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Hokello J, Tyagi P, Dimri S, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. Comparison of the Biological Basis for Non-HIV Transmission to HIV-Exposed Seronegative Individuals, Disease Non-Progression in HIV Long-Term Non-Progressors and Elite Controllers. Viruses 2023; 15:1362. [PMID: 37376660 DOI: 10.3390/v15061362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESIs) are a small fraction of persons who are multiply exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but do not exhibit serological or clinical evidence of HIV infection. In other words, they are groups of people maintaining an uninfected status for a long time, even after being exposed to HIV several times. The long-term non-progressors (LTNPs), on the other hand, are a group of HIV-infected individuals (approx. 5%) who remain clinically and immunologically stable for an extended number of years without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Meanwhile, elite controllers are comprise a much lower number (0.5%) of HIV-infected persons who spontaneously and durably control viremia to below levels of detection for at least 12 months, even when using the most sensitive assays, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the absence of cART. Despite the fact that there is no universal agreement regarding the mechanisms by which these groups of individuals are able to control HIV infection and/or disease progression, there is a general consensus that the mechanisms of protection are multifaceted and include genetic, immunological as well as viral factors. In this review, we analyze and compare the biological factors responsible for the control of HIV in these unique groups of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hokello
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Education, Busitema University, Tororo P.O. Box 236, Uganda
| | - Priya Tyagi
- Cherry Hill East High School, 1750 Kresson Rd, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003, USA
| | - Shelly Dimri
- George C. Marshall High School, Fairfax County Public Schools, 7731 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22043, USA
| | | | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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The CpG dinucleotide content of the HIV-1 envelope gene may predict disease progression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8162. [PMID: 28811638 PMCID: PMC5557942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical course of HIV-1 varies greatly among infected individuals. Despite extensive research, virus factors associated with slow-progression remain poorly understood. Identification of unique HIV-1 genomic signatures linked to slow-progression remains elusive. We investigated CpG dinucleotide content in HIV-1 envelope gene as a potential virus factor in disease progression. We analysed 1808 HIV-1 envelope gene sequences from three independent longitudinal studies; this included 1280 sequences from twelve typical-progressors and 528 sequences from six slow-progressors. Relative abundance of CpG dinucleotides and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for CpG-containing codons among HIV-1 envelope gene sequences from typical-progressors and slow-progressors were analysed. HIV-1 envelope gene sequences from slow-progressors have high-CpG dinucleotide content and increased number of CpG-containing codons as compared to typical-progressors. Our findings suggest that observed differences in CpG-content between typical-progressors and slow-progressors is not explained by differences in the mononucleotide content. Our results also highlight that the high-CpG content in HIV-1 envelope gene from slow-progressors is observed immediately after seroconversion. Thus CpG dinucleotide content of HIV-1 envelope gene is a potential virus-related factor that is linked to disease progression. The CpG dinucleotide content of HIV-1 envelope gene may help predict HIV-1 disease progression at early stages after seroconversion.
