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Husna A, Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Sikder MH, Islam MR, Rahman MT, Alam J, Ashour HM. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL): Challenges and Opportunities. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2937. [PMID: 38001938 PMCID: PMC10669213 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance, particularly from extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), poses a significant global health challenge as it frequently causes the failure of empirical antibiotic therapy, leading to morbidity and mortality. The E. coli- and K. pneumoniae-derived CTX-M genotype is one of the major types of ESBL. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are involved in spreading ESBL genes among the bacterial population. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of ESBL-E, there is a lack of specific standard examination methods. Carbapenem has been considered the drug of first choice against ESBL-E. However, carbapenem-sparing strategies and alternative treatment options are needed due to the emergence of carbapenem resistance. In South Asian countries, the irrational use of antibiotics might have played a significant role in aggravating the problem of ESBL-induced AMR. Superbugs showing resistance to last-resort antibiotics carbapenem and colistin have been reported in South Asian regions, indicating a future bleak picture if no urgent action is taken. To counteract the crisis, we need rapid diagnostic tools along with efficient treatment options. Detailed studies on ESBL and the implementation of the One Health approach including systematic surveillance across the public and animal health sectors are strongly recommended. This review provides an overview of the background, associated risk factors, transmission, and therapy of ESBL with a focus on the current situation and future threat in the developing countries of the South Asian region and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaul Husna
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Md. Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - A. T. M. Badruzzaman
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town 350, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Livestock Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jahangir Alam
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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Trongjit S, Assavacheep P, Samngamnim S, My TH, An VTT, Simjee S, Chuanchuen R. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance and ESBL production in Escherichia coli from clinically healthy and sick pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2466. [PMID: 35165337 PMCID: PMC8844364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the percentage of colistin resistant and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from clinically sick and healthy pigs and understand the molecular mechanisms underlying colistin resistance and ESBL production. A total of 454 E. coli isolates from healthy pigs (n = 354; piglets, n = 83; fattening pigs, n = 142 and sows, n = 100) and sick pigs (n = 100) were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, chromosomal and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanisms and ESBL genes. The healthy (41%) and sick pig (73%) isolates were commonly resistant to colistin. Three mcr genes including mcr-1 (10.4%), mcr-2 (1.1%) and mcr-3 (45%) were detected, of which mcr-3 was most frequently detected in the healthy (33%) and sick pig (57%) isolates. Coexistence of mcr-1/mcr-3 and mcr-2/mcr-3 was observed in piglets (23%), fattening pig (3.5%) and sick pig (13%) isolates. Three amino acid substitutions including E106A and G144S in PmrA and V161G in PmrB were observed only in colistin-resistant isolates carrying mcr-3. The percentage of ESBL-producing E. coli was significantly higher in the sick pigs (44%) than the healthy pigs (19.2%) (P = 0.00). The blaCTX-M group was most prevalent (98.5%), of which blaCTX-M-14 (54.5%) and blaCTX-M-55 (42.9%) were predominant. The blaTEM-1 (68.8%) and blaCMY-2 (6.3%) genes were identified in ESBL-producers. All ESBL producers were multidrug resistant and the majority from piglets (97%), fattening pigs (77.3%) and sick pigs (82%) carried mcr gene (s). ESBL producers from piglets (n = 5) and sick pig (n = 1) simultaneously transferred blaTEM-1 (or blaCTX-M-55) and mcr-3 to Salmonella. In conclusion, pigs are important reservoirs of colistin-resistant E. coli that also produced ESBLs, highlighting the need for prudent and effective use of antimicrobials in pigs and other food-producing animals.
