 3 years. FTIR spectra were collected from routine, unstained histopathological sections and machine learning used to predict malignant transformation, irrespective of OED classification. PCA-LDA (principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis) provided evidence that the subsequent transforming status of these 17 lesions could be predicted from FTIR data with a sensitivity of 79 ± 5% and a specificity of 76 ± 5%. Six key wavenumbers were identified as most important in this classification. Although this pilot study used a small cohort, the strict inclusion criteria and classification based on known outcome, rather than OED grade, make this a novel study in the field of FTIR in oral cancer and support the clinical potential of this technology in the surveillance of OED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby G. Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Conor A. Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline I. Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve D. Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Brooker RC, Antczak P, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Sacco JJ, Schache AG, Shaw RJ. Genetic variants associated with mandibular osteoradionecrosis following radiotherapy for head and neck malignancy. Radiother Oncol 2021; 165:87-93. [PMID: 34757119 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Utilising radiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer (HNC) often results in long term toxicities. Mandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) represents a late toxicity associated with significant morbidity. We aim to identify a panel of common genetic variants which can predict ORN to aid development of personalised radiotherapy protocols. METHOD Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays were applied to DNA samples from patients who had prior HNC radiotherapy and minimum two years follow-up. A case cohort of mandibular ORN was compared to a control group of participants recruited to CRUK HOPON clinical trial. Relevant clinical parameters influencing ORN risk (e.g. smoking/alcohol) were collected. Significant associations from array data were internally validated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pyrosequencing. RESULTS Following inclusion of 141 patients in the analysis (52 cases, 89 controls), a model predictive for ORN was developed; after controlling for alcohol consumption, smoking, and age, 4053 SNPs were identified as significant. This was reduced to a representative model of 18 SNPs achieving 92% accuracy. Following internal technical validation, a six SNP model (rs34798038, rs6011731, rs2348569, rs530752, rs7477958, rs1415848) was retained within multivariate regression analysis (ROC AUC 0.859). Of these, four SNPs (rs34798038 (A/G) (p 0.006), rs6011731 (C/T) (p 0.018), rs530752 (A/G) (p 0.046) and rs2348569 (G/G) (p 0.005)) were significantly associated with the absence of ORN. CONCLUSION This is the first genome wide association study in HNC using ORN as the endpoint and offers new insight into ORN pathogenesis. Subject to validation, these variants may guide patient selection for personalised radiotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Brooker
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, United Kingdom.
| | - Philipp Antczak
- Technology Directorate, Computational Biology Facility, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Dept of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M Risk
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph J Sacco
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Schache
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Head and Neck Unit, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Aintree University Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Head and Neck Unit, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Aintree University Hospital, United Kingdom
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Al Jedani S, Whitley CA, Ellis BG, Triantafyllou A, Smith CI, Gunning PJ, Gardner P, Risk JM, Weightman P, Barrett SD. Image fusion of IR and optical microscopy for mapping of biomolecules in tissue. Analyst 2021; 146:5848-5854. [PMID: 34498612 PMCID: PMC8475953 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that a pixel-level image fusion technique can produce images that combine the spatial resolution of optical microscopy images of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue with the chemical information in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) images. The fused images show minimal distortion and the higher spatial resolution of the H&E images overcomes the diffraction limit on the spatial resolution of the FTIR images. A consideration of the FTIR spectra of nucleic acids and collagen can explain the changes in contrast between non-cancerous oral epithelium and underlying stroma within fused images formed by combining an H&E stain of oral tissue with FTIR images of the tissue obtained at a number of wavenumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Conor A Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | | | - Philip J Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
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Ellis BG, Whitley CA, Al Jedani S, Smith CI, Gunning PJ, Harrison P, Unsworth P, Gardner P, Shaw RJ, Barrett SD, Triantafyllou A, Risk JM, Weightman P. Insight into metastatic oral cancer tissue from novel analyses using FTIR spectroscopy and aperture IR-SNOM. Analyst 2021; 146:4895-4904. [PMID: 34241603 PMCID: PMC8311263 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel machine learning algorithm is shown to accurately discriminate between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) nodal metastases and surrounding lymphoid tissue on the basis of a single metric, the ratio of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption intensities at 1252 cm−1 and 1285 cm−1. The metric yields discriminating sensitivities, specificities and precision of 98.8 ± 0.1%, 99.89 ± 0.01% and 99.78 ± 0.02% respectively, and an area under receiver operator characteristic (AUC) of 0.9935 ± 0.0006. The delineation of the OSCC and lymphoid tissue revealed by the image formed from the metric is in better agreement with an immunohistochemistry (IHC) stained image than are either of the FTIR images obtained at the individual wavenumbers. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) images of the tissue obtained at a number of key wavenumbers, with high spatial resolution, show variations in the chemical structure of the tissue with a feature size down to ∼4 μm. The image formed from the ratio of the SNOM images obtained at 1252 cm−1 and 1285 cm−1 shows more contrast than the SNOM images obtained at these or a number of other individual wavenumbers. The discrimination between the two tissue types is dominated by the contribution from the 1252 cm−1 signal, which is representative of nucleic acids, and this shows the OSCC tissue to be accompanied by two wide arcs of tissue which are particularly low in nucleic acids. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining shows the tumour core in this specimen to be ∼40 μm wide and the SNOM topography shows that the core centre is raised by ∼1 μm compared to the surrounding tissue. Line profiles of the SNOM signal intensity taken through the highly keratinised core show that the increase in height correlates with an increase in the protein signal. SNOM line profiles show that the nucleic acids signal decreases at the centre of the tumour core between two peaks of higher intensity. All these nucleic acid features are ∼25 μm wide, roughly the width of two cancer cells. A SNOM image (a) provides chemical insight into a metastatic tumour identified by H&E staining (b).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Conor A Whitley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | | | - Philip J Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Paul Harrison
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Paul Unsworth
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK and Regional Maxillofacial Unit, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
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Ho MW, Ryan MP, Gupta J, Triantafyllou A, Risk JM, Shaw RJ, Wilson JB. Loss of FANCD2 and related proteins may predict malignant transformation in oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 133:377-387. [PMID: 34493474 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Predicting malignant transformation (MT) in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is challenging. The higher rate of MT reported in nonsmokers suggests an endogenous etiology in oncogenesis. We hypothesize that loss of FANCD2 and associated proteins could influence genomic instability and MT in the absence of environmental carcinogens. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal archival samples were obtained from 40 individuals with OED: from diagnosis to the most recent review in 23 patients with stable OED or until excision of the squamous cell carcinoma in 17 patients with unstable OED undergoing MT. Histopathological reassessment, immunohistochemistry for FANCD2, and Western blotting for phosphorylation/monoubiquitylation status of ATR, CHK1, FANCD2, and FANCG were undertaken on each tissue sample. RESULTS Decreased expression of FANCD2 was observed in the diagnostic biopsies of OED lesions that later underwent MT. Combining the FANCD2 expression scores with histologic grading more accurately predicted MT (P = .005) than histology alone, and it correctly predicted MT in 10 of 17 initial biopsies. Significantly reduced expression of total FANCD2, pFANCD2, pATR, pCHK-1, and pFANCG was observed in unstable OED. CONCLUSIONS There is preliminary evidence that defects in the DNA damage sensing/signaling/repair cascade are associated with MT in OED. Loss of expression of FANCD2 protein in association with a higher histologic grade of dysplasia offered better prediction of MT than clinicopathologic parameters alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Ho
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark P Ryan
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juhi Gupta
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M Risk
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Regional Maxillofacial Unit, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James B Wilson
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Al Jedani S, Smith CI, Gunning P, Ellis BG, Gardner P, Barrett SD, Triantafyllou A, Risk JM, Weightman P. A de-waxing methodology for scanning probe microscopy. Anal Methods 2020; 12:3397-3403. [PMID: 32930228 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A de-waxing protocol that successfully removes paraffin from tissue microarray (TMA) cores of fixed tissue obtained from oral cancer is described. The success of the protocol is demonstrated by the comparison of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results obtained on paraffin-embedded and de-waxed tissue and the absence of any significant correlations between infrared scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) images of de-waxed tissue obtained at the three main paraffin IR peaks. The success of the protocol in removing paraffin from tissue is also demonstrated by images obtained with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by energy dispersive spectra (EDS) of a de-waxed CaF2 disc which shows no significant contribution from carbon. The FTIR spectra of the de-waxed TMA core overlaps that obtained from OE19 oesophageal cancer cells which had never been exposed to paraffin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Al Jedani
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | | | - Philip Gunning
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Barnaby G Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Steve D Barrett