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Ampol S, Pattanapanyasat K, Sutthent R, Permpikul P, Kantakamalakul W. Comprehensive investigation of common antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity antibody epitopes of HIV-1 CRF01_AE gp120. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1250-8. [PMID: 22288892 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism involves both innate and adaptive immune systems. While a number of epitope mapping studies of neutralizing (Nt) antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) against a variety of HIV-1 clades have been reported, there has been a paucity of similar studies aimed at identifying epitopes of ADCC-inducing antibodies. Herein we screened 35 sera from HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected blood donors for ADCC antibody activity against gp120 utilizing an EGFP-CEM-NK(r) flow cytometric assay. Eighteen sera with high ADCC antibody activity were then comprehensively examined for ADCC antibody epitopes using the HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE TH023 gp120 peptide set consisting of 126 peptides of 15 amino acids in length, overlapping by 11 amino acids. This peptide set was divided into five pools (E1-E5). Each positive peptide pool was further investigated for fine epitope mapping of ADCC antibody activity using a 5 by 5 peptide matrix format. Interestingly, six and three peptides from peptide pools E1 and E2, respectively, responded to at least 33.33% of the tested sera. These nine common ADCC epitopes were localized to the C1 and V2 region of gp120. Furthermore, 5/9 epitopes were also shown to serve as full or partial Nt antibody targets for HIV-1 subtypes B and CRF01_AE. We submit these data on epitope mapping of ADCC or dual ADCC-Nt antibodies against HIV-1 gp120 that should be considered in the formulation of vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silawun Ampol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Office for Research and Development, Center of Excellence for Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ruengpung Sutthent
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parichart Permpikul
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wannee Kantakamalakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Vincent N, Malvoisin E. Ability of antibodies specific to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein to block the fusion inhibitor T20 in a cell-cell fusion assay. Immunobiology 2012; 217:943-50. [PMID: 22387075 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The anti-HIV peptide T20 is able to inhibit the syncytia formation between CHO-WT and HeLa CD4(+)cells. We found that several sera of HIV-infected patients have the capacity to block the inhibition of fusion by T20. Suggesting that these sera may contain antibody which can block T20 access and prevent membrane fusion, we studied the ability of a panel of antibodies directed to different regions of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein to block the inhibition of fusion by T20. We found that the C1 and V3 loop regions of gp120 and the heptad repeat 1, the immunodominant C-C region and the Kennedy epitope of gp41 located in the intracytoplasmic tail were the target for antibodies capable to block the inhibition of syncytia formation by T20. We suggest that these antibodies have the capacity to counteract the anti-fusion effect of T20 by preventing its binding to the interaction sites. Further studies are needed to determine if some of them recognize new T20 interaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Vincent
- Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes, University of Saint-Etienne, 15 rue Ambroise Paré, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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Poropatich K, Sullivan DJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors: the viral, genetic and immunological basis for disease non-progression. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:247-68. [PMID: 21106806 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A small subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected, therapy-naive individuals--referred to as long-term non-progressors (LTNPs)--maintain a favourable course of infection, often being asymptomatic for many years with high CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell counts (>500 cells μl(-1)) and low plasma HIV-RNA levels (<10 ,000 copies ml(-1)). Research in the field has undergone considerable development in recent years and LTNPs offer a piece of the puzzle in understanding the ways that persons can naturally control HIV-1 infection. Their method of control is based on viral, genetic and immunological components. With respect to virological features, genomic sequencing has shown that some LTNPs are infected with attenuated strains of HIV-1 and harbour mutant nef, vpr, vif or rev genes that contain single nuclear polymorphisms, or less frequently, large deletions, in conserved domains. Studies have also shown that some LTNPs have unique genetic advantages, including heterozygosity for the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism, and have been found with excitatory mutations that upregulate the production of the chemokines that competitively inhibit HIV-1 binding to CCR5 or CXCR4. Lastly, immunological factors are crucial for providing LTNPs with a natural form of control, the most important being robust HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses that correlate with lower viral loads. Many LTNPs carry the HLA class I B57 allele that enhances presentation of antigenic peptides on the surface of infected CD4(+) cells to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. For these reasons, LTNPs serve as an ideal model for HIV-1 vaccine development due to their natural control of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Poropatich