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Zhang W, Suyamud B, Lohwacharin J, Yang Y. Large-scale pattern of resistance genes and bacterial community in the tap water along the middle and low reaches of the Yangtze River. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111517. [PMID: 33120256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic and metal resistance genes (ARGs and MRGs) in tap water are of great public health concern. However, very fewer studies focused on the relationship between resistance genes and opportunistic pathogens in tap water. In this study, the diversity and abundance of resistance genes and bacterial community from tap water at a large-scale along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were investigated. The total relative abundances of ARGs and MRGs were 2.95 × 10-3-1.22 × 10-1 and 1.93 × 10-3-1.20 × 10-1 copies/16S rRNA, respectively. The blaTEM and merP detected were major ARG and MRG subtypes, respectively. Mobile genetic elements (Intl1 and tnpA) showed significant correlations with the abundance of ARGs. Heavy metals also played a vital role in the co-selection of ARGs. Surprisingly, there were still eight opportunistic pathogens in tap water, among which Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were the potential host of ARGs and MRGs. Escherichia coli had the highest abundance, while Bacillus anthracis had the highest detected frequency (100%), a widespread opportunistic pathogen in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of the Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bongkotrat Suyamud
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jenyuk Lohwacharin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of the Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Filioussis G, Kachrimanidou M, Christodoulopoulos G, Kyritsi M, Hadjichristodoulou C, Adamopoulou M, Tzivara A, Kritas SK, Grinberg A. Short communication: Bovine mastitis caused by a multidrug-resistant, mcr-1-positive (colistin-resistant), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli clone on a Greek dairy farm. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:852-857. [PMID: 31733863 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We performed a survey aimed at analyzing milk samples collected from cows with mastitis for the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. Single-quarter mastitic milk samples obtained from 400 cows in 23 Greek dairy herds with a history of E. coli mastitis were processed for the selective isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the ESBL-producing isolates was analyzed using agar disk diffusion, and minimum inhibitory concentrations of colistin were determined by broth microdilution. We used PCR followed by DNA sequencing to characterize the β-lactamases and mcr-1 (colistin resistance) genes, and for phylotyping and multilocus sequence typing. We found a total of 89/400 (22.25%) E. coli isolates from 12/23 (52%) farms. Six isolates originating from 6 cows on a single farm were ESBL producers and were resistant to cefquinome, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, aztreonam, ampicillin, and colistin. Five of these isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 5 to streptomycin. The 6 ESBL producers were mcr-1-positive and carried blaTEM-1 genes; 3 also carried blaCTX-M genes, and 3 carried blaSHV genes. All of the ESBL producers belonged to phylogroup A, multilocus sequence type ST666 (n = 5), or a single locus variant of ST666 (n = 1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of endemic bovine mastitis caused by mcr-1-positive, ESBL-producing E. coli. These results highlight the value of active surveillance of antimicrobial resistance not commonly tested by diagnostic laboratories for the early detection of novel resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Filioussis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Melina Kachrimanidou
- First Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, PO Box 199, Gr-43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Maria Kyritsi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Hadjichristodoulou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Science, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Adamopoulou
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens 12243, Greece
| | - Athanasia Tzivara
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, PO Box 199, Gr-43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Spyridon K Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alex Grinberg
- Infectious Diseases Group, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.
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Guo S, Tay MY, Aung KT, Seow KL, Ng LC, Purbojati RW, Drautz-Moses DI, Schuster SC, Schlundt J. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolated from ready-to-eat food in Singapore using disk diffusion, broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing methods. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kuang D, Zhang J, Xu X, Shi W, Yang X, Su X, Shi X, Meng J. Increase in Ceftriaxone Resistance and Widespread Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases Genes Among Salmonella enterica from Human and Nonhuman Sources. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:770-775. [PMID: 30489150 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella producing β-lactamases has spread rapidly worldwide and poses a serious threat to human and animal health. In this study, we characterized 220 ceftriaxone (CRO)-resistant isolates identified among 3153 Salmonella from humans, animals, food, and water collected in Shanghai, China. They were assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility, phenotypic identification of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and β-lactamase genes and integrons. CRO resistance in Salmonella increased from 5.0% in 2011 to 8.4% in 2013. Salmonella Enteritidis (45.5%), Salmonella Typhimurium (20.9%) from humans, and Salmonella Indiana (14.5%) from poultry represented the majority of the CRO-resistant isolates. Many isolates were also resistant to other antimicrobials, including nalidixic acid (84.5%), sulfisoxazole (70.5%), and tetracycline (61.8%). Resistance to ciprofloxacin was also found in 33.6% of the isolates. Most isolates (98.2%) were confirmed as ESBL producers. Resistance genes such as blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaOXA were detected in 207 (94.1%), 99 (45%), and 53 (24.1%) isolates, respectively. Three types of integron I and one type of integron II were identified in 13 (5.9%) and 2 (0.9%) isolates, respectively. The integrons encompassed 10 different genes: dfrA1/12/17/25, aadA1/2/5, sat2, orfF, and ybeA. Our study underscores concern for increasing CRO resistance, and highlights the widespread ESBL genes in Salmonella enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Kuang
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China .,2 Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland.,3 Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland.,4 Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- 5 National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- 6 Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Shi
- 7 Shanghai Municipal Ke-Ma-Jia Technology Center for Microbiology , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Su
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Meng
- 2 Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland.,3 Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland.,4 Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