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Peter Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
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11
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Greaney-Davies FST, Risk JM, Robinson M, Liloglou T, Shaw RJ, Schache AG. Essential characterisation of human papillomavirus positive head and neck cancer cell lines. Oral Oncol 2020; 103:104613. [PMID: 32120342 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive head and neck cancer, particularly oropharyngeal, has been increasing rapidly. Understanding of this disease, and modelling of suitable therapeutics, requires sustainable cell cultures, yet they remain limited in number and of variable origin. A comprehensive understanding of these resources is therefore of great importance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Viral gene expression assays and pathological testing methods were used in the six currently available HPV-positive cell lines derived from head and neck (H&N) subsites, two HPV-negative H&N and two cervical carcinoma cell lines. A 2D migration assay monitored cell movement, speed and pattern of migration. RESULTS All six H&N and two cervical cell lines were confirmed HPV-positive by gold standard testing, yet variability between tests was apparent. Although migration was not significantly different between cell lines, each demonstrated unique migration patterns. CONCLUSION Patient-derived cancer cells, arising as a consequence of natural oncogenic processes rather than in vitro manipulation, are essential for understanding cancer biology. We have characterised the available HPV-positive H&N cell lines and provided clear evidence of a persisting viral oncogenic driver in each, as such supporting their ongoing use as a model of HPV-positive H&N cancer. Importantly, we also highlight a need for caution to be exercised when translating future in vitro findings associated with these lines particularly in the context of oropharyngeal cancer given irregularities in tumour provenance (origin site and clinicopathological features).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances S T Greaney-Davies
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Max Robinson
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Triantafilos Liloglou
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Head & Neck Unit Aintree University Hospital, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew G Schache
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Head & Neck Unit Aintree University Hospital, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
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12
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Agwae ME, Shaw RJ, Triantafyllou A, Greaney FST, Ben Salah K, Risk JM. iRhom2 in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3987-3992. [PMID: 32236893 PMCID: PMC7239832 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
iRhom2 is an inactive rhomboid protease involved in diverse signalling events. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of cancer types, including oesophageal and ovarian cancer, while its closely associated family member, iRhom1, is implicated in head and neck cancer. However, a role for iRhom2 in head and neck cancer has not been investigated. Immunoblotting for iRhom2 in 54 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and 24 paired normal tissues demonstrated higher levels of iRhom2 protein in tumour compared with normal samples (P < 0.05). iRhom2 over-expression correlated with poor patient survival (P < 0.0005) but with no other clinicopathological variable. Increased cell migration was observed in stably over-expressing iRhom2 clones of OSCC cell lines in the absence of increased cell proliferation, but not in the normal oral keratinocyte cell line, NOK-hTERT, and this was abrogated by knock-down of iRhom2. iRhom2 protein expression is increased in a proportion of OSCC and this up-regulation is associated with faster cell migration and decreased patient survival. These data implicate iRhom2-controlled signalling events in the pathogenesis of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Agwae
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Aintree University Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Department of Pathology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Frances S T Greaney
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Khaled Ben Salah
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, 200 London Road, Liverpool, L3 9TA, UK.
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13
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Al-Khafaji ASK, Pantazi P, Acha-Sagredo A, Schache A, Risk JM, Shaw RJ, Liloglou T. Overexpression of HURP mRNA in head and neck carcinoma and association with in vitro response to vinorelbine. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2502-2507. [PMID: 32194751 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HURP gene encodes the hepatoma upregulated protein (HURP), a microtubule associated protein regulating mitotic spindle dynamics, which promotes chromosomal congression and alignment during mitosis, with a potential role in tumorigenesis. In the present study, HURP mRNA expression was investigated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Primary OPSCC tumors from 107 patients and 48 adjacent normal tissues, as well as 12 respiratory tract cancer cell lines (9 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, 2 lung cancer and 1 normal bronchial) were utilised in the present study. mRNA expression levels of HURP were higher in malignant OPSCC tissues compared with in normal mucosa (P<1×10-5) and significantly associated with sex and smoking status (P<0.0001). Vinorelbine in vitro toxicity at half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was measured in the 11 cancer cell lines using an MTT assay. Sensitivity to vinorelbine was significantly correlated with HURP expression (r=0.636; P=0.035). The data indicated that HURP overexpression is frequent in OPSCC tissues and associated with smoking. The correlation between HURP mRNA expression and vinorelbine in vitro response suggests that HURP is a potential modulator of vinorelbine response; therefore, it should be explored for its possible predictive value for the efficiency of vinorelbine treatment in this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S K Al-Khafaji
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10070, Iraq.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Paschalia Pantazi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Amelia Acha-Sagredo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Andrew Schache
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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14
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Carter RJ, Milani M, Butterworth M, Alotibi A, Harper N, Yedida G, Greaves G, Al-Zebeeby A, Jorgensen AL, Schache AG, Risk JM, Shaw RJ, Jones TM, Sacco JJ, Hurlstone A, Cohen GM, Varadarajan S. Exploring the potential of BH3 mimetic therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:912. [PMID: 31801952 PMCID: PMC6892862 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with overall survival of less than 50%. Current therapeutic strategies involving a combination of surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy are associated with debilitating side effects, highlighting the need for more specific and efficacious therapies. Inhibitors of BCL-2 family proteins (BH3 mimetics) are under investigation or in clinical practice for several hematological malignancies and show promise in solid tumors. In order to explore the therapeutic potential of BH3 mimetics in the treatment of SCCHN, we assessed the expression levels of BCL-2, BCL-XL, and MCL-1 via Western blots and immunohistochemistry, in cell lines, primary cells derived from SCCHN patients and in tissue microarrays containing tumor tissue from a cohort of 191 SCCHN patients. All preclinical models exhibited moderate to high levels of BCL-XL and MCL-1, with little or no BCL-2. Although expression levels of BCL-XL and MCL-1 did not correlate with patient outcome, a combination of BH3 mimetics to target these proteins resulted in decreased clonogenic potential and enhanced apoptosis in all preclinical models, including tumor tissue resected from patients, as well as a reduction of tumor volume in a zebrafish xenograft model of SCCHN. Our results show that SCCHN is dependent on both BCL-XL and MCL-1 for apoptosis evasion and combination therapy targeting both proteins may offer significant therapeutic benefits in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Carter
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mateus Milani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Michael Butterworth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ahoud Alotibi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Nicholas Harper
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Govindaraju Yedida
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Georgia Greaves
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Aoula Al-Zebeeby
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Andrea L Jorgensen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | | | - Janet M Risk
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | | | - Terry M Jones
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | | | - Adam Hurlstone
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Gerald M Cohen
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Shankar Varadarajan
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK. .,Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK. .,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
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15
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Ben Salah K, Triantafyllou A, Schache A, Shaw R, Risk JM. Metabolic organization in HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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Borgna SC, Clarke PT, Schache AG, Lowe D, Ho MW, McCarthy CE, Adair S, Field EA, Field JK, Holt D, Risk JM, Rajlawat BP, Triantafyllou A, Shaw RJ. Management of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: Justification for a conservative approach. Head Neck 2017. [PMID: 28640498 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a progressive, multifocal, exophytic form of leukoplakia with high rates of malignant transformation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cohort of patients with PVL in a single tertiary referral clinic. METHOD Cases meeting accepted diagnostic criteria were reviewed with regard to their pathology, demographic characteristics, management, and outcomes. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing was undertaken on a subset. RESULTS Almost half of the 48 patients with PVL (48%; n = 23) underwent malignant transformation after a median 23.4 months. The characteristics of this cohort were similar to those previously described, but management was notably more conservative. Conservative management of PVL was used in 92% of our patients, but the clinical outcomes seem comparable with previously described cohorts in which PVL was predominantly treated by surgical excision. All HPV testing was negative. CONCLUSION Aggressive surgical intervention in the premalignant phase of PVL may not influence the rate of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Borgna
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter T Clarke
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Schache
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group (MHNORG), Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Lowe
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Ho
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group (MHNORG), Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline E McCarthy