- The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Weaver E, Camacho Z, Gao F. Similar T-cell immune responses induced by group M consensus env immunogens with wild-type or minimum consensus variable regions. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:577-84. [PMID: 20438382 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Consensus HIV-1 genes can decrease the genetic distances between candidate immunogens and field virus strains. To ensure the functionality and optimal presentation of immunologic epitopes, we generated two group-M consensus env genes that contain variable regions either from a wild-type B/C recombinant virus isolate (CON6) or minimal consensus elements (CON-S) in the V1, V2, V4, and V5 regions. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were primed twice with CON6, CON-S, and subtype control (92UG37_A and HXB2/Bal_B) DNA and boosted with recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV). Mean antibody titers against 92UG37_A, 89.6_B, 96ZM651_C, CON6, and CON-S Env protein were determined. Both CON6 and CON-S induced higher mean antibody titers against several of the proteins, as compared with the subtype controls. However, no significant differences were found in mean antibody titers in animals immunized with CON6 or CON-S. Cellular immune responses were measured by using five complete Env overlapping peptide sets: subtype A (92UG37_A), subtype B (MN_B, 89.6_B and SF162_B), and subtype C (Chn19_C). The intensity of the induced cellular responses was measured by using pooled Env peptides; T-cell epitopes were identified by using matrix peptide pools and individual peptides. No significant differences in T-cell immune-response intensities were noted between CON6 and CON-S immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. In BALB/c mice, 10 and eight nonoverlapping T-cell epitopes were identified in CON6 and CON-S, whereas eight epitopes were identified in 92UG37_A and HXB2/BAL_B. In C57BL/6 mice, nine and six nonoverlapping T-cell epitopes were identified after immunization with CON6 and CON-S, respectively, whereas only four and three were identified in 92UG37_A and HXB2/BAL_B, respectively. When combined together from both mouse strains, 18 epitopes were identified. The group M artificial consensus env genes, CON6 and CON-S, were equally immunogenic in breadth and intensity for inducing humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.A. Weaver
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Z.T. Camacho
- Department of Biology, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, New Mexico
| | - F. Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Dieltjens T, Heyndrickx L, Willems B, Gray E, Van Nieuwenhove L, Grupping K, Vanham G, Janssens W. Evolution of antibody landscape and viral envelope escape in an HIV-1 CRF02_AG infected patient with 4E10-like antibodies. Retrovirology 2009; 6:113. [PMID: 20003438 PMCID: PMC2801487 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A minority of HIV-1 infected individuals develop broad cross-neutralizing (BCN) plasma antibodies that are capable of neutralizing a spectrum of virus variants belonging to different HIV-1 clades. The aim of this study was to identify the targeted epitopes of an individual with BCN plasma antibodies, referred to as ITM4, using peptide phage display. This study also aimed to use the selected mimotopes as tools to unravel the evolution of the antibody landscape and the viral envelope escape which may provide us with new insights for vaccine design. Results This study led us to identify ITM4 plasma antibodies directed to the 4E10 epitope located in the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER). Analysis of antibody specificities revealed unusual immunogenic properties of the ITM4 viral envelope, as not only the V3 loop and the gp41 MPER but also the C1 and lentivirus lytic peptide 2 (LLP2) region seem to be targets of the immune system. The 4E10-like antibodies are consistently elicited during the 6-year follow up period. HIV-1 ITM4 pseudoviruses showed an increasing resistance over time to MPER monoclonal antibodies 4E10 and 2F5, although no changes are found in the critical positions of the epitope. Neutralization of COT6.15 (subtype C; 4E10-sensitive) pseudoviruses with alanine substitutions in the MPER region indicated an overlapping specificity of the 4E10 monoclonal antibody and the ITM4 follow up plasma. Moreover the 4E10-like antibodies of ITM4 contribute to the BCN capacity of the plasma. Conclusions Using ITM4 BCN plasma and peptide phage display technology, we have identified a patient with 4E10-like BCN antibodies. Our results indicate that the elicited 4E10-like antibodies play a role in virus neutralization. The viral RNA was isolated at different time points and the ITM4 envelope sequence analysis of both early (4E10-sensitive) and late (4E10-resistant) viruses suggest that other regions in the envelope, outside the MPER region, contribute to the accessibility and sensitivity of the 4E10 epitope. Including ITM4 specific HIV-1 Env properties in vaccine strategies may be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Dieltjens