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Adler A, Friedman ND, Marchaim D. Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: Infection Control Implications. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2016; 30:967-997. [PMID: 27660090 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a common iatrogenic complication of both modern life and medical care. Certain multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant Gram-negative organisms pose the biggest challenges to health care today, predominantly owing to a lack of therapeutic options. Containing the spread of these organisms is challenging, and in reality, the application of multiple control measures during an evolving outbreak makes it difficult to measure the relative impact of each measure. This article reviews the usefulness of various infection control measures in containing the spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Adler
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Dror Marchaim
- Department of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Division of Infectious Diseases, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
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Graham DW, Knapp CW, Christensen BT, McCluskey S, Dolfing J. Appearance of β-lactam Resistance Genes in Agricultural Soils and Clinical Isolates over the 20th Century. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21550. [PMID: 26878889 PMCID: PMC4754643 DOI: 10.1038/srep21550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Debate exists about whether agricultural versus medical antibiotic use drives increasing antibiotic resistance (AR) across nature. Both sectors have been inconsistent at antibiotic stewardship, but it is unclear which sector has most influenced acquired AR on broad scales. Using qPCR and soils archived since 1923 at Askov Experimental Station in Denmark, we quantified four broad-spectrum β-lactam AR genes (ARG; bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(OXA) and bla(CTX-M)) and class-1 integron genes (int1) in soils from manured (M) versus inorganic fertilised (IF) fields. "Total" β-lactam ARG levels were significantly higher in M versus IF in soils post-1940 (paired-t test; p < 0.001). However, dominant individual ARGs varied over time; bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) between 1963 and 1974, bla(OXA) slightly later, and bla(CTX-M) since 1988. These dates roughly parallel first reporting of these genes in clinical isolates, suggesting ARGs in animal manure and humans are historically interconnected. Archive data further show when non-therapeutic antibiotic use was banned in Denmark, bla(CTX-M) levels declined in M soils, suggesting accumulated soil ARGs can be reduced by prudent antibiotic stewardship. Conversely, int1 levels have continued to increase in M soils since 1990, implying direct manure application to soils should be scrutinized as part of future stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Graham
- School of Civil Engineering &Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE1 7RU
| | - Charles W Knapp
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom, G1 1XJ
| | - Bent T Christensen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Seánín McCluskey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom, G1 1XJ
| | - Jan Dolfing
- School of Civil Engineering &Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE1 7RU
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Day MJ, Rodríguez I, van Essen-Zandbergen A, Dierikx C, Kadlec K, Schink AK, Wu G, Chattaway MA, DoNascimento V, Wain J, Helmuth R, Guerra B, Schwarz S, Threlfall J, Woodward MJ, Coldham N, Mevius D, Woodford N. Diversity of STs, plasmids and ESBL genes among Escherichia coli from humans, animals and food in Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1178-82. [PMID: 26803720 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare ESBL-producing Escherichia coli causing infections in humans with infecting or commensal isolates from animals and isolates from food of animal origin in terms of the strain types, the ESBL gene present and the plasmids that carry the respective ESBL genes. METHODS A collection of 353 ESBL-positive E. coli isolates from the UK, the Netherlands and Germany were studied by MLST and ESBL genes were identified. Characterization of ESBL gene-carrying plasmids was performed using PCR-based replicon typing. Moreover, IncI1-Iγ and IncN plasmids were characterized by plasmid MLST. RESULTS The ESBL-producing E. coli represented 158 different STs with ST131, ST10 and ST88 being the most common. Overall, blaCTX-M-1 was the most frequently detected ESBL gene, followed by blaCTX-M-15, which was the most common ESBL gene in the human isolates. The most common plasmid replicon type overall was IncI1-Iγ followed by multiple IncF replicons. CONCLUSIONS ESBL genes were present in a wide variety of E. coli STs. IncI1-Iγ plasmids that carried the blaCTX-M-1 gene were widely disseminated amongst STs in isolates from animals and humans, whereas other plasmids and STs appeared to be more restricted to isolates from specific hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Rodríguez
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cindy Dierikx
- Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Schink
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA, Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | | | | | - John Wain
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Reiner Helmuth
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | | | | | - Nick Coldham
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA, Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Dik Mevius
- Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hall AR, Angst DC, Schiessl KT, Ackermann M. Costs of antibiotic resistance - separating trait effects and selective effects. Evol Appl 2014; 8:261-72. [PMID: 25861384 PMCID: PMC4380920 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance can impair bacterial growth or competitive ability in the absence of antibiotics, frequently referred to as a ‘cost’ of resistance. Theory and experiments emphasize the importance of such effects for the distribution of resistance in pathogenic populations. However, recent work shows that costs of resistance are highly variable depending on environmental factors such as nutrient supply and population structure, as well as genetic factors including the mechanism of resistance and genetic background. Here, we suggest that such variation can be better understood by distinguishing between the effects of resistance mechanisms on individual traits such as growth rate or yield (‘trait effects’) and effects on genotype frequencies over time (‘selective effects’). We first give a brief overview of the biological basis of costs of resistance and how trait effects may translate to selective effects in different environmental conditions. We then review empirical evidence of genetic and environmental variation of both types of effects and how such variation may be understood by combining molecular microbiological information with concepts from evolution and ecology. Ultimately, disentangling different types of costs may permit the identification of interventions that maximize the cost of resistance and therefore accelerate its decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Hall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland ; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland ; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel C Angst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland ; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland ; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Konstanze T Schiessl
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland ; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ackermann
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland ; Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Dübendorf, Switzerland
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11