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group (MHNORG), Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Adair
- Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - E Anne Field
- Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John K Field
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group (MHNORG), Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Holt
- Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M Risk
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group (MHNORG), Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bijay P Rajlawat
- Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Asterios Triantafyllou
- Pathology Department, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories and School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group (MHNORG), Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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17
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Al-Khafaji ASK, Marcus MW, Davies MPA, Risk JM, Shaw RJ, Field JK, Liloglou T. AURKA mRNA expression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4463-4468. [PMID: 28588715 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of mitotic spindle genes has been reported to contribute to the development and progression of malignant tumours. The aim of the present study was to explore the association between the expression profiles of Aurora kinases (AURKA, AURKB and AURKC), cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 (CKAP5), discs large-associated protein 5 (DLGAP5), kinesin-like protein 11 (KIF11), microtubule nucleation factor (TPX2), monopolar spindle 1 kinase (TTK), and β-tubulins (TUBB) and (TUBB3) genes and clinicopathological characteristics in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based RNA gene expression profiles of 132 NSCLC and 44 adjacent wild-type tissues were generated, and Cox's proportional hazard regression was used to examine associations. With the exception of AURKC, all genes exhibited increased expression in NSCLC tissues. Of the 10 genes examined, only AURKA was significantly associated with prognosis in NSCLC. Multivariate Cox's regression analysis demonstrated that AURKA mRNA expression [hazard ratio (HR), 1.81; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.16-2.84; P=0.009], age (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06; P=0.020), pathological tumour stage 2 (HR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.16-5.10; P=0.019) and involvement of distal nodes (pathological node stage 2) (HR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.24-7.99; P=0.016) were independent predictors of poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Poor prognosis of patients with increased AURKA expression suggests that those patients may benefit from surrogate therapy with AURKA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S K Al-Khafaji
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.,Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad 10070, Iraq
| | - Michael W Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Michael P A Davies
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - John K Field
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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18
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Cossar LH, Schache AG, Risk JM, Sacco JJ, Jones NJ, Lord R. Modulating the DNA Damage Response to Improve Treatment Response in Cervical Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2017; 29:626-634. [PMID: 28336131 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide and new therapeutic approaches are needed to improve clinical outcomes for this group of patients. Current treatment protocols for locally advanced and metastatic disease consist of ionising radiation and chemotherapy. Chemoradiation induces cytotoxic levels of DNA double-strand breaks, which activates programmed cell death via the DNA damage response (DDR). Cervical cancers are unique given an almost exclusive association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; a potent manipulator of the DDR, with the potential to alter tumour sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and influence treatment response. This review highlights the wide range of therapeutic strategies in development that have the potential to modulate DDR and sensitise cervical tumours to DNA-damaging agents in the context of HPV oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Cossar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK.
| | - A G Schache
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J M Risk
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J J Sacco
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK
| | - N J Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Lord
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK
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19
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Al-Khafaji AS, Davies MP, Risk JM, Marcus MW, Koffa M, Gosney JR, Shaw RJ, Field JK, Liloglou T. Aurora B expression modulates paclitaxel response in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:592-599. [PMID: 28095398 PMCID: PMC5344288 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Taxanes are mitotic poisons widely used in the treatment of non-small cell
lung cancer (NSCLC), however, little is known about potential molecular
modulators of response to these compounds. Aurora B (AURKB) is a critical
regulator of the mitotic spindle assembly, previously shown overexpressed in
NSCLC. Here we investigated the hypothesis that AURKB expression modulates
the efficacy of taxanes in NSCLC cells. Methods: AURKB mRNA expression was determined by qPCR in 132 frozen NSCLC
tissues and nine NSCLC cell lines. Aurora B expression was knocked down in
cell lines using multiple shRNA constructs. Barasertib was used to
specifically inhibit AURKB activity, determined by the level of H3S10
phosphorylation. Results: Frequent AURKB mRNA upregulation was observed in NSCLC tissues
(P<0.0001), being more prominent in squamous carcinomas
(P<0.0001). Aurora B expression in cell lines strongly
correlated with sensitivity to both docetaxel (P=0.004)
and paclitaxel (P=0.007). Aurora B knockdown derivatives
consistently showed a dose-dependent association between low-AURKB
expression and resistance to paclitaxel. Specific chemical inhibition of
Aurora B activity also demonstrated a strong dose-dependent efficiency in
triggering paclitaxel resistance. Conclusions: Aurora B activity is an important modulator of taxane response in NSCLC
cells. This may lead to further insights into taxane sensitivity of NSCLC
tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sk Al-Khafaji
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer ResearchProgramme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Instituteof Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, UK.,Department of Biology, Collage ofScience, University of Baghdad, Baghdad,Iraq
| | - Michael Pa Davies
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer ResearchProgramme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Instituteof Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Mersey Head and Neck OncologyResearch Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael W Marcus
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer ResearchProgramme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Instituteof Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, UK
| | - Maria Koffa
- Department of Molecular Biology andGenetics, Democritus University of Thrace,Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - John R Gosney
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer ResearchProgramme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Instituteof Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard J Shaw
- Mersey Head and Neck OncologyResearch Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, UK
| | - John K Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer ResearchProgramme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Instituteof Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer ResearchProgramme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Instituteof Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool,Liverpool, UK
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20
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Ellis A, Risk JM, Maruthappu T, Kelsell DP. Tylosis with oesophageal cancer: Diagnosis, management and molecular mechanisms. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:126. [PMID: 26419362 PMCID: PMC4589029 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tylosis (hyperkeratosis palmaris et plantaris) is characterised by focal thickening of the skin of the hands and feet and is associated with a very high lifetime risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. This risk has been calculated to be 95% at the age of 65 in one large family, however the frequency of the disorder in the general population is not known and is likely to be less than one in 1,000,000. Oesophageal lesions appear as small (2-5 mm), white, polyploid lesions dotted throughout the oesophagus and oral leukokeratosis has also been described. Although symptoms of oesophageal cancer can include dysphagia, odynophagia, anorexia and weight loss, there may be an absence of symptoms in early disease, highlighting the importance of endoscopic surveillance in these patients. Oesophageal cancer associated with tylosis usually presents in middle to late life (from mid-fifties onwards) and shows no earlier development than the sporadic form of the disease. Tylosis with oesophageal cancer is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with complete penetrance of the cutaneous features, usually by 7 to 8 years of age but can present as late as puberty. Mutations in RHBDF2 located on 17q25.1 have recently been found to be causative. A diagnosis of tylosis with oesophageal cancer is made on the basis of a positive family history, characteristic clinical features, including cutaneous and oesophageal lesions, and genetic analysis for mutations in RHBDF2. The key management goal is surveillance for early detection and treatment of oesophageal dysplasia. Surveillance includes annual gastroscopy with biopsy of any suspicious lesion together with quadratic biopsies from the upper, middle and lower oesophagus. This is coupled with dietary and lifestyle modification advice and symptom education. Symptomatic management of the palmoplantar keratoderma includes regular application of emollients, specialist footwear and early treatment of fissures and super-added infection, particularly tinea pedis. More specific treatment for the thick skin is available in the form of oral retinoids, which are very effective but commonly produce side effects, including nasal excoriation and bleeding, hypercholesterolaemia, and abnormal liver function tests. Genetic counselling can be offered to patients and family members once a family history has been established. The prognosis of tylosis with oesophageal cancer is difficult to determine due to the limited number of affected individuals. In the last 40 years of surveillance, five out of six cases of squamous oesophageal cancer in the Liverpool family were detected endoscopically and were surgically removed. Four of five patients had stage 1 disease at presentation and remain alive and well more than 8 years later. This suggests that the presence of a screening program improves prognosis for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ellis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Janet M Risk
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thiviyani Maruthappu
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4AT, UK
| | - David P Kelsell
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4AT, UK.
