1
|
Diallo I, Ouédraogo S, Sawadogo A, Ouédraogo GA, Diendéré EA, Zoungrana J, Sondo AK, Bognounou R, Savadogo M, Poda A, Drabo YJ. Future of HIV2 and HIV2 + 1 Infected Patients Treated with Antiretrovirals Followed at the Day Hospital HIV Care Unit from 2011 to 2015. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2022; 21:23259582221143675. [PMID: 36474417 PMCID: PMC9732798 DOI: 10.1177/23259582221143675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: HIV2 is endemic in West Africa. In Burkina Faso, its prevalence was estimated at 2%. The aim of this work was to evaluate the follow-up of patients and also to contribute to the availability of data. Methods: We involved 18 years or older. Infection was screened according to the national algorithm. A cross- sectional study from first June 2017 to 31 December 2017 was performed. For each patient, sociodemographic, clinical, biological, therapeutic and evolution data were collected and analyzed. Results: The proportion of patients infected with HIV2 (n = 48; 1.7%) and HIV2 + 1 (n = 67; 2.4%) was 4.3%. The sex rat mean age was 50.3 ± 8.5 years. The combination of 2INTI + LPV/r was the most prescribed (n = 73; 63.5%). The average gain of LTCD4 has evolved from + 236 cells/mm3 in 2011 to + 364 cells/mm3 in 2015. The retention rate at grade 5 was about 70%. Conclusion: The immunological and clinic response of the patients was satisfactory. More than half of the patients remained in the continuum of care after five years of follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismaël Diallo
- Department of Internal Medicine/Day Hospital (HIV Department),
Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Smaïla Ouédraogo
- Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Public Health Department, Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Sawadogo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Regional Teaching Hospital of
Ouahigouya, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso,Abdoulaye Sawadogo, Regional Teaching
Hospital of Ouahigouya, Department of Infectious Diseases, 04 BP : 698
Ouagadougou 04, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Eric Arnaud Diendéré
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teaching Hospital of Bogodogo,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Zoungrana
- Superior Institute of Health Sciences, Department of infectious
diseases and tropical medicine, Nazi Boni University, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina
Faso
| | - Apoline Kongnimissom Sondo
- Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Department of Infectious Diseases, Yalgado Ouedraogo University
Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Réné Bognounou
- Department of Internal Medicine/Day Hospital (HIV Department),
Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamoudou Savadogo
- Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Department of Infectious Diseases, Yalgado Ouedraogo University
Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Armel Poda
- Superior Institute of Health Sciences, Department of infectious
diseases and tropical medicine, Nazi Boni University, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina
Faso
| | - Youssouf Joseph Drabo
- Department of Internal Medicine/Day Hospital (HIV Department),
Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ceccarelli G, Giovanetti M, Sagnelli C, Ciccozzi A, d’Ettorre G, Angeletti S, Borsetti A, Ciccozzi M. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111377. [PMID: 34832533 PMCID: PMC8621479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1-positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. Armanni 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-9187
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas HIV-1 has spread globally, HIV-2 is mainly found in West Africa where dual HIV-1/HIV-2 coinfection is nowadays uncommon. Herein, we report the rate, main characteristics, and treatment outcomes of all dually infected patients living in Spain. METHODS We identified retrospectively all persons coinfected with HIV-1 recorded at the Spanish HIV-2 registry. Dual infection had been confirmed using PCR in plasma and/or cells, and/or using discriminatory serological tests. RESULTS From a total of 373 individuals with HIV-2 recorded at the Spanish registry, 34 (9.1%) were coinfected with HIV-1. Compared with HIV-2 monoinfected persons, dually infected patients were more often male (67.6%), presented with lower median CD4 cell counts (204 cells/μl), and had developed more frequently AIDS events (26.5%). Although 61.7% came from West Africa, 6 (17.6%) were native Spaniards. HIV-1 non-B subtypes were recognized in 75% of coinfected patients, being the most prevalent CRF02_AG. At baseline, 45% of dually infected patients had undetectable plasma HIV-2 RNA. After a median follow-up of 32 (13-48) months on antiretroviral therapy, dually infected patients achieved undetectable viremia in 85% for HIV-1, in 80% for HIV-2; and in 70% for both viruses. Median CD4 cell counts reached up to 418 cells/μl. CONCLUSION Roughly 9% of individuals with HIV-2 infection living in Spain are coinfected with HIV-1. Overall, 70% of dually infected patients achieved viral suppression for both viruses under antiretroviral therapy. Given the relatively large population of West Africans living in Spain and the continuous migration flow from HIV-2 endemic areas, HIV-1/HIV-2 coinfection should always be excluded at first diagnosis in all HIV-seroreactive persons.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang M, Steinmetzer K, Raugi DN, Smith RA, Ba S, Sall F, Seydi M, Niang A, Sall EI, Cisse O, Rödel K, Coombs RW, Gottlieb GS. Detection and differentiation of HIV-2 using the point-of-care Alere q HIV-1/2 Detect nucleic acid test. J Clin Virol 2017; 97:22-25. [PMID: 29096389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Alere q HIV-1/2 Detect test (Alere Detect) is a rapid point-of-care (POC) nucleic acid test (NAT) that can detect and differentiate HIV-1 and HIV-2 in 25-μL whole blood or plasma samples. The Alere Detect test has been validated for early infant diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, and it is the only POC NAT device currently known to detect HIV-2, which is endemic in West Africa. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the sensitivity detecting HIV-2 RNA and the differential performance of the Alere Detect. STUDY DESIGN Plasma samples from non-HIV (n=4), HIV-1 (n=22), HIV-2 (n=111; 29 Group A, 2 Group B) and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually-seropositive (n=8) participants in Senegal and the United States and HIV-2 reference strains (3 Group A, 1 Group B) were tested by Alere Detect, Abbott RealTime HIV-1 and the University of Washington HIV-2 RNA quantitative (UW HIV-2) assays. RESULTS The Alere Detect correctly differentiated between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in all 80 (100%) patient samples with detectable HIV RNA (n=20 HIV-1, 60 HIV-2). The overall HIV-2 detection concordance between Alere Detect and the UW HIV-2 assay was 68% (54/80); the concordance improved to 100% (30/30) for samples with HIV-2 RNA >300copies/mL. Neither assay detected HIV-2 RNA in 31 of 111 HIV-2 seropositive samples. CONCLUSIONS The Alere Detect test is a novel device detecting HIV RNA in clinical samples, and differentiating HIV-1 and HIV-2 with a high level of specificity. It has the potential for use as a rapid HIV-2 NAT-based diagnosis tool in resource-limited settings and to confirm HIV-2 infection for the CDC 4th generation HIV-1/2 diagnostic algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Dana N Raugi
- Department of Medicine/Allergy & Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert A Smith
- Department of Medicine/Allergy & Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Selly Ba
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHNU de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatima Sall
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHNU de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHNU de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert W Coombs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine/Allergy & Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine/Allergy & Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Whitham HK, Hawes SE, Chu H, Oakes JM, Lifson AR, Kiviat NB, Sow PS, Gottlieb GS, Ba S, Sy MP, Kulasingam SL. A Comparison of the Natural History of HPV Infection and Cervical Abnormalities among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women in Senegal, Africa. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:886-894. [PMID: 28515108 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is evidence of an interaction between HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV) resulting in increased HPV-associated morbidity and cancer mortality among HIV-positive women. This study aims to determine how the natural history of cervical HPV infection differs by HIV status.Methods: A total of 1,320 women (47% were positive for HIV-1 and/or HIV-2) were followed for an average of two years in Senegal, West Africa between 1994 and 2010. Cytology (with a sub-sample of histology) and HPV DNA testing were performed at approximately 4-month intervals yielding data from over 7,900 clinic visits. Competing risk modeling was used to estimate rates for transitioning between three clinically relevant natural history stages: Normal, HPV, and HSIL (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions). Among HIV-positive women, exploratory univariate analyses were conducted examining the impact of HPV type, infection with multiple HPV types, HIV type, CD4+ count, and age.Results: HIV-positive women had higher rates of progression and lower rates of regression compared with HIV-negative women (i.e., adverse transitions). HIV-positive women had a 2.55 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.69-3.86; P < 0.0001] times higher rate of progression from HPV to HSIL than HIV-negative women (with 24-month absolute risks of 0.18 and 0.07, respectively). Among HIV-positive women, HPV-16/18 infection and CD4+ count <200/mm3 were associated with adverse transitions.Conclusions: Adverse HIV effects persist throughout HPV natural history stages.Impact: In the limited-resource setting of sub-Saharan Africa where cervical cancer screening is not widely available, the high-risk population of HIV-positive women may be ideal for targeted screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 886-94. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary K Whitham
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Stephen E Hawes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Haitao Chu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - J Michael Oakes
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alan R Lifson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nancy B Kiviat
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Papa Salif Sow
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/CERID and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Selly Ba
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Marie P Sy
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Shalini L Kulasingam
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sousa JD, Temudo MP, Hewlett BS, Camacho RJ, Müller V, Vandamme AM. Male Circumcision and the Epidemic Emergence of HIV-2 in West Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166805. [PMID: 27926927 PMCID: PMC5142780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemic HIV-2 (groups A and B) emerged in humans circa 1930-40. Its closest ancestors are SIVsmm infecting sooty mangabeys from southwestern Côte d'Ivoire. The earliest large-scale serological surveys of HIV-2 in West Africa (1985-91) show a patchy spread. Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea-Bissau had the highest prevalence rates by then, and phylogeographical analysis suggests they were the earliest epicenters. Wars and parenteral transmission have been hypothesized to have promoted HIV-2 spread. Male circumcision (MC) is known to correlate negatively with HIV-1 prevalence in Africa, but studies examining this issue for HIV-2 are lacking. METHODS We reviewed published HIV-2 serosurveys for 30 cities of all West African countries and obtained credible estimates of real prevalence through Bayesian estimation. We estimated past MC rates of 218 West African ethnic groups, based on ethnographic literature and fieldwork. We collected demographic tables specifying the ethnic partition in cities. Uncertainty was incorporated by defining plausible ranges of parameters (e.g. timing of introduction, proportion circumcised). We generated 1,000 sets of past MC rates per city using Latin Hypercube Sampling with different parameter combinations, and explored the correlation between HIV-2 prevalence and estimated MC rate (both logit-transformed) in the 1,000 replicates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our survey reveals that, in the early 20th century, MC was far less common and geographically more variable than nowadays. HIV-2 prevalence in 1985-91 and MC rates in 1950 were negatively correlated (Spearman rho = -0.546, IQR: -0.553--0.546, p≤0.0021). Guinea-Bissau and Côte d'Ivoire cities had markedly lower MC rates. In addition, MC was uncommon in rural southwestern Côte d'Ivoire in 1930.The differential HIV-2 spread in West Africa correlates with different historical MC rates. We suggest HIV-2 only formed early substantial foci in cities with substantial uncircumcised populations. Lack of MC in rural areas exposed to bushmeat may have had a role in successful HIV-2 emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Dinis Sousa
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marina Padrão Temudo
- Department of Natural Resources, Environment, and Land, CEF, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Barry Stephen Hewlett
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Jorge Camacho
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Parmenides Center for the Conceptual Foundations of Science, Pullach/Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gautheret-Dejean A, Bocobza J, Brunet S, Damond F, Plantier JC, Barin F. Performance of rapid tests for discrimination between HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 infections. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2061-6. [PMID: 26081750 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Major differences exist between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in terms of epidemiology, pathogenicity, sensitivity to antiretrovirals. Determining the type of HIV infecting a patient is essential for management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of simple/rapid tests to differentiate between HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 infections. We analyzed 116 samples from patients infected with HIV-1 (n = 61), HIV-2 (n = 47), or HIV-1+HIV-2 (n = 8) at the chronic stage of infection. Each sample was tested with SD Bioline HIV-1/2 3.0, ImmunoFlow HIV1-HIV2, ImmunoFlow HIV1-HIV2 (WB), Genie III HIV-1/HIV-2, ImmunoComb HIV1&2 BiSpot. HIV-1, or HIV-2 single infection was identified with a sensitivity ranging from 90% to 100%. The ability to detect dual infection was less sensitive (12.5-100%). SD Bioline HIV-1/2 3.0, ImmunoFlow HIV1-HIV2, and Genie III were unable to detect HIV-1 group O infection in one, one and two cases, respectively. The specificity of detection of HIV-1, HIV-2, or HIV-1+HIV-2 antibodies differed greatly (36-100%). ImmunoComb BiSpot had the highest sensitivity values (99-100% for HIV-1, 98% for HIV-2, and 75-87.5% for dual infection) and specificity values (94-100% for HIV-1, 100% for HIV-2, and 97-100% for dual infection). In conclusion, this study showed that no single rapid test had a perfect sensitivity/specificity ratio, particularly in the case of the double infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Gautheret-Dejean
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMRS CR7, INSERM U1135, Persistent Viral Infections, CIMI-Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université René Descartes Paris 5, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Bocobza
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, UMRS CR7, INSERM U1135, Persistent Viral Infections, CIMI-Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Brunet
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Centre National de Référence du VIH, Tours, France
| | - Florence Damond
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Nord-Val de Seine, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Plantier
- Université de Rouen, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Charles Nicolle and EA2656-GRAM, Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence du VIH, Rouen, France
| | - Francis Barin
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, Centre National de Référence du VIH, Tours, France.,Université François-Rabelais, INSERM UMR966, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raugi DN, Gottlieb GS, Sow PS, Toure M, Sall F, Gaye A, N’doye I, Kiviat NB, Hawes SE. HIV-1 outcompetes HIV-2 in dually infected Senegalese individuals with low CD4⁺ cell counts. AIDS 2013; 27:2441-50. [PMID: 23665777 PMCID: PMC4043222 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328362e856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dual infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2, which is not uncommon in West Africa, has implications for transmission, progression, and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Few studies have examined viral dynamics in this setting. Our objective was to directly compare HIV-1 and HIV-2 viral loads and to examine whether this relationship is associated with CD4⁺ cell count. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective analysis of data from observational cohort studies. METHODS We compared HIV-1 and HIV-2 viral loads from 65 dually infected, ART-naive Senegalese individuals. Participants provided blood, oral fluid, and cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) or semen samples for virologic and immunologic testing. We assessed relationships between HIV-1 and HIV-2 levels using linear regression with generalized estimating equations to account for multiple study visits. RESULTS After adjusting for CD4⁺ cell count, age, sex, and commercial sex work, HIV-1 RNA levels were significantly higher than HIV-2 levels in semen, CVL, and oral fluids. Despite similar peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA levels among individuals with CD4⁺ cell counts above 500 cells/μl, individuals with CD4⁺ cell counts below 500 cells/μl had higher HIV-1 and lower HIV-2 DNA levels. Individuals with high CD4⁺ cell counts had higher mean HIV-1 plasma RNA viral loads than HIV-2, with HIV-1 levels significantly higher and HIV-2 levels trending toward lower mean viral loads among individuals with low CD4⁺ cell counts. CONCLUSION Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that with disease progression, HIV-1 outcompetes HIV-2 in dually infected individuals. This finding helps explain differences in prevalence and outcomes between HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-dual infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana N. Raugi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Geoffrey S. Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Papa S. Sow
- Clinique des Maladies Infectieuses Ibrahima DIOP Mar, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Macoumba Toure
- Clinique des Maladies Infectieuses Ibrahima DIOP Mar, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatima Sall
- Clinique des Maladies Infectieuses Ibrahima DIOP Mar, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Awa Gaye
- Department of Dentistry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Nancy B. Kiviat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen E. Hawes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Human endogenous retrovirus K Gag coassembles with HIV-1 Gag and reduces the release efficiency and infectivity of HIV-1. J Virol 2012; 86:11194-208. [PMID: 22855497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00301-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which are remnants of ancestral retroviruses integrated into the human genome, are defective in viral replication. Because activation of HERV-K and coexpression of this virus with HIV-1 have been observed during HIV-1 infection, it is conceivable that HERV-K could affect HIV-1 replication, either by competition or by cooperation, in cells expressing both viruses. In this study, we found that the release efficiency of HIV-1 Gag was 3-fold reduced upon overexpression of HERV-K(CON) Gag. In addition, we observed that in cells expressing Gag proteins of both viruses, HERV-K(CON) Gag colocalized with HIV-1 Gag at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, HERV-K(CON) Gag was found to coassemble with HIV-1 Gag, as demonstrated by (i) processing of HERV-K(CON) Gag by HIV-1 protease in virions, (ii) coimmunoprecipitation of virion-associated HERV-K(CON) Gag with HIV-1 Gag, and (iii) rescue of a late-domain-defective HERV-K(CON) Gag by wild-type (WT) HIV-1 Gag. Myristylation-deficient HERV-K(CON) Gag localized to nuclei, suggesting cryptic nuclear trafficking of HERV-K Gag. Notably, unlike WT HERV-K(CON) Gag, HIV-1 Gag failed to rescue myristylation-deficient HERV-K(CON) Gag to the plasma membrane. Efficient colocalization and coassembly of HIV-1 Gag and HERV-K Gag also required nucleocapsid (NC). These results provide evidence that HIV-1 Gag heteromultimerizes with HERV-K Gag at the plasma membrane, presumably through NC-RNA interaction. Intriguingly, HERV-K Gag overexpression reduced not only HIV-1 release efficiency but also HIV-1 infectivity in a myristylation- and NC-dependent manner. Altogether, these results indicate that Gag proteins of endogenous retroviruses can coassemble with HIV-1 Gag and modulate the late phase of HIV-1 replication.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang M, Gottlieb GS, Dragavon JA, Cherne SL, Kenney DL, Hawes SE, Smith RA, Kiviat NB, Sow PS, Coombs RW. Validation for clinical use of a novel HIV-2 plasma RNA viral load assay using the Abbott m2000 platform. J Clin Virol 2012; 55:128-33. [PMID: 22832059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal care of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) requires an accurate assessment of HIV-2 plasma viral load (VL), but no clinically approved quantitative HIV-2 RNA VL assay exists. OBJECTIVES To validate a novel quantitative HIV-2 RNA assay for clinical and research use. STUDY DESIGN The Abbott m2000sp/rt platform was adapted for quantification of HIV-2 RNA in plasma. Amplification targeted a region of the long terminal repeat conserved in Group A and B HIV-2. Electron microscopy-counted-HIV-2 standards, the WHO/NIBSC HIV-2 International Standard and clinical specimens (N=162) were used to determine the precision, sensitivity, specificity, linear range, accuracy, and clinical performance of the assay. RESULTS The quantitative linear range of the HIV-2 RNA assay was 10-1,000,000 copies/mL (R(2)>0.99), with a limit of detection of 8 copies/mL (95% CI, 5-18 copies/mL). The assay did not cross-react with HIV-1, and quantification of HIV-2 RNA was not affected by the presence of >5 log(10)HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. The total standard deviation (SD) and intra- and inter-run SD were 0.095, 0.093 and 0.162, respectively, at nominal inputs of 3.7, 1.7 and 1.0 log(10)HIV-2 RNA copies/mL. The HIV-2 WHO/NIBSC International Standard (1000 IU) was shown to contain 152 RNA copies/mL (95% CI 141-163). Overall, HIV-2 RNA was quantified at ≥10 copies/mL from 86 (53%) clinical specimens (median, 2.24 log(10) copies/mL; range 10-16,870), and nine specimens (6%) had HIV-2 RNA detected at <10 copies/mL. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a highly sensitive HIV-2 VL assay that is suitable for clinical and research use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Virology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thushan I de Silva, Carla van Tienen, Sarah L Rowland-Jones,. Dual infection with HIV-1 and HIV-2: double trouble or destructive interference? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 and HIV-2 are two related retroviruses and, in regions where both infections are endemic, HIV-1/2 dual infection can occur. Several important questions arise about the interplay between these two viruses in a single host, including: what is the potential for HIV-1–HIV-2 recombinants to form, are there synergistic or inhibitory mechanisms that result in distinct viral replication dynamics when compared with HIV-1 or HIV-2 monoinfected individuals and what are the factors to consider when choosing antiretroviral regimes in HIV-1/2 dual-infected individuals? We summarize the relevant evidence to answer these questions, as well as indentify trends in prevalence and how the natural history of HIV-1/2 dual infection differs from that of HIV-1 or HIV-2 monoinfection. The epidemiological and in vitro evidence pertaining to the question of whether HIV-2 infection may protect against HIV-1 superinfection will also be addressed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Motomura K. [Analysis of genetic recombination between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2]. KANSENSHOGAKU ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2009; 83:81-93. [PMID: 19364034 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.83.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that one million people are dually infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-I (HIV-1) and type-II (HIV-2) in West Africa and parts of India. HIV-1 and HIV-2 use the same receptor and coreceptors for entry into cells, and thus target the same cell populations in the host. Additionally, we first examined whether RNAs from HIV-1 and HIV-2 can be copackaged into the same virion. Therefore these properties suggest that in the dually infected population, it is likely that some cells can be infected by both HIV-1 and HIV-2, thereby providing opportunities for these two viruses to interact with each other. We constructed recombination assay system for measurement recombination frequencies and analyzed recombination rate between HIV-1 and HIV-2. We used modified near-full-length viruses that each contained a green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) with a different inactivating mutation. Thus, a functional gfp could be reconstituted via recombination, which was used to detect copackaging of HIV-1 and HIV-2 RNAs. In this study, approximately 0.2% of infection events generated the GFP phenotype. Therefore, the appearance of the GFP+ phenotype in the current system is approximately 35-fold lower than that between two homologous HIV-1 or HIV-2 viruses. We then mapped the general structures of the recombinant viruses and characterized the recombination junctions by DNA sequencing. We observed several different recombination patterns including those only had crossovers in gfp. The most common hybrid genomes had heterologous LTRs. Although infrequent, crossovers were also identified in the viral sequences. Such chimeric HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses have yet to be observed in the infected population. It is unclear whether the lack of observed chimeras is due to the divergence between HIV-1 and HIV-2 being too great for such an event to occur, or whether such events could occur but have not yet been observed. Given the number of coinfected people, the potential for interactions between HIV-1 and HIV-2 should not be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Motomura
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Among the 3700 HIV-infected patients followed in our institution, 17 with regular clinical, immunological and virological follow-up and identified as being dually seropositive for HIV-1 and HIV-2 were included in this study. Antiretroviral therapy seemed to be as effective, in terms of virological and immunological response, as in patients infected by HIV-1 alone. Nevertheless, the observed selection of HIV-2 protease resistance mutations in two cases underlines the importance of selecting drugs that are active on both viruses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Capsid proteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac can coassemble into mature cores of infectious viruses. J Virol 2008; 82:8253-61. [PMID: 18579598 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02663-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that the Gag polyproteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 can coassemble and functionally complement each other. During virion maturation, the Gag polyproteins undergo proteolytic cleavage to release mature proteins including capsid (CA), which refolds and forms the outer shell of a cone-shaped mature core. Less than one-half of the CA proteins present within the HIV-1 virion are required to form the mature core. Therefore, it is unclear whether the mature core in virions containing both HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag consists of CA proteins from a single virus or from both viruses. To determine whether CA proteins from two different viruses can coassemble into mature cores of infectious viruses, we exploited the specificity of the tripartite motif 5alpha protein from the rhesus monkey (rhTRIM5alpha) for cores containing HIV-1 CA (hCA) but not the simian immunodeficiency virus SIV(mac) CA protein (sCA). If hCA and sCA cannot coassemble into the same core when equal amounts of sCA and hCA are coexpressed, the infectivities of such virus preparations in cells should be inhibited less than twofold by rhTRIM5alpha. However, if hCA and sCA can coassemble into the same core structure to form a mixed core, rhTRIM5alpha would be able to recognize such cores and significantly restrict virus infectivity. We examined the restriction phenotypes of viruses containing both hCA and sCA. Our results indicate that hCA and sCA can coassemble into the same mature core to produce infectious virus. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of functional coassembly of heterologous CA protein into the retroviral core.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gottlieb GS, Hawes SE, Wong KG, Raugi DN, Agne HD, Critchlow CW, Kiviat NB, Sow PS. HIV type 2 protease, reverse transcriptase, and envelope viral variation in the PBMC and genital tract of ARV-naive women in Senegal. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:857-64. [PMID: 18544024 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique viral variants and resistance mutations may occur in the genital tract of HIV-2 ARV-naive infected women. We sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and envelope (ENV) from PBMC and genital tract samples from four ARV-naive women in Senegal. HIV-2 protease polymorphisms that predict HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI) resistance were common. Two subjects had protease mutations (T77I and I64V) in genital tract samples that were not found in PBMCs. One subject had the HIV-2 reverse transcriptase M184I mutation in CVL DNA (but not PBMCs) that is known to confer 3TC/FTC resistance in HIV-2. In another subject, the reverse transcriptase A62V mutation was also found in CVL-RNA but not PBMCs. We found no significant difference in ENV variants between PBMCs and the genital tract. HIV-2 RT and PR mutations in the genital tract of ARV-naive females may have implications for transmitted HIV-2 resistance and ARV therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S. Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Stephen E. Hawes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Kim G. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Dana N. Raugi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Cathy W. Critchlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Nancy B. Kiviat
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Owen SM, Yang C, Spira T, Ou CY, Pau CP, Parekh BS, Candal D, Kuehl D, Kennedy MS, Rudolph D, Luo W, Delatorre N, Masciotra S, Kalish ML, Cowart F, Barnett T, Lal R, McDougal JS. Alternative algorithms for human immunodeficiency virus infection diagnosis using tests that are licensed in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1588-95. [PMID: 18322061 PMCID: PMC2395119 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02196-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States has traditionally relied on a sequential two-test algorithm: an initial screen with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and reflex testing of EIA-reactive specimens with a more specific supplemental test such as Western blotting or immunofluorescence. The supplemental tests are tedious, subjective, and expensive. In addition, there have been major improvements in the performance and accuracy of the EIA tests as well as the introduction of rapid serologic tests (RT) and HIV nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). Related to these improvements is the possibility that alternative algorithms using combinations of currently approved HIV tests may function as well as if not better than the current algorithm, with more flexibility, improved accuracy, and lower cost. To this end, we evaluated the performance of 12 currently licensed tests and 1 in-house HIV test (6 EIA, 4 RT, and 3 NAAT) on panels of plasma samples from HIV-infected (n = 621 HIV type 1 [HIV-1] and 34 HIV-2) and uninfected (n = 513) people and of sequential specimens from people early in seroconversion (183 specimens from 15 patients). Test combinations were analyzed in two dual-test (sensitivity-optimized and specificity-optimized) algorithms and in a three-test (tie-breaking) algorithm, and performance was compared to the conventional algorithm. The results indicate that alternative algorithm strategies with currently licensed tests compare favorably with the conventional algorithm in detecting and confirming established HIV infection. Furthermore, there was a lower frequency of discordant or indeterminate results that require follow-up testing, and there was improved detection of early infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Owen
- HIV Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Epidemiology, Natural History and Treatment of HIV-2 Infections. GLOBAL HIV/AIDS MEDICINE 2008. [PMCID: PMC7151785 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2882-6.50060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Genetic recombination between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, two distinct human lentiviruses. J Virol 2007; 82:1923-33. [PMID: 18057256 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01937-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 are genetically distinct viruses that each can cause AIDS. Approximately 1 million people are infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Additionally, these two viruses use the same receptor and coreceptors and can therefore infect the same target cell populations. To explore potential genetic interactions, we first examined whether RNAs from HIV-1 and HIV-2 can be copackaged into the same virion. We used modified near-full-length viruses that each contained a green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) with a different inactivating mutation. Thus, a functional gfp could be reconstituted via recombination, which was used to detect the copackaging of HIV-1 and HIV-2 RNAs. The GFP-positive (GFP(+)) phenotype was detected in approximately 0.2% of the infection events, which was 35-fold lower than the intrasubtype HIV-1 rates. We isolated and characterized 54 GFP(+) single-cell clones and determined that all of them contained proviruses with reconstituted gfp. We then mapped the general structures of the recombinant viruses and characterized the recombination junctions by DNA sequencing. We observed several different recombination patterns, including those that had crossovers only in gfp. The most common hybrid genomes had heterologous long terminal repeats. Although infrequent, crossovers in the viral sequences were also identified. Taken together, our study demonstrates that HIV-1 and HIV-2 can recombine, albeit at low frequencies. These observations indicate that multiple factors are likely to restrict the generation of viable hybrid HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses. However, considering the large coinfected human population and the high viral load in patients, these rare events could provide the basis for the generation of novel human immunodeficiency viruses.