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Batchelor M, Threlfall EJ, Liebana E. Cephalosporin resistance among animal-associatedEnterobacteria: a current perspective. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 3:403-17. [PMID: 15954857 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.3.3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Beta-lactam antimicrobials are an important class of drugs used for the treatment of infection. Resistance can arise by several mechanisms, including the acquisition of genes encoding beta-lactamases from other bacteria, alterations in cell membrane permeability and over expression of endogenous beta-lactamases. The acquisition of beta-lactamase resistance genes by both Salmonella and Escherichia coli appears to be on the rise, which may pose potential problems for the treatment of infections in both human and animal medicine. The prudent use of clinically important antimicrobials is therefore critical to maintain their effectiveness. Where possible, the use of newer generation cephalosporins should be limited in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Batchelor
- Food and Environmental Safety Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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12
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Wellington EMH, Boxall AB, Cross P, Feil EJ, Gaze WH, Hawkey PM, Johnson-Rollings AS, Jones DL, Lee NM, Otten W, Thomas CM, Williams AP. The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:155-65. [PMID: 23347633 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility can be measured in decades or even years. Unless the rise in antibiotic resistance can be reversed, we can expect to see a substantial rise in incurable infection and fatality in both developed and developing regions. Antibiotic resistance develops through complex interactions, with resistance arising by de-novo mutation under clinical antibiotic selection or frequently by acquisition of mobile genes that have evolved over time in bacteria in the environment. The reservoir of resistance genes in the environment is due to a mix of naturally occurring resistance and those present in animal and human waste and the selective effects of pollutants, which can co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple resistant genes. Less attention has been given to how anthropogenic activity might be causing evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although the economics of the pharmaceutical industry continue to restrict investment in novel biomedical responses, action must be taken to avoid the conjunction of factors that promote evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance.
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13
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Pereira RVV, Santos TMA, Bicalho ML, Caixeta LS, Machado VS, Bicalho RC. Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of virulence factor genes in fecal Escherichia coli of Holstein calves fed milk with and without antimicrobials. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:4556-65. [PMID: 21854928 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea in calves has a significant effect on the dairy industry. A common management practice for preventing or decreasing the effects of such disease in preweaned calves is by the use of antimicrobials in milk or milk replacer. In this study, Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance in fecal samples collected from calves 2 to 8 d of age that had or had not received antimicrobials in the milk and that had or had not signs of diarrhea by inspection of fecal consistency were investigated. Specifically, resistance of E. coli isolates to individual antimicrobials, multiresistance patterns, and presence of virulence factors were analyzed. Escherichia coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials by use of a Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay. The study was conducted at 3 farms, 1 administering growth-promoting antimicrobials (GPA) in the milk and 2 not using GPA in the milk (NGPA). All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and cefepime. From the total isolates tested, 84% (n=251) were resistant to at least 2 antimicrobials and 81% (n=251) were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials. When antimicrobial resistance was compared between GPA and NGPA, it was observed that the GPA group had higher odds of antimicrobial resistance for most of the individual antimicrobials tested. No significant correlation of virulence factors in GPA or NGPA and diarrheic or non-diarrheic (control) fecal samples was found. Of the 32 virulence factors evaluated, 21 were detected in the study population; the incidence of only 1 virulence factor was statistically significant in each of the diarrheic status (diarrheic or non-diarrheic) and treatment status (NGPA or GPA) groups. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequence of the DNA gyrase gene (gyrB) from 31 fecal E. coli isolates revealed 3 main clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V V Pereira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences. College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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15
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16
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Maddox TW, Williams NJ, Clegg PD, O'Donnell AJ, Dawson S, Pinchbeck GL. Longitudinal study of antimicrobial-resistant commensal Escherichia coli in the faeces of horses in an equine hospital. Prev Vet Med 2011; 100:134-45. [PMID: 21377225 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria represents a considerable problem for human and veterinary medicine, causing complications in the treatment of infections. Resistance in Escherichia coli from horses has been documented in commensal and pathogenic strains, but little information exists regarding the prevalence of such bacteria in hospitalised horses or associated risk factors. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted of 103 horses admitted to a referral equine hospital for more than 48 h, with faecal samples collected on hospital admission and subsequently every two days until discharge. Horses undergoing radioactive gamma scintigraphic examination, un-weaned foals and mares with un-weaned foals were excluded. Data were collected from enrolled animals, including antimicrobial treatment history and hospitalisation details. Samples were cultured for resistant E. coli; isolates had their antimicrobial resistance profile determined. High sample prevalence for resistant E. coli was identified for all antimicrobials examined except co-amoxiclav. The prevalence of resistance was consistently lower at admission, rising to a peak 4 days post-admission. Risk factors were analysed using multilevel, multivariable modelling, which identified significant clustering of resistance outcomes within horses. For all outcomes except trimethoprim resistance, the day the sample was obtained was significant, with increased risk of resistance for samples taken on day 2 or later. Antimicrobial treatment in the previous seven days and increased total daily dosages of cotrimoxazole prescribed in the hospital in the previous 24-48 h were associated with increased risk. Location within the hospital and admission reason were significant risk factors for some resistance outcomes. High levels of multidrug-resistant E. coli (47.7% of samples) and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli (27.3% of samples) were recovered; such bacteria could significantly complicate treatment if they were the cause of infection and may represent a risk to personnel in close contact with hospitalised horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Maddox
- National Centre for Zoonosis Research, School of Veterinary Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK.