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Upile NS, Shaw RJ, Jones TM, Goodyear P, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Boyd MT, Sheard J, Sloan P, Robinson M, Schache AG. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck outside the oropharynx is rarely human papillomavirus related. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:2739-44. [PMID: 25042603 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven disease beyond the oropharynx varies greatly in the reported literature. STUDY DESIGN Case series. METHODS Two hundred twenty-one samples were strictly classified to the subsites of oral cavity, larynx, or hypopharynx at the time of primary surgery. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were subjected to a validated, tiered, diagnostic algorithm of p16 immunohistochemistry, high-risk HPV in situ hybridization, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for HPV E6 DNA. An additional 60 oropharyngeal cases acted as an internal biological control. RESULTS An incidence of 4% of HPV-driven cases was observed across the subsites outside the oropharynx compared to 70% of tumors confined within it. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reporting of a broad range of nonoropharyngeal HPV rates using this validated diagnostic algorithm. It remains unclear whether patients with HPV-driven disease originating outside the oropharynx enjoy the same survival advantage apparent in those patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 124:2739-2744, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep S Upile
- Mersey Head and Neck Oncology Research Group, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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22
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Dhanda J, Triantafyllou A, Liloglou T, Kalirai H, Lloyd B, Hanlon R, Shaw RJ, Sibson DR, Risk JM. SERPINE1 and SMA expression at the invasive front predict extracapsular spread and survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2114-21. [PMID: 25268377 PMCID: PMC4260028 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracapsular spread (ECS) in cervical lymph nodes is the single-most prognostic clinical variable in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but diagnosis is possible only after histopathological examination. A promising biomarker in the primary tumour, alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) has been shown to be highly prognostic, however, validated biomarkers to predict ECS prior to primary treatment are not yet available. METHODS In 102 OSCC cases, conventional imaging was compared with pTNM staging. SERPINE1, identified from expression microarray of primary tumours as a potential biomarker for ECS, was validated through mRNA expression, and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a tissue microarray from the same cohort. Similarly, expression of SMA was also compared with its association with ECS and survival. Expression was analysed separately in the tumour centre and advancing front; and prognostic capability determined using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry indicated that both SERPINE1 and SMA expression at the tumour-advancing front were significantly associated with ECS (P<0.001). ECS was associated with expression of either or both proteins in all cases. SMA+/SERPINE1+ expression in combination was highly significantly associated with poor survival (P<0.001). MRI showed poor sensitivity for detection of nodal metastasis (56%) and ECS (7%). Both separately, and in combination, SERPINE1 and SMA were superior to MRI for the detection of ECS (sensitivity: SERPINE1: 95%; SMA: 82%; combination: 81%). CONCLUSION A combination of SMA and SERPINE1 IHC offer potential as prognostic biomarkers in OSCC. Our findings suggest that biomarkers at the invasive front are likely to be necessary in prediction of ECS or in therapeutic stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dhanda
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Triantafyllou
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Regional Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - T Liloglou
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Kalirai
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Lloyd
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Hanlon
- Regional Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - R J Shaw
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Regional Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - D R Sibson
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J M Risk
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Schache AG, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Jones TM, Ma XJ, Wang H, Bui S, Luo Y, Sloan P, Shaw RJ, Robinson M. Validation of a novel diagnostic standard in HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1332-9. [PMID: 23412100 PMCID: PMC3619267 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is now advocated. Demonstration of transcriptionally active high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) in fresh tumour tissue is considered to be the analytical ‘gold standard'. Clinical testing has focused on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue at the expense of sensitivity and specificity. Recently, a novel RNA in situ hybridisation test (RNAscope) has been developed for the detection of HR-HPV in FFPE tissue; however, validation against the ‘gold standard' has not been reported. Methods: A tissue microarray comprising FFPE cores from 79 OPSCC was tested using HR-HPV RNAscope. Analytical accuracy and prognostic capacity were established by comparison with the reference test; qRT–PCR for HR-HPV on matched fresh-frozen samples. Results: High-risk HPV RNAscope had a sensitivity and specificity of 97 and 93%, respectively, against the reference test. Kaplan–Meier estimates of disease-specific survival (DSS, P=0.001) and overall survival (OS, P<0.001) by RNAscope were similar to the reference test (DSS, P=0.003, OS, P<0.001) and at least, not inferior to p16 immunohistochemistry +/− HR-HPV DNA-based tests. Conclusion: HR-HPV RNAscope demonstrates excellent analytical and prognostic performance against the ‘gold standard'. These data suggest that the test could be developed to provide the ‘clinical standard' for assigning a diagnosis of HPV-related OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Schache
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, 3.01 Research Wing, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK.
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Shaw RJ, Hobkirk AJ, Nikolaidis G, Woolgar JA, Triantafyllou A, Brown JS, Liloglou T, Risk JM. Molecular staging of surgical margins in oral squamous cell carcinoma using promoter methylation of p16(INK4A), cytoglobin, E-cadherin, and TMEFF2. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20:2796-802. [PMID: 23111707 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) despite clear surgical margins may indicate the presence of residual, sub-microscopic disease. Molecular assessment of surgical margins may provide a greater prognostic sensitivity compared to histopathology. We aimed to determine whether promoter methylation in deep and mucosal resection margins can predict recurrence in OSCC. METHODS Forty-eight consecutive OSCC cases were recruited and a 5 mm(3) tumor sample plus 5 deep and 5 mucosal margin samples were snap frozen. Clinical, pathological, adjuvant therapy, and outcome data were recorded. Tumors were informative if >5 % promoter methylation was found for ≥1 of 4 genes using qMSP. Margins were declared molecularly positive if >1 % promoter methylation was found in any margin. RESULTS Thirty (63 %) of 48 cases were methylation informative. Mucosal margin samples were largely positive for methylation (26 of 30, 87 %), indicating the presence of field cancerization. Methylation at ≥1 gene promoters in ≥1 deep margin correlated with the presence of close/involved mucosal margins (P = 0.027) and increased pT status (P = 0.027) but not the status of deep margins, recurrence, or survival. CONCLUSIONS The current gene panel did not add prognostic information to histopathological reporting of resection margins. Future efforts should concentrate on improving gene selection, informativity, and assay performance in the patient group with intermediate indications for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Ghazali N, Shaw RJ, Rogers SN, Risk JM. Genomic determinants of normal tissue toxicity after radiotherapy for head and neck malignancy: a systematic review. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:1090-100. [PMID: 22939215 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interindividual variations in radiotoxicity responses exist despite uniform treatment protocols. It is speculated that normal genetic variants, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may influence normal head and neck (HN) tissue radiotoxicity. This first-ever systematic review was undertaken to evaluate the association of SNPs with normal HN tissues radiotoxicity. Multiple databases (1950-February 2012) were reviewed using a combination of related keywords and MeSH terms. All published HN radiotoxicity studies with sufficient relevant data for extraction were included. The outcomes evaluated were acute and late radiotoxicity endpoints. Methodological quality assessment based on the STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association (STREGA) statement was performed. Seven articles from 692 articles searched fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Recruited sample sizes were small (range, 32-140). There were 5/7 case-control studies. All studies used multimodality treatment with heterogeneous radiation parameters. Candidate gene approach was used in all studies. Fourteen SNPs from 9 genes were evaluated from the following pathways: DNA damage response, radiation fibrogenesis and oxidative/xenobiotic metabolism. Acute radiotoxicity events were associated with SNPs of DNA repair genes (OR, 3.01-4.08). SNPs of TGFβ1 were associated with osteoradionecrosis (OR, 4.2) and subcutaneous fibrosis. Genetic association studies in HN radiotoxicity currently provide hypothesis-generating findings that require validation in larger studies. Future studies must incorporate critical methodological issues and technological improvements, including using a genome-wide approach. Headway is possible through case-pooling of existing clinical trial data which could create a larger sample size of well-characterized treatment and endpoints. Also, on-going HN cancer clinical trials should consider extending their toxicity evaluation to include genetic association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Ghazali
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Lower Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK.