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Sreepian A, Permmongkol J, Kantakamalakul W, Siritantikorn S, Tanlieng N, Sutthent R. HIV-1 neutralization by monoclonal antibody against conserved region 2 and patterns of epitope exposure on the surface of native viruses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2009; 7:5. [PMID: 19821992 PMCID: PMC2770445 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conserved neutralizing epitopes are considered to be a key role for eliciting broadly neutralizing antibody (NAb). Previously, two conserved neutralizing epitopes of HIV-1 CRF01_AE envelope were identified at amino acid 93-112 of the C1 (C1E) and at 218-239 of the C2 (C2E) regions. To access the potency of antibody directed against conserved epitopes, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to the C2E region was developed and characterized. METHODS The immunogenicity of two epitopes was examined by immunizing BALB/c mice with the matching synthetic peptides. One MAb, C2EB5, directed against peptide C2E, was generated by conventional methods, while C1E1 and C1E2 peptides induced slight antibody response in mice. The neutralizing activity of MAb C2EB5 was examined using a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) based method and various HIV-1 subtypes including A, B, C, D, and CRF01_AE; C2EB5 was compared with other known neutralizing MAbs (4E10, 447-52D) and with sCD4. The exposure of the C2 epitope on native virus was investigated using virus capture by these MAbs. RESULTS The MAb C2EB5 demonstrated cross-neutralization against various HIV-1 subtypes. The overall potency of MAb C2EB5 against 5 subtypes was ranked in the following order: subtype C> CRF01_AE> subtype D> subtype A> subtype B. The epitope exposure for MAb C2EB5 was also correlated with the neutralization properties of each subtype. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the cross-clade neutralizing activity of a MAb directed against an epitope located in the C2 region of the HIV-1 env and highlights differences in the exposure of antigenic epitopes on the surface of various HIV-1 subtypes. The epitope for this newly identified neutralizing MAb made against a subtype CRF01_AE peptide is particularly exposed in subtype C viral isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichai Sreepian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Kantakamalakul W, de Souza M, Bejrachandra S, Ampol S, Cox J, Sutthent R. Identification of a novel HIV type 1 CRF01_AE cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope restricted by an HLA-Cw0602 allele and a novel HLA-A0206/peptide restriction. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:1271-82. [PMID: 17209771 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes specific T cell responses to HIV-1 CRF01_AE Env and A Gag peptides in 20 HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected Thai individuals using an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. Twenty-six potentially novel HLA class I-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified in 14/20 subjects. Fine mapping analysis using the chromium release cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay revealed a novel HLA-Cw0602 restricted epitope of HIV-1 CRF01_AE Env (NAKTIIVHL) and a previously identified HIV-1 A Gag epitope (ATLEEMMTA) with a novel HLA-A0206 restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannee Kantakamalakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Kantakamalakul W, Pattanapanyasat K, Jongrakthaitae S, Assawadarachai V, Ampol S, Sutthent R. A novel EGFP-CEM-NKr flow cytometric method for measuring antibody dependent cell mediated-cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in HIV-1 infected individuals. J Immunol Methods 2006; 315:1-10. [PMID: 16884734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was stably expressed in CEM-NKr cell, a natural killer (NK) resistant human T-lymphoblastoid cell line, as EGFP-CEM-NKr cells. The cells pulsed with HIV-1 gp120 were then used as target cells for the measurement of antibody dependent cell mediated-cytotoxicity (ADCC) by flow cytometry. Compromised EGFP-CEM-NKr target cells stained with propidium iodide (PI) showed dual (green-red) fluorescent. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the sum of ADCC activity measured at 1-h and again at 2-h incubations by this flow cytometric method was comparable to the activity at 6 h by the standard chromium (51Cr) release assay (CRA). ADCC activity of HIV-1 seropositive sera measured by this new technique correlated strongly with that of CRA (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.832; p-value < 0.001 and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.903; p-value < 0.001). The EGFP-CEM-NKr stable cell line provides a novel method to measure ADCC activity to HIV-1 gp120 by flow cytometry without pre-staining or pre-labeling target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannee Kantakamalakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the worldwide disseminated causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a member of the Lentivirus genus of Retroviridae family and is grouped in two types named HIV-1 and HIV-2. These viruses have a notable ability to mutate and adapt to the new conditions of human environment. A large incidence of errors at the transcriptional level results in changes on the genetic bases during the reproductive cycle. The elevated genomic variability of HIV has carried important implications for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as epidemiologic investigations. The present review describes important definitions and geographical distribution of subtypes, circulating recombinant forms and other genomic variations of HIV. The present study aimed at leading students of Biomedical Sciences and public health laboratory staff guidance to general and specific knowledge about the genomic variability of the HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry I Z Requejo
- Seção de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 351, 01246-902 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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