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17
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Harada K, Morimoto E, Kataoka Y, Takahashi T. Clonal spread of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolates among pups in two kennels. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:11. [PMID: 21324209 PMCID: PMC3047438 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the dog breeding industry is common in many countries, the presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria among pups in kennels has been infrequently investigated. This study was conducted to better understand the epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from kennel pups not treated with antimicrobials. We investigated susceptibilities to 11 antimicrobials, and prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) in 86 faecal E. coli isolates from 43 pups in two kennels. Genetic relatedness among all isolates was assessed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Susceptibility tests revealed that 76% of the isolates were resistant to one or more of tested antimicrobials, with resistance to dihydrostreptomycin most frequently encountered (66.3%) followed by ampicillin (60.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41.9%), oxytetracycline (26.7%), and chloramphenicol (26.7%). Multidrug resistance, defined as resistance against two or more classes of antimicrobials, was observed in 52 (60.5%) isolates. Three pups in one kennel harboured SHV-12 ESBL-producing isolates. A comparison between the two kennels showed that frequencies of resistance against seven antimicrobials and the variation in resistant phenotypes differed significantly. Analysis by PFGE revealed that clone sharing rates among pups of the same litters were not significantly different in both kennels (64.0% vs. 88.9%), whereas the rates among pups from different litters were significantly different between the two kennels (72.0% vs. 33.3%, P < 0.05). The pups in the two kennels had antimicrobial-resistant E. coli clones, including multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing clones. It is likely that resistant and susceptible bacteria can clonally spread among the same and/or different litters thus affecting the resistance prevalence.
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Uramatsu M, Matsumoto T, Tateda K, Shibuya K, Miyazaki S, Horino T, Tanabe M, Sumiyama Y, Kusachi S, Yamaguchi K. Involvement of endotoxin in the mortality of mice with gut-derived sepsis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:330-7. [PMID: 20536731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MRSA causes a wide diversity of diseases, ranging from benign skin infections to life-threatening diseases, such as sepsis. However, there have been few reports of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of sepsis resulting from the gut-derived origin of MRSA. Therefore, we established a murine model of gut-derived sepsis with MRSA and factors of MRSA sepsis that cause deterioration. We separated mice into four groups according to antibiotic treatment as follows: (i) ABPC 40 mg/kg; (ii) CAZ 80 mg/kg; (iii) CAZ 80 mg/kg + endotoxin 10 microg/mouse; and (iv) saline-treated control groups. Gut-derived sepsis was induced by i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide after colonization of MRSA strain 334 in the intestine. After the induction of sepsis, significantly more CAZ-treated mice survived compared with ABPC-treated and control groups. MRSA were detected in the blood and liver among all groups. Endotoxin levels were significantly lower in the CAZ-treated group compared to other groups. Inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum were lower in the CAZ-treated group compared to other groups. Fecal culture showed a lower level of colonization of E. coli in the CAZ-treated group compared to other groups. In conclusion, we found that CAZ-treatment ameliorates infection and suppresses endotoxin level by the elimination of E. coli from the intestinal tract of mice. However, giving endotoxin in the CAZ-treated group increased mortality to almost the same level as in the ABPC-treated group. These results suggest endotoxin released from resident E. coli in the intestine is involved in clinical deterioration resulting from gut-derived MRSA sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Uramatsu
- The Third Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, 2-17-6 Ohashi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan
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19
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Samra ZQ, Naseem M, Khan SJ, Dar N, Athar MA. PCR targeting of antibiotic resistant bacteria in public drinking water of Lahore metropolitan, Pakistan. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2009; 22:458-463. [PMID: 20337218 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(10)60002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of kanamycin (kan) and ampicillin (amp) resistant bacteria in public drinking water. METHODS Bacteria containing kan and amp resistant genes were amplified by PCR and further characterized by colony hybridization and transformation studies. The genus of kan and amp resistant bacteria was determined with standard methods. RESULTS Among the 625 drinking water samples, 400 contained kan and amp resistant bacteria and the percentage was 42.5% and 57.5%, respectively, which was further confirmed by the amplification of a 810 bp kan resistant gene and a 850 bp amp resistant gene. Of the 170 kan resistant bacteria, 90 were Gram negative and 80 were Gram positive. Of the 230 amp resistant bacteria, 160 were Gram negative while 70 were Gram positive. Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and E.coli were detected as 13%, 11%, 17%, 30%, and 29%, respectively. Bacterial strain DH5alpha transformed with plasmids isolated from kan and amp resistant bacteria confirmed that the antibiotic resistant genes were mediated by plasmids. CONCLUSION Drinking water is contaminated with kan and amp resistant bacteria due to poor sanitary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Qadir Samra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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20