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McRonald FE, Risk JM, Hodges NJ. Protection from intracellular oxidative stress by cytoglobin in normal and cancerous oesophageal cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30587. [PMID: 22359545 PMCID: PMC3281032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin is an intracellular globin of unknown function that is expressed mostly in cells of a myofibroblast lineage. Possible functions of cytoglobin include buffering of intracellular oxygen and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that cytoglobin affords protection from oxidant-induced DNA damage when over expressed in vitro, but the importance of this in more physiologically relevant models of disease is unknown. Cytoglobin is a candidate for the tylosis with oesophageal cancer gene, and its expression is strongly down-regulated in non-cancerous oesophageal biopsies from patients with TOC compared with normal biopsies. Therefore, oesophageal cells provide an ideal experimental model to test our hypothesis that downregulation of cytoglobin expression sensitises cells to the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species, particularly oxidative DNA damage, and that this could potentially contribute to the TOC phenotype. In the current study, we tested this hypothesis by manipulating cytoglobin expression in both normal and oesophageal cancer cell lines, which have normal physiological and no expression of cytoglobin respectively. Our results show that, in agreement with previous findings, over expression of cytoglobin in cancer cell lines afforded protection from chemically-induced oxidative stress but this was only observed at non-physiological concentrations of cytoglobin. In addition, down regulation of cytoglobin in normal oesophageal cells had no effect on their sensitivity to oxidative stress as assessed by a number of end points. We therefore conclude that normal physiological concentrations of cytoglobin do not offer cytoprotection from reactive oxygen species, at least in the current experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E. McRonald
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Risk
- School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolas J. Hodges
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Blaydon DC, Etheridge SL, Risk JM, Hennies HC, Gay LJ, Carroll R, Plagnol V, McRonald FE, Stevens HP, Spurr NK, Bishop DT, Ellis A, Jankowski J, Field JK, Leigh IM, South AP, Kelsell DP. RHBDF2 mutations are associated with tylosis, a familial esophageal cancer syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:340-6. [PMID: 22265016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tylosis esophageal cancer (TOC) is an autosomal-dominant syndrome characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma, oral precursor lesions, and a high lifetime risk of esophageal cancer. We have previously localized the TOC locus to a small genomic interval within chromosomal region 17q25. Using a targeted capture array and next-generation sequencing, we have now identified missense mutations (c.557T>C [p.Ile186Thr] and c.566C>T [p.Pro189Leu] in RHBDF2, which encodes the inactive rhomboid protease RHBDF2 (also known as iRhom2), as the underlying cause of TOC. We show that the distribution of RHBDF2 in tylotic skin is altered in comparison with that in normal skin, and immortalized tylotic keratinocytes have decreased levels of total epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and display an increased proliferative and migratory potential relative to normal cells, even when normal cells are stimulated with exogenous epidermal growth factor. It would thus appear that EGFR signaling is dysregulated in tylotic cells. Furthermore, we also show an altered localization of RHBDF2 in both tylotic and sporadic squamous esophageal tumors. The elucidation of a role of RHBDF2 in growth-factor signaling in esophageal cancer will help to determine whether targeting this pathway in chemotherapy for this and other squamous cell carcinomas will be effective.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Exons
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/enzymology
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/genetics
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/metabolism
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense
- Pedigree
- Phenotype
- Sequence Alignment
- Serine Endopeptidases
- Serine Proteases/genetics
- Untranslated Regions
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Blaydon
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Schache AG, Liloglou T, Risk JM, Filia A, Jones TM, Sheard J, Woolgar JA, Helliwell TR, Triantafyllou A, Robinson M, Sloan P, Harvey-Woodworth C, Sisson D, Shaw RJ. Evaluation of human papilloma virus diagnostic testing in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic discrimination. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 17:6262-71. [PMID: 21969383 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV16) is the causative agent in a biologically distinct subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) with highly favorable prognosis. In clinical trials, HPV16 status is an essential inclusion or stratification parameter, highlighting the importance of accurate testing. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fixed and fresh-frozen tissue from 108 OPSCC cases were subject to eight possible assay/assay combinations: p16 immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC); in situ hybridization for high-risk HPV (HR HPV ISH); quantitative PCR (qPCR) for both viral E6 RNA (RNA qPCR) and DNA (DNA qPCR); and combinations of the above. RESULTS HPV16-positive OPSCC presented in younger patients (mean 7.5 years younger, P = 0.003) who smoked less than HPV-negative patients (P = 0.007). The proportion of HPV16-positive cases increased from 15% to 57% (P = 0.001) between 1988 and 2009. A combination of p16 IHC/DNA qPCR showed acceptable sensitivity (97%) and specificity (94%) compared with the RNA qPCR "gold standard", as well as being the best discriminator of favorable outcome (overall survival P = 0.002). p16 IHC/HR HPV ISH also had acceptable specificity (90%) but the substantial reduction in its sensitivity (88%) impacted upon its prognostic value (P = 0.02). p16 IHC, HR HPV ISH, or DNA qPCR was not sufficiently specific to recommend in clinical trials when used in isolation. CONCLUSIONS Caution must be exercised in applying HPV16 diagnostic tests because of significant disparities in accuracy and prognostic value in previously published techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Schache
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Shaw R, Risk JM, Liloglou T. RE: P16 INK41 promoter hypermethylation is associated with invasiveness and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in an age dependent manner. Su et al. Oral Oncology 46 (2010) 734-739. Oral Oncol 2010; 47:776. [PMID: 21112240 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lloyd BH, Woolgar JA, Risk JM, Shaw R, Sibson DR. Abstract 2148: Combined comparative genome hybridization (CGH) and pathway analysis of oral squamous cell carcinomas with respect to nodal status and extracapsular spread (ECS). Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Over half of the new 560,000 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas annually worldwide occur in the oral cavity (OSCC). We recently and others have reported that ECS in the cervical lymph nodes represents the most significant adverse prognostic indicator in OSCC, proving rapidly fatal in >75% of cases despite radical surgery and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (Shaw et al., Head Neck, 2009). Increased interest in neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and targeted therapies contrasts to the neglected clinical biology of OSCC and the best strategies are unclear.
Purpose: We aimed to use CGH analysis in an initial exploratory study hypothesising significant enrichment of molecular pathways according to the presence of ECS.
Methods: Macromolecules were purified from fresh frozen samples representing T2 and T4 stage OSCC cases (n=43) having no nodal involvement, positive nodes or positive nodes plus ECS from a larger single centre series (n>200). CGH analysis was performed using 720,000 human genomic probes per array. Genomic segmentation was used to identify regional copy number changes. Genes within the segments were mapped to canonical pathways to assess significance according to metadata defining the samples.
Results: Principal component analysis grouped the samples according to gender, stage, recurrence and nodal status, listed in order of decreasing separation. Node positive status was clearly distinguished by copy number changes significantly affecting multiple pathways including cytoskeletal remodelling: TGF and WNT pathway (p = 7.78 ×10−8), keratin filaments (p = 1.377 ×10−7), transcription: receptor mediated HIF regulation (p = 4.055 × 10−7), immune response: IL9 signalling pathway (p = 1.1 × 10−6) and chemotaxis (p = 3.8 × 10−6). Other significantly altered pathways included Notch signalling and TNFs/NF-kB/IAP apoptosis for both T4 and T2 tumours (p = 9.7 ×10−5 and p = 9.95 ×10−4, respectively). Significantly affected networks included angiogenesis, protein folding and proteasome proteolysis between disease free versus recurrence (p = 6.98 × 10−3; p = 0.022; p= 0.0218, respectively). Significant associations for ECS were not found.
