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Shoaib MA, Chuah JH, Ali R, Hasikin K, Khalil A, Hum YC, Tee YK, Dhanalakshmi S, Lai KW. An Overview of Deep Learning Methods for Left Ventricle Segmentation. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2023:4208231. [PMID: 36756163 PMCID: PMC9902166 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4208231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac health diseases are one of the key causes of death around the globe. The number of heart patients has considerably increased during the pandemic. Therefore, it is crucial to assess and analyze the medical and cardiac images. Deep learning architectures, specifically convolutional neural networks have profoundly become the primary choice for the assessment of cardiac medical images. The left ventricle is a vital part of the cardiovascular system where the boundary and size perform a significant role in the evaluation of cardiac function. Due to automatic segmentation and good promising results, the left ventricle segmentation using deep learning has attracted a lot of attention. This article presents a critical review of deep learning methods used for the left ventricle segmentation from frequently used imaging modalities including magnetic resonance images, ultrasound, and computer tomography. This study also demonstrates the details of the network architecture, software, and hardware used for training along with publicly available cardiac image datasets and self-prepared dataset details incorporated. The summary of the evaluation matrices with results used by different researchers is also presented in this study. Finally, all this information is summarized and comprehended in order to assist the readers to understand the motivation and methodology of various deep learning models, as well as exploring potential solutions to future challenges in LV segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Shoaib
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Joon Huang Chuah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raza Ali
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Khairunnisa Hasikin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azira Khalil
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Yan Chai Hum
- Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - Yee Kai Tee
- Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - Samiappan Dhanalakshmi
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Khin Wee Lai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Chen V, Barker AJ, Golan R, Scott MB, Huh H, Wei Q, Sojoudi A, Markl M. Effect of age and sex on fully automated deep learning assessment of left ventricular function, volumes, and contours in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 37:3539-3547. [PMID: 34185211 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning algorithms for left ventricle (LV) segmentation are prone to bias towards the training dataset. This study assesses sex- and age-dependent performance differences when using deep learning for automatic LV segmentation. Retrospective analysis of 100 healthy subjects undergoing cardiac MRI from 2012 to 2018, with 10 men and women in the following age groups: 18-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and 61-80 years old. Subjects underwent 1.5 T, 2D CINE SSFP MRI. 35 pathologic cases from local clinical exams and the SCMR 2015 consensus contours dataset were also analyzed. A fully convolutional network (FCN) similar to U-Net trained on the U.K. Biobank was used to automatically segment LV endocardial and epicardial contours. FCN and manual segmentation were compared using Dice metrics and measurements of end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), mass (LVM), and ejection fraction (LVEF). Paired t-tests and linear regressions were used to analyze measurement differences with respect to sex and age. Dice metrics (median ± IQR) for n = 135 cases were 0.94 ± 0.04/0.87 ± 0.10 (ED endocardium/ES endocardium). Measurement biases (mean ± SD) among the healthy cohort were - 0.3 ± 10.1 mL for EDV, - 6.7 ± 9.6 mL for ESV, 4.6 ± 6.4% for LVEF, and - 2.2 ± 11.0 g for LVM; biases were independent of sex and age. Biases among the 35 pathologic cases were 0.1 ± 19 mL for EDV, - 4.8 ± 19 mL for ESV, 2.0 ± 7.6% for LVEF, and 1.0 ± 20 g for LVM. In conclusion, automatic segmentation by the Biobank-trained FCN was independent of age and sex. Improvements in end-systolic basal slice detection are needed to decrease bias and improve precision in ESV and LVEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, 737 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rotem Golan
- Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Inc., Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael B Scott
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, 737 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hyungkyu Huh
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Qiao Wei
- Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Inc., Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, 737 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Ma Y, Feng P, He P, Ren Y, Guo X, Yu X, Wei B. Segmenting lung lesions of COVID-19 from CT images via pyramid pooling improved Unet. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 7. [PMID: 33979791 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Segmenting lesion regions of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from computed tomography (CT) images is a challenge owing to COVID-19 lesions characterized by high variation, low contrast between infection lesions and around normal tissues, and blurred boundaries of infections. Moreover, a shortage of available CT dataset hinders deep learning techniques applying to tackling COVID-19. To address these issues, we propose a deep learning-based approach known as PPM-Unet to segmenting COVID-19 lesions from CT images. Our method improves an Unet by adopting pyramid pooling modules instead of the conventional skip connection and then enhances the representation of the neural network by aiding the global attention mechanism. We first pre-train PPM-Unet on COVID-19 dataset of pseudo labels containing1600 samples producing a coarse model. Then we fine-tune the coarse PPM-Unet on the standard COVID-19 dataset consisting of 100 pairs of samples to achieve a fine PPM-Unet. Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that our method can accurately segment COVID-19 infection regions from CT images, and achieve higher performance than other state-of-the-art segmentation models in this study. It offers a promising tool to lay a foundation for quantitatively detecting COVID-19 lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.,School of Data Science, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ren
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States of America
| | - Xiaoliu Yu
- Chongqing Research Institute Co.Ltd. of China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Corporation, Chongqing 400039, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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He Y, Qin W, Wu Y, Zhang M, Yang Y, Liu X, Zheng H, Liang D, Hu Z. Automatic left ventricle segmentation from cardiac magnetic resonance images using a capsule network. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 28:541-553. [PMID: 32176675 DOI: 10.3233/xst-190621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Segmentation of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the left ventricle (LV) plays a key role in quantifying the volumetric functions of the heart, such as the area, volume, and ejection fraction. Traditionally, LV segmentation is performed manually by experienced experts, which is both time-consuming and prone to subjective bias. This study aims to develop a novel capsule-based automated segmentation method to automatically segment the LV from images obtained by cardiac MRI. METHOD The technique applied for segmentation uses Fourier analysis and the circular Hough transform (CHT) to indicate the approximate location of the LV and a network capsule to precisely segment the LV. The neurons of the capsule network output a vector and preserve much of the information about the input by replacing the largest pooling layer with convolutional strides and dynamic routing. Finally, the segmentation result is postprocessed by threshold segmentation and morphological processing to increase the accuracy of LV segmentation. RESULTS We fully exploit the capsule network to achieve the segmentation goal and combine LV detection and capsule concepts to complete LV segmentation. In the experiments, the tested methods achieved LV Dice scores of 0.922±0.05 end-diastolic (ED) and 0.898±0.11 end-systolic (ES) on the ACDC 2017 data set. The experimental results confirm that the algorithm can effectively perform LV segmentation from a cardiac magnetic resonance image. To verify the performance of the proposed method, visual and quantitative comparisons are also performed, which show that the proposed method exhibits improved segmentation accuracy compared with the traditional method. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation metrics of medical image segmentation indicate that the proposed method in combination with postprocessing and feature detection effectively improves segmentation accuracy for cardiac MRI. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use a deep learning model based on capsule networks to systematically evaluate end-to-end LV segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsu He
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjian Qin
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengxi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhanli Hu
- Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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