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Scientific Advisory Group on Antimi. Reflection paper on the use of third and fourth generation cephalosporins in food producing animals in the European Union: development of resistance and impact on human and animal health. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:515-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Gaze W, O'Neill C, Wellington E, Hawkey P. Antibiotic resistance in the environment, with particular reference to MRSA. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2008; 63:249-80. [PMID: 18395130 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(07)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Gaze
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Food-producing animals are the primary reservoir of zoonotic pathogens, and the detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers among Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains has increased in recent years. ESBLs are widely detected in various human medical institutions but they are not so frequently reported in the bacterial population circulating in animals. This could indicate that these enzymes are less prevalent in animals than in humans, but also that they have not been extensively sought. The increasing occurrence of ESBL producers in animals is highlighted and discussed in this review with respect to the circulation of these resistance traits also among human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carattoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Machado E, Coque TM, Cantón R, Sousa JC, Peixe L. Antibiotic resistance integrons and extended-spectrum -lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from chickens and swine in Portugal. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:296-302. [PMID: 18456652 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Machado
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Walk ST, Mladonicky JM, Middleton JA, Heidt AJ, Cunningham JR, Bartlett P, Sato K, Whittam TS. Influence of antibiotic selection on genetic composition of Escherichia coli populations from conventional and organic dairy farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5982-9. [PMID: 17704272 PMCID: PMC2074991 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00709-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread agricultural use of antimicrobials has long been considered a crucial influence on the prevalence of resistant genes and bacterial strains. It has been suggested that antibiotic applications in agricultural settings are a driving force for the development of antimicrobial resistance, and epidemiologic evidence supports the view that there is a direct link between resistant human pathogens, retail produce, farm animals, and farm environments. Despite such concerns, little is understood about the population processes underlying the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance and the reversibility of resistance when antibiotic selective pressure is removed. In this study, hierarchical log-linear modeling was used to assess the association between farm type (conventional versus organic), age of cattle (calf versus cow), bacterial phenotype (resistant versus susceptible), and the genetic composition of Escherichia coli populations (E. coli Reference Collection [ECOR] phylogroup A, B1, B2, or D) among 678 susceptible and resistant strains from a previously published study of 60 matched dairy farms (30 conventional and 30 organic) in Wisconsin. The analysis provides evidence for clonal resistance (ampicillin resistance) and genetic hitchhiking (tetracycline resistance [Tet(r)]), estimated the rate of compositional change from conventional farming to organic farming (mean, 8 years; range, 3 to 15 years), and discovered a significant association between low multidrug resistance, organic farms, and strains of the numerically dominant phylogroup B1. These data suggest that organic farming practices not only change the frequency of resistant strains but also impact the overall population genetic composition of the resident E. coli flora. In addition, the results support the hypothesis that the current prevalence of Tet(r) loci on dairy farms has little to do with the use of this antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth T Walk
- Microbial Evolution Laboratory, 165 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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25
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Girlich D, Poirel L, Carattoli A, Kempf I, Lartigue MF, Bertini A, Nordmann P. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-1 in Escherichia coli isolates from healthy poultry in France. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:4681-5. [PMID: 17513592 PMCID: PMC1932829 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02491-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-1 were detected in 12 Escherichia coli isolates recovered over a 7-month period from the ceca of healthy poultry in seven districts in France in 2005. Eleven of those strains were not clonally related and had a bla(CTX-M-1) gene located on transferable plasmids of different sizes and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Girlich