Collapse
|
19
|
van der Kuyl AC, Cornelissen M. Identifying HIV-1 dual infections. Retrovirology 2007; 4:67. [PMID: 17892568 PMCID: PMC2045676 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is no exception to the phenomenon that a second, productive infection with another strain of the same virus is feasible. Experiments with RNA viruses have suggested that both coinfections (simultaneous infection with two strains of a virus) and superinfections (second infection after a specific immune response to the first infecting strain has developed) can result in increased fitness of the viral population. Concerns about dual infections with HIV are increasing. First, the frequent detection of superinfections seems to indicate that it will be difficult to develop a prophylactic vaccine. Second, HIV-1 superinfections have been associated with accelerated disease progression, although this is not true for all persons. In fact, superinfections have even been detected in persons controlling their HIV infections without antiretroviral therapy. Third, dual infections can give rise to recombinant viruses, which are increasingly found in the HIV-1 epidemic. Recombinants could have increased fitness over the parental strains, as in vitro models suggest, and could exhibit increased pathogenicity. Multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains could recombine to produce a pan-resistant, transmittable virus. We will describe in this review what is presently known about super- and re-infection among ambient viral infections, as well as the first cases of HIV-1 superinfection, including HIV-1 triple infections. The clinical implications, the impact of the immune system, and the effect of anti-retroviral therapy will be covered, as will as the timing of HIV superinfection. The methods used to detect HIV-1 dual infections will be discussed in detail. To increase the likelihood of detecting a dual HIV-1 infection, pre-selection of patients can be done by serotyping, heteroduplex mobility assays (HMA), counting the degenerate base codes in the HIV-1 genotyping sequence, or surveying unexpected increases in the viral load during follow-up. The actual demonstration of dual infections involves a great deal of additional research to completely characterize the patient's viral quasispecies. The identification of a source partner would of course confirm the authenticity of the second infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Colson P, Solas C, Moreau J, Motte A, Henry M, Tamalet C. Impaired quantification of plasma HIV-1 RNA with a commercialized real-time PCR assay in a couple of HIV-1-infected individuals. J Clin Virol 2007; 39:226-9. [PMID: 17532257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Colson
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Fédération Hospitalière de Bactériologie-Virologie Clinique et d'Hygiène, CHRU Timone, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zheng NN, McElrath MJ, Sow PS, Hawes SE, Diallo-Agne H, Stern JE, Li F, Mesher AL, Robinson AD, Gottlieb GS, Huang Y, Kiviat NB. Role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific T-cell immunity in control of dual HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. J Virol 2007; 81:9061-71. [PMID: 17582003 PMCID: PMC1951418 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00117-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive immune dysfunction and AIDS develop in most cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection but in only 25 to 30% of persons with HIV-2 infection. However, the natural history and immunologic responses of individuals with dual HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection are largely undefined. Based on our previous findings, we hypothesized that among patients with dual infection the control of HIV-1 is associated with the ability to respond to HIV-2 Gag epitopes and to maintain HIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses. To test this, we compared the HIV-specific ex vivo IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay responses of 19 dually infected individuals to those of persons infected with HIV-1 or HIV-2 only. Further, we assessed the functional profile of HIV Gag-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from nine HIV dually infected patients by using a multicolor intracellular cytokine staining assay. As determined by ELISPOT assay, the magnitude and frequency of IFN-gamma-secreting T-cell responses to gene products of HIV-1 were higher than those to gene products of HIV-2 (2.64 versus 1.53 log(10) IFN-gamma spot-forming cells/10(6) cells [90% versus 63%, respectively].) Further, HIV-1 Env-, Gag-, and Nef- and HIV-2 Gag-specific responses were common; HIV-2 Nef-specific responses were rare. HIV-specific CD4(+) T helper responses were detected in nine of nine dually infected subjects, with the majority of these T cells producing gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and, to a lesser extent, interleukin-2. The HIV-1 plasma viral load was inversely correlated with HIV-2 Gag-specific IFN-gamma-/TNF-alpha-secreting CD4(+) and HIV-2 Gag-specific IFN-gamma-secreting CD8(+) T cells. In conclusion, the T-cell memory responses associated with containment of single HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection play a similar significant role in the immune control of dual HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie N Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rousseau CM, Learn GH, Bhattacharya T, Nickle DC, Heckerman D, Chetty S, Brander C, Goulder PJR, Walker BD, Kiepiela P, Korber BT, Mullins JI. Extensive intrasubtype recombination in South African human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C infections. J Virol 2007; 81:4492-500. [PMID: 17314156 PMCID: PMC1900147 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02050-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains containing sequences from different viral genetic subtypes (intersubtype) and different lineages from within the same subtype (intrasubtype) have been observed. A consequence of recombination can be the distortion of the phylogenetic signal. Several intersubtype recombinants have been identified; however, less is known about the frequency of intrasubtype recombination. For this study, near-full-length HIV-1 subtype C genomes from 270 individuals were evaluated for the presence of intrasubtype recombination. A sliding window schema (window, 2 kb; step, 385 bp) was used to partition the aligned sequences. The Shimodaira-Hasegawa test detected significant topological incongruence in 99.6% of the comparisons of the maximum-likelihood trees generated from each sequence partition, a result that could be explained by recombination. Using RECOMBINE, we detected significant levels of recombination using five random subsets of the sequences. With a set of 23 topologically consistent sequences used as references, bootscanning followed by the interactive informative site test defined recombination breakpoints. Using two multiple-comparison correction methods, 47% of the sequences showed significant evidence of recombination in both analyses. Estimated evolutionary rates were revised from 0.51%/year (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.53%) with all sequences to 0.46%/year (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.48%) with the putative recombinants removed. The timing of the subtype C epidemic origin was revised from 1961 (95% CI, 1947 to 1962) with all sequences to 1958 (95% CI, 1949 to 1960) with the putative recombinants removed. Thus, intrasubtype recombinants are common within the subtype C epidemic and these impact analyses of HIV-1 evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Rousseau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Boyko V, Leavitt M, Gorelick R, Fu W, Nikolaitchik O, Pathak VK, Nagashima K, Hu WS. Coassembly and complementation of Gag proteins from HIV-1 and HIV-2, two distinct human pathogens. Mol Cell 2006; 23:281-7. [PMID: 16857594 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one million people in the world are dually infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2. To identify potential interactions between these two human pathogens, we examined whether HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag proteins can coassemble and functionally complement each other. We generated HIV-1- and HIV-2-based vectors with mutations in Gag; compared with wild-type vectors, these mutants had drastically decreased viral titers. Coexpression of the mutant HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag could generate infectious viruses; furthermore, heterologous complementation in certain combinations showed efficiency similar to homologous complementation. Additionally, we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis to directly demonstrate that HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag can interact and coassemble. Taken together, our results indicate that HIV-1 and HIV-2 Gag polyproteins can coassemble and functionally complement each other during virus replication; to our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of its kind. These studies have important implications for AIDS treatment and the evolution of primate lentiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Boyko
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marcelino JM, Barroso H, Gonçalves F, Silva SM, Novo C, Gomes P, Camacho R, Taveira N. Use of a new dual-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect and characterize the human antibody response to the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope gp125 and gp36 glycoproteins. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:607-11. [PMID: 16455923 PMCID: PMC1392652 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.2.607-611.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) envelope proteins, ELISA-HIV2, was developed with two new recombinant polypeptides, rpC2-C3 and rgp36, derived from the HIV-2 envelope. The diagnostic performance was determined with HIV-2, HIV-1, and HIV-1/2 samples. Both polypeptides showed 100% specificity. Clinical sensitivity was 100% for rgp36 and 93.4% for rpC2-C3. ELISA-HIV2 may be used for the specific diagnosis and confirmation of HIV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Maria Marcelino
- Unidade de Retrovírus e Infecções Associadas, Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zheng NN, Kiviat NB, Sow PS, Hawes SE, Wilson A, Diallo-Agne H, Critchlow CW, Gottlieb GS, Musey L, McElrath MJ. Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific T-cell responses in HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected individuals in Senegal. J Virol 2004; 78:13934-42. [PMID: 15564501 PMCID: PMC533895 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.24.13934-13942.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection is typically less virulent than HIV-1 infection, which may permit the host to mount more effective, sustained T-cell immunity. We investigated antiviral gamma interferon-secreting T-cell responses by an ex vivo Elispot assay in 68 HIV-1- and 55 HIV-2-infected Senegalese patients to determine if differences relate to more efficient HIV-2 control. Homologous HIV-specific T cells were detected in similar frequencies (79% versus 76%, P = 0.7) and magnitude (3.12 versus 3.08 log(10) spot-forming cells/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection, respectively. Gag-specific responses predominated in both groups (>/=64%), and significantly higher Nef-specific responses occurred in HIV-1-infected (54%) than HIV-2-infected patients (22%) (P < 0.001). Heterologous responses were more frequent in HIV-1 than in HIV-2 infection (46% versus 27%, P = 0.04), but the mean magnitude was similar. Total frequencies of HIV-specific responses in both groups did not correlate with plasma viral load and CD4(+) T-cell count in multivariate regression analyses. However, the magnitude of HIV-2 Gag-specific responses was significantly associated with lower plasma viremia in HIV-1-infected patients (P = 0.04). CD4(+) T-helper responses, primarily recognizing HIV-2 Gag, were detected in 48% of HIV-2-infected compared to only 8% of HIV-1-infected patients. These findings indicate that improved control of HIV-2 infection may relate to the contribution of T-helper cell responses. By contrast, the superior control of HIV-1 replication associated with HIV-2 Gag responses suggests that these may represent cross-reactive, higher-avidity T cells targeting epitopes within Gag regions of functional importance in HIV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N N Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Curlin ME, Gottlieb GS, Hawes SE, Sow PS, Ndoye I, Critchlow CW, Kiviat NB, Mullins JI. No evidence for recombination between HIV type 1 and HIV type 2 within the envelope region in dually seropositive individuals from Senegal. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:958-63. [PMID: 15585083 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2004.20.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the frequency of recombination between HIV-1 and HIV-2 in vivo during dual infection, we performed a retrospective analysis of blood samples from 46 dual HIV-1/HIV-2-seropositive adults for evidence of recombination. HIV viral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was subjected to two separate nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using opposing HIV-1 and HIV-2 primer pairs selected to flank a approximately 650-base pair region including the V3 loop of the envelope gene. In the first assay, primers were chosen to amplify recombinants with HIV-1 on the 5' end and HIV-2 on the 3' end, and in the second assay, primers were chosen to amplify recombinants with the opposite orientation. All PCR experiments were run in parallel with positive controls consisting of partial-length env fragments bearing a single central HIV-1/2 recombination site, and appropriate primer-binding sites on each end. The limit of detection for both assays was <10 copies of recombinant product per 150,000 cell equivalents of input PBMC DNA. In all 46 dually seropositive patients in this study, PCR screening of PBMC failed to detect evidence of HIV-1/HIV-2 recombinants in the C2-V5 env region. Although genetic recombination between HIV-1 and HIV-2 may occur, we conclude that any such events within env are exceedingly rare, and do not result in the outgrowth of recombinant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Curlin
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|