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Lee G, Go DB, O'Brien CP. Nonthermal Plasma-Stimulated C-N Coupling from CH 4 and N 2 Depends on the Presence of Surface CH x and Plasma-Phase CN Species. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28367-28378. [PMID: 38769612 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Formation of C-N containing compounds from plasma-catalytic coupling of CH4 and N2 over various transition metals (Ni, Pd, Cu, Ag, and Au) is investigated using a multimodal spectroscopic approach, combining polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRAS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Through sequential experiments utilizing CH4 and N2 nonthermal plasmas, we minimize plasma-phase reactions and identify key intermediates for C-N coupling on metal surfaces. Results show that simultaneous CH4 and N2 exposure with plasma stimulation produces surface C-N species. However, N2-CH4 sequential exposure does not lead to C-N species formation, while CH4-N2 sequential exposure reveals the presence of CHx surface species and CN radical species as key precursors to C-N species formation. From further analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the influence of exposure conditions on the degree of nitrogen incorporation and the nature of C-N species formed were revealed. The work highlights the importance of surface chemistry and exposure conditions in surface C-N coupling with plasma stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - David B Go
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Casey P O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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2
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Bhatt KP, Patel S, Upadhyay DS, Patel RN. In-depth analysis of the effect of catalysts on plasma technologies for treatment of various wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118335. [PMID: 37329581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Energy security and waste management are gaining global attention. The modern world is producing a large amount of liquid and solid waste as a result of the increasing population and industrialization. A circular economy encourages the conversion of waste to energy and other value-added products. Waste processing requires a sustainable route for a healthy society and clean environment. One of the emerging solutions for waste treatment is plasma technology. It converts waste into syngas, oil, and char/slag depending on the thermal/non-thermal processes. Most of all the types of carbonaceous wastes can be treated by plasma processes. The addition of a catalyst to the plasma process is a developing field as plasma processes are energy intensive. This paper covers the detailed concept of plasma and catalysis. It comprises various types of plasma (non-thermal and thermal) and catalysts (zeolites, oxides, and salts) which have been used for waste treatment. Catalyst addition improves gas yield and hydrogen selectivity at moderate temperatures. Depending on the properties of the catalyst and type of plasma, comprehensive points are listed for the selection of the right catalyst for a plasma process. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the research in the field of waste-to-energy using plasma-catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangana P Bhatt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Darshit S Upadhyay
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, S.G, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh N Patel
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, S.G, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
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3
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Navascués P, Garrido-García J, Cotrino J, González-Elipe AR, Gómez-Ramírez A. Incorporation of a Metal Catalyst for the Ammonia Synthesis in a Ferroelectric Packed-Bed Plasma Reactor: Does It Really Matter? ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:3621-3632. [PMID: 36911874 PMCID: PMC9993574 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-catalysis has been proposed as a potential alternative for the synthesis of ammonia. Studies in this area focus on the reaction mechanisms and the apparent synergy existing between processes occurring in the plasma phase and on the surface of the catalytic material. In the present study, we approach this problem using a parallel-plate packed-bed reactor with the gap between the electrodes filled with pellets of lead zirconate titanate (PZT), with this ferroelectric material modified with a coating layer of alumina (i.e., Al2O3/PZT) and the same alumina layer incorporating ruthenium nanoparticles (i.e., Ru-Al2O3/PZT). At ambient temperature, the electrical behavior of the ferroelectric packed-bed reactor differed for these three types of barriers, with the plasma current reaching a maximum when using Ru-Al2O3/PZT pellets. A systematic analysis of the reaction yield and energy efficiency for the ammonia synthesis reaction, at ambient temperature and at 190 °C and various electrical operating conditions, has demonstrated that the yield and the energy efficiency for the ammonia synthesis do not significantly improve when including ruthenium particles, even at temperatures at which an incipient catalytic activity could be inferred. Besides disregarding a net plasma-catalysis effect, reaction results highlight the positive role of the ferroelectric PZT as moderator of the discharge, that of Ru particles as plasma hot points, and that of the Al2O3 coating as a plasma cooling dielectric layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Navascués
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-Universidad de
Sevilla), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Garrido-García
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-Universidad de
Sevilla), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Seville, Spain
| | - José Cotrino
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-Universidad de
Sevilla), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Seville, Spain
- Departamento
de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Agustín R. González-Elipe
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-Universidad de
Sevilla), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez-Ramírez
- Laboratory
of Nanotechnology on Surfaces and Plasma. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-Universidad de
Sevilla), Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Seville, Spain
- Departamento
de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, E-41012 Seville, Spain
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Lamberts-Van Assche H, Thomassen G, Compernolle T. The early-stage design of plasma for the conversion of CO2 to chemicals: A prospective techno-economic assessment. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Wang R, Che G, Wang C, Liu C, Liu B, Ohtani B, Liu Y, Zhang X. Alcohol Plasma Processed Surface Amorphization for Photocatalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangshun Che