Discussion: This is the highest density CGH array study on specific aspects of OSCC of which we are aware. Its high resolution uniquely allowed candidate pathways associated with features of the samples to be determined. Samples with ECS could not be distinguished. This may be a result of their smaller numbers (n=11). Potentially, reduced host immune response underlying the ECS cases may be crucial, offering an alternative explanation. Future work expanding the number of samples especially with regard to ECS cases and also including expression array studies is underway. These are planned to further test the significance and examine the possibility of expression changes associated with ECS.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2148.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard Shaw
- 1University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Hall GL, Shaw RJ, Field EA, Rogers SN, Sutton DN, Woolgar JA, Lowe D, Liloglou T, Field JK, Risk JM. p16 Promoter Methylation Is a Potential Predictor of Malignant Transformation in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2174-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Shaw RJ, Hall GL, Lowe D, Liloglou T, Field JK, Sloan P, Risk JM. The role of pyrosequencing in head and neck cancer epigenetics: correlation of quantitative methylation data with gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 134:251-6. [PMID: 18347248 DOI: 10.1001/archoto.2007.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate promoter methylation quantitation using recently described pyrosequencing techniques by correlation with messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. DESIGN DNA was extracted from tissue samples and was subjected to bisulphite conversion. Quantitative methylation data for multiple CpG sites in each of 9 gene promoters were obtained for tumors using pyrosequencing. RNA was extracted and converted to complementary DNA, and this formed the template for relative quantitation assays of the expression of each gene by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. SETTING Academic research. PATIENTS Thirty-seven patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The genes studied were P16 (OMIM 600160), cyclin A1 (OMIM 604036), RARB (OMIM 180220), E-cadherin (OMIM 192090), MGMT (OMIM 156569), STAT1 (OMIM 600555), ATM (OMIM 607585), hMLH1 (OMIM 120436), and TIMP3 (OMIM 188826). Immunohistochemistry was also performed for p16. RESULTS STAT1, TIMP3, ATM, and hMLH1 promoters were essentially unmethylated in all cases. The data for cyclin A1 (Spearman rank correlation, rho = -0.53; P < .001), MGMT (rho = -0.53, P < .001), and RARB (rho = -0.34, P =.02) showed the expected negative correlation between levels of methylation and mRNA expression. The data relating to E-cadherin were inconclusive. Surprisingly, P16 expression was statistically significantly greater in those cases with higher levels of methylation (rho = 0.57, P < .001), a finding at odds with assumptions usually made in the literature relating gene promoter methylation to reduced gene expression. The results from p16 immunohistochemistry were in keeping with the mRNA data, but the number of positive staining samples proved too few for statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS These data present a novel perspective on head and neck cancer epigenetics and reveal new and some unexpected associations and findings. The advantages of pyrosequencing over nonquantitative techniques are discussed in analyses of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Shaw
- Molecular Genetics & Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
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Shaw RJ, Hall GL, Woolgar JA, Lowe D, Rogers SN, Field JK, Liloglou T, Risk JM. Quantitative methylation analysis of resection margins and lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 45:617-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Progress in the molecular oncology in head and neck cancer (HNSCC) depends on high quality appropriate tissue samples for research. The expanding availability of new molecular platforms makes ever increasing demands on any available biospecimens. HNSCC offers several key advantages over other tumour sites to the cancer researcher such that, through effective tissue collection, clinicians will be of great help the basic scientist. Informed consent and ethical approval are pre-requisites for tissue banking and it is vital to develop protocols for collection and storage such that the best possible quality of tissue is utilised in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Hall
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK
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Abstract
Isolates of Burkholderia cenocepacia express a putative haem-binding protein (molecular mass 97 kDa) that displays intrinsic peroxidase activity. Its role has been re-evaluated, and we now show that it is a bifunctional catalase-peroxidase, with activity against tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), o-dianisidine, pyrogallol, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic) acid (ABTS). Both peroxidase and catalase activities are optimal at pH 5.5-6.0. The gene encoding this enzyme was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. We have named it katG because of its similarity to other katGs, including that from Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is substantially similar to a previously described catalase-peroxidase of B. cenocepacia (katA). MS analysis indicated that the initial katG translation product may be post-translationally modified in B. cenocepacia to give rise to the mature 97-kDa catalase-peroxidase.
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Shaw RJ, Hall GL, Lowe D, Bowers NL, Liloglou T, Field JK, Woolgar JA, Risk JM. CpG island methylation phenotype (CIMP) in oral cancer: associated with a marked inflammatory response and less aggressive tumour biology. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:878-86. [PMID: 17257884 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies in several tumour sites highlight the significance of the CpG island methylation phenotype (CIMP), with distinct features of histology, biological aggression and outcome. We utilise pyrosequencing techniques of quantitative methylation analysis to investigate the presence of CIMP in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) for the first time, and evaluate its correlation with allelic imbalance, pathology and clinical behaviour. Tumour tissue, control tissue and PBLs were obtained from 74 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Pyrosequencing was used to analyse methylation patterns in 75-200 bp regions of the CpG rich gene promoters of 10 genes with a broad range of cellular functions. Allelic imbalance was investigated using a multiplexed panel of 11 microsatellite markers. Corresponding variables, histopathological staging and grading were correlated with these genetic and epigenetic aberrations. A cluster of tumours with a greater degree of promoter methylation than would be predicted by chance alone (P=0.001) were designated CIMP+ve. This group had less aggressive tumour biology in terms of tumour thickness (p=0.015) and nodal metastasis (P=0.012), this being apparently independent of tumour diameter. Further, it seems that these CIMP+ve tumours excited a greater host inflammatory response (P=0.019). The exact mechanisms underlying CIMP remain obscure but the association with a greater inflammatory host response supports existing theories relating these features in other tumour sites. As CIMP has significant associations with other well documented prognostic indicators, it may prove beneficial to include methylation analyses in molecular risk modelling of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Shaw
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK.