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cédex, France
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26
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Moreno MA, Teshager T, Porrero MAC, García M, Escudero E, Torres C, Domínguez L. Abundance and phenotypic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates with diminished susceptibility to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins in faeces from healthy food animals after slaughter. Vet Microbiol 2006; 120:363-9. [PMID: 17129687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is an increasing phenomenon but its quantitative estimation remains controversial. The classical resistance percentage approach is not well suited to detect either emergence or low levels resistance. One option is to shift the focus from strains to hosts. This approach is applied to test for phenotypic diversity associated with diminished susceptibility to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (DSESC) in faecal Escherichia coli from healthy food animals in Spain. We performed E. coli enumeration in faecal samples of broilers (82 pooled samples) and pigs (80 pooled samples) at the slaughterhouse level, using Coli-ID plates alone and supplemented with cefotaxime at two levels (1 and 8 microg/ml). Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was tested by the agar diffusion method. Clustering was carried out using these numerical values and Ward and UPGMA methods. When using plates supplemented with 1 microg/ml of cefotaxime for DSESC E. coli detection, 93% (76/82) of broiler pooled samples and 36% (29/80) pig pooled samples tested positive. When using 8 microg/ml of cefotaxime, 67% (55/82) of broilers and 13% (10/80) of pigs were positive. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of this phenotype was low in both animal species (range 0-4.3%). Irrespective of the clustering method (Ward or UPGMA), a noticeable phenotypic diversity was detected, especially from the plates containing 1 microg/ml of cefotaxime. We concluded that: (a) E. coli with phenotype DSESC are common in broilers and pigs but are less frequent in pigs, and (b) the host approach is the most appropriate method for antimicrobial resistance assessment when null or very low levels of antimicrobial resistant bacteria are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Moreno
- Grupo de Vigilancia Sanitaria (VISAVET), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Pomba C, Mendonça N, Costa M, Louro D, Baptista B, Ferreira M, Correia JD, Caniça M. Improved multiplex PCR method for the rapid detection of β-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli of animal origin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 56:103-6. [PMID: 16678992 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed 2 variants, A and B, of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for detecting the beta-lactam resistance genes bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(OXA) in 122 uropathogenic Escherichia coli animal strains. Method B yielded 98% specificity and 100% sensitivity, and method A yielded 100% and 89%, respectively. Variant B was more accurate (99%) than A (94%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Constança Pomba
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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28
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Liebana E, Batchelor M, Hopkins KL, Clifton-Hadley FA, Teale CJ, Foster A, Barker L, Threlfall EJ, Davies RH. Longitudinal farm study of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-mediated resistance. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1630-4. [PMID: 16672386 PMCID: PMC1479190 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.5.1630-1634.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-mediated resistance is of considerable importance in human medicine. Recently, such enzymes have been reported in bacteria from animals. We describe a longitudinal study of a dairy farm suffering calf scour with high mortality rates. In November 2004, two Escherichia coli isolates with resistance to a wide range of beta-lactams (including amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefotaxime) were isolated from scouring calves. Testing by PCR and sequence analysis confirmed the isolates as being both bla(CTX-M14/17) and bla(TEM-35) ((IRT-4)) positive. They had indistinguishable plasmid and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Transferability studies demonstrated that bla(CTX-M) was located on a conjugative 65-MDa IncK plasmid. Following a farm visit in December 2004, 31/48 calves and 2/60 cows were positive for E. coli with bla(CTX-M). Also, 5/48 calf and 28/60 cow samples yielded bla(CTX)- and bla(TEM)-negative E. coli isolates that were resistant to cefotaxime, and sequence analysis confirmed that these presented mutations in the promoter region of the chromosomal ampC gene. Fingerprinting showed 11 different PFGE types (seven in bla(CTX-M)-positive isolates). Six different PFGE clones conjugated the same bla(CTX-M)-positive IncK plasmid. One clone carried a different-sized, bla(CTX-M)-positive, transformable plasmid. This is the first report of bla(CTX-M) from livestock in the United Kingdom, and this report demonstrates the complexity of ESBL epidemiology. Results indicate that horizontal plasmid transfer between strains as well as horizontal gene transfer between plasmids have contributed to the spread of resistance. We have also shown that some clones can persist for months, suggesting that clonal spread also contributes to the perpetuation of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liebana
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT153NB, United Kingdom.