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoshun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122, Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bunsho Ohtani
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yichun Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, People’s Republic of China
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Golubev OV, Maksimov AL. Plasma-Assisted Catalytic Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427222050019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Klemm E, Lobo CMS, Löwe A, Schallhart V, Renninger S, Waltersmann L, Costa R, Schulz A, Dietrich R, Möltner L, Meynen V, Sauer A, Friedrich KA. CHEMampere
: Technologies for sustainable chemical production with renewable electricity and
CO
2
,
N
2
,
O
2
, and
H
2
O
. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Klemm
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Chemistry Stuttgart Germany
| | - Carlos M. S. Lobo
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Chemistry Stuttgart Germany
| | - Armin Löwe
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Technical Chemistry Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Stephan Renninger
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Photovoltaics Stuttgart Germany
| | - Lara Waltersmann
- Fraunhofer‐Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Rémi Costa
- German Aerospace Center Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andreas Schulz
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ralph‐Uwe Dietrich
- German Aerospace Center Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Stuttgart Germany
| | | | - Vera Meynen
- University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Alexander Sauer
- Fraunhofer‐Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Energy Efficiency in Production Stuttgart Germany
| | - K. Andreas Friedrich
- German Aerospace Center Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Stuttgart Germany
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Building Energetics, Thermal Engineering and Energy Storage Stuttgart Germany
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Gorky F, Nambo A, Carreon ML. Cold plasma-Metal Organic Framework (MOF)-177 breathable system for atmospheric remediation. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gorky F, Best A, Jasinski J, Allen BJ, Alba-Rubio AC, Carreon ML. Plasma catalytic ammonia synthesis on Ni nanoparticles: The size effect. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Gorky F, Lucero JM, Crawford JM, Blake BA, Guthrie SR, Carreon MA, Carreon ML. Insights on cold plasma ammonia synthesis and decomposition using alkaline earth metal-based perovskites. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00729g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma catalytic ammonia synthesis & decomposition on perovskites. The blend of intrinsic properties (Mg electronegativity) with plasma awakens properties (plasma homogeneity induced by the dielectric constant) leads to high ammonia synthesis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fnu Gorky
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
- Rapid City
- USA
| | - Jolie M. Lucero
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
| | - James M. Crawford
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
| | - Beth A. Blake
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
- Rapid City
- USA
| | - Shelby R. Guthrie
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
- Rapid City
- USA
| | - Moises A. Carreon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- Colorado School of Mines
- Golden
- USA
| | - Maria L. Carreon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department
- South Dakota School of Mines & Technology
- Rapid City
- USA
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Abstract
Plasma catalysis has been utilized in many environmental applications for removal of various hydrocarbons including tars. The aim of this work was to study the tars removal process by atmospheric pressure DBD non-thermal plasma generated in combination with packing materials of various composition and catalytic activity (TiO2, Pt/γAl2O3, BaTiO3, γAl2O3, ZrO2, glass beads), dielectric constant (5–4000), shape (spherical and cylindrical pellets and beads), size (3–5 mm in diameter, 3–8 mm in length), and specific surface area (37–150 m2/g). Naphthalene was chosen as a model tar compound. The experiments were performed at a temperature of 100 °C and a naphthalene initial concentration of approx. 3000 ppm, i.e., under conditions that are usually less favorable to achieve high removal efficiencies. For a given specific input energy of 320 J/L, naphthalene removal efficiency followed a sequence: TiO2 > Pt/γAl2O3 > ZrO2 > γAl2O3 > glass beads > BaTiO3 > plasma only. The efficiency increased with the increasing specific surface area of a given packing material, while its shape and size were also found to be important. By-products of naphthalene decomposition were analyzed by means of FTIR spectrometry and surface of packing materials by SEM analysis.
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Abstract
Plasma-assisted dry reforming of methane (DRM) is considered as a potential way to convert natural gas into fuels and chemicals under near ambient temperature and pressure; particularly for distributed processes based on renewable energy. Both catalytic and photocatalytic technologies have been applied for DRM to investigate the CH4 conversion and the energy efficiency of the process. For conventional catalysis; metaldoped Ni-based catalysts are proposed as a leading vector for further development. However; coke deposition leads to fast deactivation of catalysts which limits the catalyst lifetime. Photocatalysis in combination with non-thermal plasma (NTP), on the other hand; is an enabling technology to convert CH4 to more reactive intermediates. Placing the catalyst directly in the plasma zone or using post-plasma photocatalysis could generate a synergistic effect to increase the formation of the desired products. In this review; the recent progress in the area of NTP-(photo)catalysis applications for DRM has been described; with an in-depth discussion of novel plasma reactor types and operational conditions including employment of ferroelectric materials and nanosecond-pulse discharges. Finally, recent developments in the area of optical diagnostic tools for NTP, such as optical emission spectroscopy (OES), in-situ FTIR, and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), are reviewed.
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14
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Shah JR, Gorky F, Lucero J, Carreon MA, Carreon ML. Ammonia Synthesis via Atmospheric Plasma Catalysis: Zeolite 5A, a Case of Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javishk R. Shah
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Fnu Gorky
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Jolie Lucero
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Moises A. Carreon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Maria L. Carreon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
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