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37
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McRonald FE, Shaw RJ, Omar M, Risk JM. Re: Powers JM. p53-Mediated Apoptosis, Neuroglobin Overexpression, and Globin Deposits in a Patient with Hereditary Ferritinopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006;65:716-21. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:931; author reply 931-2. [PMID: 16957587 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000240240.47291.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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38
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Shaw RJ, Akufo-Tetteh EK, Risk JM, Field JK, Liloglou T. Methylation enrichment pyrosequencing: combining the specificity of MSP with validation by pyrosequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:e78. [PMID: 16807314 PMCID: PMC1904102 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that detection of aberrant DNA methylation in clinical specimens such as sputum or saliva may be a valuable tumour biomarker. Any clinically applicable detection technique must combine high sensitivity with high specificity. In this study we describe methylation enrichment pyrosequencing (MEP), which benefits from the high sensitivity and specificity of methylation-specific PCR (MSP) but has a second, confirmatory, pyrosequencing step. The pyrosequencing reaction is rapid, relatively inexpensive and offers significant logistical advantages over previously described validation methods. As proof of principle, we illustrate MEP using assays of p16 and cyclin A1 promoters in a methylated DNA dilution matrix and also in a clinical setting using paired saliva and oral tumour specimens. Our results confirm that mis-priming of MSP, with subsequent false positive results, can occur frequently (perhaps 10%) in assays combining high numbers of PCR cycles and low concentrations of starting DNA. In our clinical example, MEP of saliva-derived DNA was more sensitive than standard non-methylation-specific pyrosequencing as illustrated using p16 and cyclin A1 promoter methylation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Shaw
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool L69 3GN, UK
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital AintreeLongmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Emily K. Akufo-Tetteh
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool L69 3GN, UK
| | - Janet M. Risk
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool L69 3GN, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44 151 706 5265; Fax: +44 151 706 5809;
| | - John K. Field
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of LiverpoolLiverpool L69 3GN, UK
- University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme200 London Road, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK
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39
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Xinarianos G, McRonald FE, Risk JM, Bowers NL, Nikolaidis G, Field JK, Liloglou T. Frequent genetic and epigenetic abnormalities contribute to the deregulation of cytoglobin in non-small cell lung cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2038-44. [PMID: 16698880 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer demonstrates the highest mortality in the UK. Previous studies have implicated allelic loss at chromosome 17q in the development of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and a number of known and putative tumour-suppressor genes reside within this region. One candidate tumour-suppressor gene is cytoglobin (CYGB), which is contained entirely within the 42.5 kb tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC) minimal region. CYGB abnormalities have been demonstrated only in sporadic head and neck cancers. In this study, we investigated the expression, promoter methylation and allelic imbalance status of this gene in 52 paired (normal/tumour) surgically excised lung tissue samples from patients with NSCLC. CYGB expression in tumour tissue was significantly reduced compared with corresponding adjacent normal in 54% of the examined cases (paired t-test, P<0.001). The CYGB promoter was shown by pyrosequencing to be significantly hypermethylated [2-fold increase of methylation index (MtI) in tumours] in 25/52 (48%) tumour samples compared with normal samples. MtI of the CYGB promoter was associated with CYGB mRNA expression (linear regression analysis, P=0.009), suggesting a primary role for the epigenetic events in CYGB silencing. In addition, frequent LOH was detected at the locus 17q25 in 32/48 (67%) tumours examined. It is of note that the loss of expression intensified when both LOH and hypermethylation coincided in samples (Mann-Whitney, P=0.049). These findings provide the first evidence to suggest the implication of CYGB in the pathogenesis of NSCLCs.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Allelic Imbalance/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Cytoglobin
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Frequency/genetics
- Globins/genetics
- Humans
- Linear Models
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- George Xinarianos
- University of Liverpool Cancer Research Center, Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Liverpool, UK
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40
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Hinds MG, Smits C, Fredericks-Short R, Risk JM, Bailey M, Huang DCS, Day CL. Bim, Bad and Bmf: intrinsically unstructured BH3-only proteins that undergo a localized conformational change upon binding to prosurvival Bcl-2 targets. Cell Death Differ 2006; 14:128-36. [PMID: 16645638 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
All BH3-only proteins, key initiators of programmed cell death, interact tightly with multiple binding partners and have sequences of low complexity, properties that are the hallmark of intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs). We show, using spectroscopic methods, that the BH3-only proteins Bim, Bad and Bmf are unstructured in the absence of binding partners. Detailed sequence analyses are consistent with this observation and suggest that most BH3-only proteins are unstructured. When Bim binds and inactivates prosurvival proteins, most residues remain disordered, only the BH3 element becomes structured, and the short alpha-helical molecular recognition element can be considered to behave as a 'bead on a string'. Coupled folding and binding is typical of many IUPs that have important signaling roles, such as BH3-only proteins, as the inherent structural plasticity favors interaction with multiple targets. This understanding offers promise for the development of BH3 mimetics, as multiple modes of binding are tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hinds
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
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41
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Shaw RJ, Liloglou T, Rogers SN, Brown JS, Vaughan ED, Lowe D, Field JK, Risk JM. Promoter methylation of P16, RARbeta, E-cadherin, cyclin A1 and cytoglobin in oral cancer: quantitative evaluation using pyrosequencing. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:561-8. [PMID: 16449996 PMCID: PMC2361183 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylation profiling of cancer tissues has identified this mechanism as an important component of carcinogenesis. Epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor genes through promoter methylation has been investigated by a variety of means, the most recent of which is pyrosequencing. We have investigated quantitative methylation status in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Fresh tumour tissue and normal control tissue from resection margin was obtained from 79 consecutive patients undergoing resection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. DNA was extracted and bisulphite treated. PCR primers were designed to amplify 75-200 bp regions of the CpG rich gene promoters of p16, RARbeta, E-cadherin, cytoglobin and cyclinA1. Methylation status of 4-5 CpG sites per gene was determined by pyrosequencing. Significant CpG methylation of gene promoters within tumour specimens was found in 28% for p16, 73% for RARbeta, 42% for E-cadherin, 65% for cytoglobin and 53% for cyclinA1. Promoter methylation was significantly elevated in tumours compared to normal tissue for p16 (P = 0.048), cytoglobin (P = 0.002) and cyclin A1 (P = 0.001) but not in RARbeta (P = 0.088) or E-cadherin (P = 0.347). Concordant methylation was demonstrated in this tumour series (P = 0.03). Significant differences in degree of methylation of individual CpG sites were noted for all genes except RARbeta and these differences were in a characteristic pattern that was reproduced between tumour samples. Cyclin A1 promoter methylation showed an inverse trend with histological grade. Promoter methylation analysis using pyrosequencing reveals valuable quantitative data from several CpG sites. In contrast to qualitative data generated from methylation specific PCR, our data demonstrated p16 promoter methylation in a highly tumour specific pattern. Significant tumour specific methylation of cyclin A1 promoter was also seen. Cytoglobin is a novel candidate tumour suppressor gene highly methylated in upper aero-digestive tract squamous cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Shaw
- Molecular Genetics & Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - T Liloglou
- University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, 200 London Rd, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK
| | - S N Rogers
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - J S Brown
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - E D Vaughan
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - D Lowe
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - J K Field
- Molecular Genetics & Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK
- University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, 200 London Rd, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK
| | - J M Risk
- Molecular Genetics & Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK
- Molecular Genetics & Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK. E-mail:
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42
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McRonald FE, Liloglou T, Xinarianos G, Hill L, Rowbottom L, Langan JE, Ellis A, Shaw JM, Field JK, Risk JM. Down-regulation of the cytoglobin gene, located on 17q25, in tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC): evidence for trans-allele repression. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1271-7. [PMID: 16510494 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tylosis (focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma) is an autosomal dominant skin disorder that is associated with the early onset of squamous cell oesophageal cancer (SCOC) in three families. Our previous linkage and haplotype analyses have mapped the tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC) locus to a 42.5 kb region on chromosome 17q25 that has also been implicated in the aetiology of sporadically occurring SCOC from a number of different geographical populations. Oesophageal cancer is one of the 10 leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. No inherited disease-causing mutations have been identified in the genes located in the 42.5 kb minimal region. We now show that cytoglobin gene expression in oesophageal biopsies from tylotic patients is dramatically reduced by approximately 70% compared with normal oesophagus. Furthermore, both alleles are equally repressed. Given the autosomal dominant nature of the disease, these results exclude haploinsufficiency as a mechanism of the disease and instead suggest a novel trans-allele interaction. We also show that the promoter is hypermethylated in sporadic oesophageal cancer samples: this may constitute the 'second hit' of a gene previously implicated in this disease by allelic imbalance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E McRonald
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Edwards Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thomas
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
| | - R J Shaw
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Regional Maxillofacial Unit, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
| | - J M Risk
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. E-mail:
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44
