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Rodríguez-Álvarez Y, Morera-Díaz Y, Gerónimo-Pérez H, Castro-Velazco J, Martínez-Castillo R, Puente-Pérez P, Besada-Pérez V, Hardy-Rando E, Chico-Capote A, Martínez-Cordovez K, Santos-Savio A. Active immunization with human interleukin-15 induces neutralizing antibodies in non-human primates. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:30. [PMID: 27671547 PMCID: PMC5036325 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-15 is an immunostimulatory cytokine overexpressed in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, psoriasis and ulcerative colitis; thus, inhibition of IL-15-induced signaling could be clinically beneficial in these disorders. Our approach to neutralize IL-15 consisted in active immunization with structurally modified human IL-15 (mhIL-15) with the aim to induce neutralizing antibodies against native IL-15. In the present study, we characterized the antibody response in Macaca fascicularis, non-human primates that were immunized with a vaccine candidate containing mhIL-15 in Aluminum hydroxide (Alum), Montanide and Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant. Results Immunization with mhIL-15 elicited a specific antibodies response that neutralized native IL-15-dependent biologic activity in a CTLL-2 cell proliferation assay. The highest neutralizing response was obtained in macaques immunized with mhIL-15 adjuvanted in Alum. This response, which was shown to be transient, also inhibited the activity of simian IL-15 and did not affect the human IL-2-induced proliferation of CTLL-2 cells. Also, in a pool of synovial fluid cells from two Rheumatoid Arthritis patients, the immune sera slightly inhibited TNF-α secretion. Finally, it was observed that this vaccine candidate neither affect animal behavior, clinical status, blood biochemistry nor the percentage of IL-15-dependent cell populations, specifically CD56+ NK and CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Our results indicate that vaccination with mhIL-15 induced neutralizing antibodies to native IL-15 in non-human primates. Based on this fact, we propose that this vaccine candidate could be potentially beneficial for treatment of diseases where IL-15 overexpression is associated with their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba.
| | - Yanelys Morera-Díaz
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
| | - Haydee Gerónimo-Pérez
- Quality Control Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Jorge Castro-Velazco
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Rafael Martínez-Castillo
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Pedro Puente-Pérez
- Animal Facility Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada-Pérez
- Chemistry and Physics Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Eugenio Hardy-Rando
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Study Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Foods, Havana University, Avenue 222, PO Box 13600, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Araceli Chico-Capote
- Rheumatology Department, Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, San Lazaro 701, PO Box 6122, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Klaudia Martínez-Cordovez
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
| | - Alicia Santos-Savio
- Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Havana, 10 600, Cuba
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NK cells in mucosal defense against infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:413982. [PMID: 25197644 PMCID: PMC4150440 DOI: 10.1155/2014/413982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional natural killer cells (NK cells) provide continual surveillance for cancer and rapid responses to infection. They develop in the bone marrow, emerge as either NK precursor cells, immature, or mature cells, and disperse throughout the body. In the periphery NK cells provide critical defense against pathogens and cancer and are noted to develop features of adaptive immune responses. In the tightly regulated and dynamic mucosal tissues, they set up residency via unknown mechanisms and from sources that are yet to be defined. Once resident, they appear to have the ability to functionally mature dependent on the mucosal tissue microenvironment. Mucosal NK cells play a pivotal role in early protection through their cytolytic function and IFNγ production against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasitic infections. This review presents what is known about NK cell development and phenotypes of mucosal tissue resident conventional NK cells. The question of how they come to reside in their tissues and published data on their function against pathogens during mucosal infection are discussed. Dissecting major questions highlighted in this review will be important to the further understanding of NK cell homing and functional diversity and improve rational design of NK cell based therapies against mucosal infection.