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29
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Boerlin P, Travis R, Gyles CL, Reid-Smith R, Janecko N, Lim H, Nicholson V, McEwen SA, Friendship R, Archambault M. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolates from swine in Ontario. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:6753-61. [PMID: 16269706 PMCID: PMC1287655 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.6753-6761.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 318 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from diarrheic and healthy pigs in Ontario from 2001 to 2003 were examined for their susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents. They were tested by PCR for the presence of resistance genes for tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and apramycin and of 12 common virulence genes of porcine E. coli. Antimicrobial resistance frequency among E. coli isolates from swine in Ontario was moderate in comparison with other countries and was higher in isolates from pigs with diarrhea than in isolates from healthy finisher pigs. Resistance profiles suggest that cephamycinases may be produced by > or = 8% of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Resistance to quinolones was detected only in enterotoxigenic E. coli (< or = 3%). The presence of sul3 was demonstrated for the first time in Canada in porcine E. coli isolates. Associations were observed among tetA, sul1, aadA, and aac(3)IV and among tetB, sul2, and strA/strB, with a strong negative association between tetA and tetB. The paa and sepA genes were detected in 92% of porcine ETEC, and strong statistical associations due to colocation on a large plasmid were observed between tetA, estA, paa, and sepA. Due at least in part to gene linkages, the distribution of resistance genes was very different between ETEC isolates and other porcine E. coli isolates. This demonstrates that antimicrobial resistance epidemiology differs significantly between pathogenic and commensal E. coli isolates. These results may have important implications with regards to the spread and persistence of resistance and virulence genes in bacterial populations and to the prudent use of antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Batchelor M, Clifton-Hadley FA, Stallwood AD, Paiba GA, Davies RH, Liebana E. Detection of multiple cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from a cattle fecal sample in Great Britain. Microb Drug Resist 2005; 11:58-61. [PMID: 15770096 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2005.11.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the isolation of multiple cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle feces collected from animals at slaughter in Great Britain. Six E. coli strains were isolated with distinct XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles and different mechanisms of cephalosporin resistance from a single fecal sample. Two of these strains were found to contain conjugative plasmids conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins that were indistinguishable from each other by restriction endonuclease digestion. Sequence analysis of the plasmid-encoded ampC showed that they were identical to bla(CMY-2), previously described in multiple-drug-resistant Salmonella and E. coli from animals in other parts of the world. DNA sequence analysis of the chromosomal ampC promoter regions for three cephalosporin-resistant strains lacking CMY-2 was determined. Several mutations were detected in the isolates tested including changes at positions -42 and -32, which are known to increase promoter strength. This report represents the first isolation of E. coli containing bla(CMY-2) from cattle in Great Britain, and, also to our knowledge, the first demonstration of multiple cephalosporin-resistant strains in a single animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Batchelor
- Food and Environmental Safety Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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31
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Briñas L, Moreno MA, Teshager T, Sáenz Y, Porrero MC, Domínguez L, Torres C. Monitoring and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli strains from healthy and sick animals in Spain in 2003. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1262-4. [PMID: 15728945 PMCID: PMC549238 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.1262-1264.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding CTX-M-14, CTX-M-9, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-32, SHV-12, TEM-52, or CMY-2 beta-lactamases were detected in 21 Escherichia coli strains recovered during 2003 from sick animals (11 of 459 [2.4%] strains) and healthy animals (10 of 158 [6.3%] strains) in Spain. Twelve of these strains harbored bla(CTX-M) genes and showed unrelated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Briñas
- Area Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Ruiz J, Bertran S, Sauca G, Julià A, Vila X, Gómez E, Jiménez de Anta MT, Vila J. Isolation of an amikacin-resistant Escherichia coli strain after tobramycin treatment of previous recurrent episodes of respiratory tract infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:71-3. [PMID: 15649309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amikacin-resistant Escherichia coli strains are isolated rarely from clinical samples. In the present study, investigation of an amikacin-resistant clinical isolate of E. coli demonstrated the presence of two class 1 integrons carrying the aacA4 gene plus the aacA7 gene, and the dfrA17 gene plus the aadA5 gene, respectively. Resistance to amikacin in this E. coli isolate was related to the presence of both aacA4 and aacA7.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ruiz
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel, Barcelona, Spain
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Olesen I, Hasman H, Aarestrup FM. Prevalence of β-Lactamases among Ampicillin-ResistantEscherichia coliandSalmonellaIsolated from Food Animals in Denmark. Microb Drug Resist 2004; 10:334-40. [PMID: 15650379 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2004.10.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic background for beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics was examined by PCR and sequencing in 160 ampicillin-resistant isolates (109 Escherichia coli and 51 Salmonella) obtained from healthy and diseased food animals in Denmark. Sequencing revealed three different variants of bla (TEM-1), of which bla (TEM-1b) was the most frequently detected (80 E. coli and 47 Salmonella), followed by bla (TEM-1a) (eight E. coli, one Salmonella) and bla (TEM-1c) (seven E. coli). A few isolates were found to express OXA, TEM-30, or PSE beta-lactamases. Mutations in the ampC promoter leading to increased production of the AmpC beta-lactamase were demonstrated in 11 cefoxitin-resistant or intermediate E. coli isolates. Nine of these isolates did not contain any bla (TEM) genes, whereas the remaining two did. No genes encoding SHV or extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were detected. Two new variants of bla (TEM) were detected, which have been designated bla (TEM-127) and bla (TEM-128). In TEM-127, amino acid 158 is substituted from His to Asn, whereas a substitution from Asp to Glu is seen at amino acid 157 in TEM-128. According to MIC determinations, these novel enzymes do not possess activity against extended-spectrum beta-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Olesen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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Briñas L, Moreno MA, Zarazaga M, Porrero C, Sáenz Y, García M, Dominguez L, Torres C. Detection of CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli fecal-sample isolates from healthy chickens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2056-8. [PMID: 12760899 PMCID: PMC155838 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.6.2056-2058.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding the CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 beta-lactamases were detected in three of five Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples from healthy chickens which showed resistance or diminished susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. A -42 mutation at the promoter region of the ampC gene was detected in the other two isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Briñas
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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