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Shahabi M, Noori Daloii MR, Langan JE, Rowbottom L, Jahanzad E, Khoshbin E, Taghikhani M, Field JK, Risk JM. An investigation of the tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC) locus in Iranian patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2005; 25:389-95. [PMID: 15254736 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.25.2.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is one of the ten leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Earlier loss of heterozygosity (or allelic imbalance) studies have implicated regions on chromosomes 3p, 5q, 9p, 13q, 17p, 17q, and 18q in the development of sporadic oesophageal cancer and recent data have linked the familial tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC) gene-containing region on chromosome 17q25 with this cancer. We have studied allelic imbalance (AI) at microsatellite markers both closely linked to and distant from the TOC gene locus in 60 sporadic squamous cell oesophageal cancers from Iran and have investigated the most likely candidate gene by mutation analysis in these tumours. Forty-four out of these 60 samples (73%) show allelic imbalance at one or more loci within or adjacent to the TOC minimal region, while the highest incidence of AI was observed at the D17S2244 and D17S2246 loci (almost 70% AI in informative cases), correlating with the TOC minimal region. Analysis of the coding regions of a candidate gene in these tumours failed to show an equivalently high incidence of mutation, although two mutations and one polymorphism were observed. These data support and extend previous observations that the TOC region of chromosome 17q25 may be involved in the aetiology of the sporadic form of oesophageal cancer from a number of different geographical populations and suggest that the causative gene may be epigenetically silenced rather than mutated.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Allelic Imbalance
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Cytoglobin
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Exons/genetics
- Female
- Globins
- Humans
- Iran
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/complications
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse/genetics
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Peroxidases/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shahabi
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK
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45
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Langan JE, Cole CG, Huckle EJ, Byrne S, McRonald FE, Rowbottom L, Ellis A, Shaw JM, Leigh IM, Kelsell DP, Dunham I, Field JK, Risk JM. Novel microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms refine the tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC) minimal region on 17q25 to 42.5 kb: sequencing does not identify the causative gene. Hum Genet 2004; 114:534-40. [PMID: 15007728 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-004-1100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tylosis (focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma) is associated with the early onset of squamous cell oesophageal cancer in three families. Linkage and haplotype analyses have previously mapped the tylosis with oesophageal cancer ( TOC) locus to a 500-kb region on chromosome 17q25 that has also been implicated in sporadically occurring squamous cell oesophageal cancer. In the current study, 17 additional putative microsatellite markers were identified within this 500-kb region by using sequence data and seven of these were shown to be polymorphic in the UK and US families. In addition, our complete sequence analysis of the non-repetitive parts of the TOC minimal region identified 53 novel and six known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in one or both of these families. Further fine mapping of the TOC disease locus by haplotype analysis of the seven polymorphic markers and 21 of the 59 SNPs allowed the reduction of the minimal region to 42.5 kb. One known and two putative genes are located within this region but none of these genes shows tylosis-specific mutations within their protein-coding regions. Alternative mechanisms of disease gene action must therefore be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Langan
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Edward's Building, Daulby Street, L69 3GN, Liverpool, UK
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46
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Dunn JR, Risk JM, Langan JE, Marlee D, Ellis A, Campbell F, Watson AJM, Field JK. Physical and transcript map of the minimally deleted region III on 17p implicated in the early development of Barrett's oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2003; 22:4134-42. [PMID: 12821948 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Allelic imbalance (AI) studies on chromosome 17 (C17) in Barrett's oesophageal adenocarcinoma (BOA) tumours strongly suggest that a minimally deleted region on C17p harbours a BOA-associated gene with tumour suppressor function. This deleted region, designated minimal region III (MRIII), lies between the two microsatellite markers D17S1852 and D17S954. Computational sequence analysis techniques, BLAST and NIX, were used to assemble a physical map of MRIII, consisting of three overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, 297N7, 963H4 and 795F17, from the RPCI-11 library. The 270 kb genomic sequence of MRIII was analysed using the computational gene prediction methods NIX and TAP to identify putative BOA genes. A transcript map of MRIII has been generated and contains 25 candidate BOA genes, four of which are the named genes MYH3, SCO1, x006 and MAGOH-LIKE. The other candidates consist of seven genes predicted by TAP with associated ESTs identified by NIX, two genes predicted by TAP alone and 12 genes/ESTs (or pairs of ESTs) identified by NIX alone. No disease-specific mutations were identified in x006 or MAGOH-LIKE, although expression analysis of these genes suggests that they may show alternative splicing or be altered epigenetically or in regulatory regions in oesophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Dunn
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Clinical Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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47
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Nunn J, Nagini S, Risk JM, Prime W, Maloney P, Liloglou T, Jones AS, Rogers SR, Gosney JR, Woolgar J, Field JK. Allelic imbalance at the DNA mismatch repair loci, hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1, hPMS2 and hMSH3, in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:115-29. [PMID: 12509964 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(02)00028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is one of the 10 most frequently occurring cancers in the world. Defective mismatch repair, as exhibited by the phenomenon of microsatellite instability, has been observed in SCCHN although no reports of mismatch repair gene mutations or altered protein expression have been published. In a variety of microsatellite instability (MSI) positive cancers where mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes were not observed, allelic imbalance at the loci of the MMR genes was prevalent. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether allelic imbalance at the MMR genetic loci contributes to the development of SCCHN. MATERIALS AND METHODS 35 matched normal/tumour SCCHN pairs were studied using 29 microsatellite markers located within and adjacent to six known DNA mismatch repair genes. In addition, mutational analysis and protein expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 were investigated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that 36 and 17% of the analysed SCCHN specimens exhibited allele imbalance at the hMLH1 and hMSH3 genetic loci, respectively. Allelic instability at these two loci was found to be correlated with the MSI status of the SCCHN tumours. Allelic instability was found to be uncommon at the other MMR gene loci analysed. One mutation was found in hMSH2 and none in hMLH1 in this series of tumours. 23 of 24 (96%) of the examined SCCHN tumours showed reduced expression of either hMSH2 or hMCH1 genes. Allelic instability in the MMR genes, hMLH1 and hMSH3, is proposed to be involved in the aetiology of SCCHN tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nunn
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Department of Clinical Dental Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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48
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Risk JM, Evans KE, Jones J, Langan JE, Rowbottom L, McRonald FE, Mills HS, Ellis A, Shaw JM, Leigh IM, Kelsell DP, Field JK. Characterization of a 500 kb region on 17q25 and the exclusion of candidate genes as the familial Tylosis Oesophageal Cancer (TOC) locus. Oncogene 2002; 21:6395-402. [PMID: 12214281 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2002] [Revised: 06/10/2002] [Accepted: 06/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The locus for a syndrome of focal palmoplantar keratoderma (Tylosis) associated with squamous cell oesophageal cancer (TOC) has been mapped to chromosome 17q25, a region frequently deleted in sporadic squamous cell oesophageal tumours. Further haplotype analysis described here, based on revised maps of marker order, has reduced the TOC minimal region to a genetic interval of 2 cM limited by the microsatellite markers D17S785 and D17S751. Partial sequence data and complete physical maps estimate the actual size of this region to be only 0.5 Mb. This analysis allowed the exclusion of proposed candidate tumour suppressor genes including MLL septin-like fusion (MSF), survivin, and deleted in multiple human cancer (DMC1). Computer analysis of sequence data from the minimal region identified 13 candidate genes and the presence of 50-70 other 'gene fragments' as ESTs and/or predicted exons and genes. Ten of the characterized genes were assayed for mutations but no disease-specific alterations were identified in the coding and promoter sequences. This region of chromosome 17q25 is, therefore, relatively gene-rich, containing 13 known and possibly as many as 50 predicted genes. Further mutation analysis of these predicted genes, and others possibly residing in the region, is required in order to identify the elusive TOC locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Risk
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK.
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49
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Langan JE, Rowbottom L, Liloglou T, Field JK, Risk JM. Sequencing of difficult templates containing poly(A/T) tracts: closure of sequence gaps. Biotechniques 2002; 33:276, 278, 280. [PMID: 12188175 DOI: 10.2144/02332bm04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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50
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Abstract
Several hundred programs using different algorithms have been designed to predict individual coding features within any genomic sequence, but none of these tools covers all aspects of a gene or is 100% accurate in its prediction. Automated simultaneous processing of the results from a number of these programs minimizes the chance of a false positive prediction and quickly generates integrated data. We report here on the analysis of two known genes in 5 and 25 kb segments of genomic sequence using four genome annotation packages, NIX, RUMMAGE, Genotator and EMBOSS. Gene predictions were confirmed using cDNA sequences and a comparison was made between the packages. This study showed a similarity in the ability of NIX, RUMMAGE and Genotator to predict well-characterised genes and basic structures, but poor exon prediction for a small, 3 exon gene. However, the BLAST subprograms of all three packages correctly identified the 3 exons. In addition, EST BLAST subprograms identified a previously undescribed, possible 5' untranslated exon for the smaller gene and a number of putative alternatively spliced exons in the larger gene. Overall, NIX was found to be the most user-friendly package, in terms of easy access to databases and the interactive graphical display of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jones
- Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, Clinical Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GN, UK
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