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Kapaata A, Balinda SN, Hare J, Leonova O, Kikaire B, Egesa M, Lubyayi L, Macharia GN, Kamali A, Gilmour J, Bagaya B, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Kaleebu P. Infection with HIV-1 subtype D among acutely infected Ugandans is associated with higher median concentration of cytokines compared to subtype A. IJID REGIONS 2022; 3:89-95. [PMID: 35755471 PMCID: PMC9205166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 subtype D exhibited significantly higher median concentrations of cytokines IL-12/23p40 and IL-1α were associated with faster CD4+T cell count decline bFGF was associated with maintenance of CD4+ counts above 350 cells/microliter
Objective The observation that HIV-1 subtype D progresses faster to disease than subtype A prompted us to examine cytokine levels early after infection within the predominant viral subtypes that circulate in Uganda and address the following research questions: (1) Do cytokine levels vary between subtypes A1 and D? (2) Do cytokine profiles correlate with disease outcomes? Methods To address these questions, HIV-1 subtypes were determined by population sequencing of the HIV-1 pol gene and 37 plasma cytokine concentrations were evaluated using V-Plex kits on Meso Scale Discovery platform in 65 recent sero-converters. Results HIV-1 subtype D (pol) infections exhibited significantly higher median plasma concentrations of IL-5, IL-16, IL-1α, IL-7, IL-17A, CCL11 (Eotaxin-1), CXCL10 (IP-10), CCL13 (MCP-4) and VEGF-D compared to subtype A1 (pol) infections. We also found that IL-12/23p40 and IL-1α were associated with faster CD4+T cell count decline, while bFGF was associated with maintenance of CD4+ counts above 350 cells/microliter. Conclusion Our results suggest that increased production of cytokines in early HIV infection may trigger a disruption of the immune environment and contribute to pathogenic mechanisms underlying the accelerated disease progression seen in individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype D in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kapaata
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Corresponding author:
| | - Sheila N. Balinda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jonathan Hare
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Olga Leonova
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bernard Kikaire
- Uganda Virus Research Institute
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Health sciences, Makerere university
| | - Moses Egesa
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Lawrence Lubyayi
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gladys N. Macharia
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bernard Bagaya
- Department of Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere university
| | - Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
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Iketleng T, Moyo S, Gaseitsiwe S, Nyombi B, Mitchell RM, Makhema J, Baum MK, Marlink R, Essex M, Musonda R. Plasma Cytokine Levels in Chronic Asymptomatic HIV-1 Subtype C Infection as an Indicator of Disease Progression in Botswana: A Retrospective Case Control Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:364-9. [PMID: 26414751 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infects cells of the immune system causing immune activation and proliferation of immune cells, leading to alteration of production and activity of a number of cytokines. These changes in cytokine levels can affect the immune function, and have the potential to directly impact the course of HIV disease. We characterized plasma cytokine concentration profiles in HIV-1 subtype C chronically infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants to establish their influence on disease progression and viremia. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-7, IL-12p40, granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon (IFN)-γ were quantified in samples from 60 treatment-naive participants in the placebo arm of the completed Micronutrient-HIV disease progressions study, "Dikotlana" (2004-2009) in Gaborone, Botswana. Participants were stratified into progressors (P) and nonprogressors (NP) based on their rates of CD4(+) T cell depletion during the study period. Nonprogressors were those who had <1% CD4(+) T cell depletion at 24 months postenrollment. Progressors were defined as those with CD4(+) T cell depletion of >15% at 24 months postenrollment. Cytokine levels were compared between P and NP using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine if cytokines predicted disease progression. Correlations of cytokines with CD4(+) T cell counts and viral loads were determined by the Spearman rank test. Median baseline CD4(+) T cell counts were 453 (Q1, Q3; 401, 592) and 479 (Q1, Q3; 401-592) for nonprogressors and progressors, respectively. Nonprogressors had a higher viral set point than progressors. IL-12p40 levels were significantly higher in the P than in NP at enrollment and 24 months (p < 0.05). Levels of IL-1α, IL-7, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF did not differ significantly between the two groups. Except for IL-12p40, which displayed an inverse correlation with CD4(+) T cell counts and a direct correlation with viral load, all other cytokines showed no correlations. IL-12p40 was found to be the most significant predictor of progression and its production was most likely driven by HIV replication products as evidenced by its direct correlation with viral load. In chronic HIV-1 subtype C infection, CD4(+) T cell counts and plasma cytokine levels may not necessarily evolve in parallel, suggesting the involvement of other factors in determining the rates of CD4(+) T cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thato Iketleng
- Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education (BHP), Gaborone, Botswana
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education (BHP), Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education (BHP), Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Balthazar Nyombi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education (BHP), Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marianna K. Baum
- Florida International University, R. Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, University Park, Miami, Florida
| | - Richard Marlink
- Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education (BHP), Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Max Essex
- Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education (BHP), Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosemary Musonda
- Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education (BHP), Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lieske NV, Tonby K, Kvale D, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Tasken K. Targeting Tuberculosis and HIV Infection-Specific Regulatory T Cells with MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway Inhibitors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141903. [PMID: 26544592 PMCID: PMC4636186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential in maintaining immunological tolerance and suppress effector T cells. Tregs are commonly up-regulated in chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and thereby hamper disease-specific immune responses and eradication of pathogens. The MEK/ERK signaling pathway is involved in regulation of the FoxP3 transcription factor, which directs a lineage-specific transcriptional program to define Tregs and control their suppressive function. Here, we aimed to target activation of disease-specific Tregs by inhibition of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway based on the hypothesis that this would improve anti-HIV and anti-TB immunity. Stimulation of T cells from untreated TB (n = 12) and HIV (n = 8) patients with disease-specific antigens in vitro in the presence of the MEK inhibitor (MEKI) trametinib (GSK1120212) resulted in significant down-regulation of both FoxP3 levels (MFI) and fractions of resting (CD45RA+FoxP3+) and activated (CD45RA−FoxP3++) Tregs. MEKI also reduced the levels of specific T effector cells expressing the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2) in both HIV and TB patients. In conclusion, MEKIs modulate disease antigen-specific Treg activation and may have potential application in new treatment strategies in chronic infectious diseases where reduction of Treg activity would be favorable. Whether MEKIs can be used in current HIV or TB therapy regimens needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora V. Lieske
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Tonby
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Kvale
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne M. Dyrhol-Riise
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Tasken
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Microbial translocation, the innate cytokine response, and HIV-1 disease progression in Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:6718-23. [PMID: 19357303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901983106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports from the United States have demonstrated that elevated markers of microbial translocation from the gut may be found in chronic and advanced HIV-1 infection and are associated with an increase in immune activation. However, this phenomenon's role in HIV-1 disease in Africa is unknown. This study examined the longitudinal relationship between microbial translocation and circulating inflammatory cytokine responses in a cohort of people with varying rates of HIV-1 disease progression in Rakai, Uganda. Multiple markers for microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin antibody, and sCD14) did not change significantly during HIV-1 disease progression. Moreover, circulating immunoreactive cytokine levels either decreased or remained virtually unchanged throughout disease progression. These data suggest that microbial translocation and its subsequent inflammatory immune response do not have a causal relationship with HIV-1 disease progression in Africa.
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Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1106-22. [PMID: 15531656 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 883] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are well recognized as a cause of liver cancer, but they have additional important toxic effects. In farm and laboratory animals, chronic exposure to aflatoxins compromises immunity and interferes with protein metabolism and multiple micronutrients that are critical to health. These effects have not been widely studied in humans, but the available information indicates that at least some of the effects observed in animals also occur in humans. The prevalence and level of human exposure to aflatoxins on a global scale have been reviewed, and the resulting conclusion was that approximately 4.5 billion persons living in developing countries are chronically exposed to largely uncontrolled amounts of the toxin. A limited amount of information shows that, at least in those locations where it has been studied, the existing aflatoxin exposure results in changes in nutrition and immunity. The aflatoxin exposure and the toxic affects of aflatoxins on immunity and nutrition combine to negatively affect health factors (including HIV infection) that account for >40% of the burden of disease in developing countries where a short lifespan is prevalent. Food systems and economics render developed-country approaches to the management of aflatoxins impractical in developing-country settings, but the strategy of using food additives to protect farm animals from the toxin may also provide effective and economical new approaches to protecting human populations.
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Abstract
Although early reports on HIV and malaria in co-infected subjects indicated little apparent interaction between the two infections, more recent investigations have found evidence for HIV increasing the risk from malaria. Conversely, increased viral load in susceptible cells occurs in malaria-infected people. However, the overall pattern of results is still somewhat confusing and contradictory. While morbidity from malaria may be greater in HIV-positive patients and in several reports the mortality risk is also higher, major increases in blood-stage parasitaemias that one might expect are not generally observed. The results of surveys are summarized and discussed in the context of what is known of malaria and HIV immunology in the light of recent data from humans as well as animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ.
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