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a growing field that aims at restoring and enhancing immune function to combat oncogenic conditions. One target of this field is natural killer (NK) cells. Part of innate immunity, NK cells are able to kill tumor cells without previous priming. Results from stem cell transplants containing alloreactive donor NK cells and in vitro work have evidenced a great antitumor potential. In addition, NK cells are likely to interact with dendritic cells, potent antigen-presenting cells, thus forming a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. This review aims to provide an overview of NK cells with particular emphasis on properties that can and are being targeted in order to potentiate the antitumor activity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrune Woan
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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Mavilio D, Benjamin J, Kim D, Lombardo G, Daucher M, Kinter A, Nies-Kraske E, Marcenaro E, Moretta A, Fauci AS. Identification of NKG2A and NKp80 as specific natural killer cell markers in rhesus and pigtailed monkeys. Blood 2005; 106:1718-25. [PMID: 15899917 PMCID: PMC1895226 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of natural killer (NK) cells in simian models of disease have been hampered by a lack of appropriate phenotypic markers and by an inadequate understanding of the regulation of NK cell activities. In the present study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for various human NK receptors was screened for cross-reactivity with NK cells from rhesus macaques and pigtailed macaques. Flow cytometric analyses using anti-human NKG2A and anti-human NKp80 mAbs individually, and particularly in combination with anti-CD16 mAb, allowed for the identification of the entire NK cell population in both species. NK cells in monkeys were generally identified by negative selection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for the absence of T-cell, B-cell, and monocyte markers. mAb-mediated ligation of NKp80 induced NK cell cytotoxicity, while in the case of NKG2A it displayed a clear capability to inhibit the lysis of target cells by NK cells from macaques, as well as from humans. This new phenotypic and functional characterization of NKG2A and NKp80 in rhesus and pigtailed macaque NK cells provides a new approach in the analysis of their innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mavilio
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Bldg 10, Rm 6A08A, MSC 1576, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Sallie R. Replicative homeostasis: a fundamental mechanism mediating selective viral replication and escape mutation. Virol J 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 15707489 PMCID: PMC552327 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV), the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and other viruses that replicate via RNA intermediaries, cause an enormous burden of disease and premature death worldwide. These viruses circulate within infected hosts as vast populations of closely related, but genetically diverse, molecules known as "quasispecies". The mechanism(s) by which this extreme genetic and antigenic diversity is stably maintained are unclear, but are fundamental to understanding viral persistence and pathobiology. The persistence of HCV, an RNA virus, is especially problematic and HCV stability, maintained despite rapid genomic mutation, is highly paradoxical. This paper presents the hypothesis, and evidence, that viruses capable of persistent infection autoregulate replication and the likely mechanism mediating autoregulation - Replicative Homeostasis - is described. Replicative homeostasis causes formation of stable, but highly reactive, equilibria that drive quasispecies expansion and generates escape mutation. Replicative homeostasis explains both viral kinetics and the enigma of RNA quasispecies stability and provides a rational, mechanistic basis for all observed viral behaviours and host responses. More importantly, this paradigm has specific therapeutic implication and defines, precisely, new approaches to antiviral therapy. Replicative homeostasis may also modulate cellular gene expression.
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Alfano M, Poli G. Role of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of innate immunity and HIV infection. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:161-82. [PMID: 15488606 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The earliest defense against microbial infection is represented by the responses of the innate (or natural) immune system, that also profoundly regulates the adaptive (or acquired) T- and B-cell immune responses. Activation of the innate immune system is primed by microbial invasion in response to conserved structures present in large groups of microorganisms (LPS, peptidoglycan, double-stranded RNA), and is finely tuned by different cell types (including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, and gammadelta T cells). In addition, several soluble factors (complement components, defensins, mannose-binding lectins, interferons, cytokines and chemokines) can play a major role in the regulation of both the innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we will briefly overview the regulation of some cellular subsets of the innate immune system particularly involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and then focus our attention on those cytokines and chemokines whose levels of expression are more profoundly affected by HIV infection and that, conversely, can modulate virus infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Alfano
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, P2-P3 Laboratories, DIBIT, Via Olgettina no. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
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Sullivan TP, Dearaujo T, Vincek V, Berman B. Evaluation of superficial basal cell carcinomas after treatment with imiquimod 5% cream or vehicle for apoptosis and lymphocyte phenotyping. Dermatol Surg 2004; 29:1181-6. [PMID: 14725659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2003.29399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the immune response and the apoptotic pathways that result in regression of imiquimod-treated basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). METHODS The trial was conducted as an open-label, matched controlled, nonrandomized study. Twelve patients were assigned as either active-treatment patients or matched control subjects. After treatment, lesions were excised and stained for CD20, CD3, CD4, CD56, bcl-2, bax, caspase-3, and p53. Additionally, a DNA fragmentation assay was performed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling method. RESULTS All vehicle-treated BCCs (six of six) had residual tumor compared with four of six imiquimod-treated BCCs. A dense mononuclear infiltrate surrounded all of the imiquimod-treated tumors and only one of six vehicle-treated BCCs. Staining for CD20, CD3, and CD4 revealed that the infiltrate consisted primarily of T-helper lymphocytes; however, a significant portion of the cells stained positively for CD56, indicating the presence of natural killer cells. Imiquimod-treated BCCs stained more strongly for caspase-3 and to a lesser degree p53 as compared with vehicle-treated BCCs. No differences were seen in either bax or bcl-2 staining. Minimal apoptosis was seen with the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling assay in either group. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that imiquimod's antitumorigenic effects are mediated via up regulation of local interferon-alpha levels and supports previous work, suggesting that increased natural killer cell activity may be an important factors explaining both spontaneous regression and IFN-alpha induced regression of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory P Sullivan
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, PO Box 016250 (R-250), Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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