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Bal S, Sharangi AB, Upadhyay TK, Khan F, Pandey P, Siddiqui S, Saeed M, Lee HJ, Yadav DK. Biomedical and Antioxidant Potentialities in Chilli: Perspectives and Way Forward. Molecules 2022; 27:6380. [PMID: 36234927 PMCID: PMC9570844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, since ages and nowadays, traditional medicine is well known, owing to its biodiversity, which immensely contributed to the advancement and development of complementary and alternative medicines. There is a wide range of spices, herbs, and trees known for their medicinal uses. Chilli peppers, a vegetable cum spice crop, are bestowed with natural bioactive compounds, flavonoids, capsaicinoids, phytochemicals, phytonutrients, and pharmacologically active compounds with potential health benefits. Such compounds manifest their functionality over solo-treatment by operating in synergy and consortium. Co-action of these compounds and nutrients make them potentially effective against coagulation, obesity, diabetes, inflammation, dreadful diseases, such as cancer, and microbial diseases, alongside having good anti-oxidants with scavenging ability to free radicals and oxygen. In recent times, capsaicinoids especially capsaicin can ameliorate important viral diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2. In addition, capsaicin provides an ability to chilli peppers to ramify as topical agents in pain-relief and also benefitting man as a potential effective anesthetic agent. Such phytochemicals involved not only make them useful and a much economical substitute to wonder/artificial drugs but can be exploited as obscene drugs for the production of novel stuffs. The responsibility of the TRPV1 receptor in association with capsaicin in mitigating chronic diseases has also been justified in this study. Nonetheless, medicinal studies pertaining to consumption of chilli peppers are limited and demand confirmation of the findings from animal studies. In this artifact, an effort has been made to address in an accessible format the nutritional and biomedical perspectives of chilli pepper, which could precisely upgrade and enrich our pharmaceutical industries towards human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solanki Bal
- Department of Vegetable Science, BCKV-Agricultural University, Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Amit Baran Sharangi
- Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal & Aromatic Crops, BCKV-Agricultural University, Mohanpur 741252, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida 201306, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Samra Siddiqui
- Department Health Services Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Hail, Hail P.O. Box 2240, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail P.O. Box 2240, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Hambakmoeiro 191, Gachon University, Incheon 21924, Korea
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Khan I, Mahfooz S, Ansari IA. Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Properties of Andrographolide Against Human Colon Cancer DLD1 Cell Line. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:930-942. [PMID: 31774047 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191125111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, natural products have received great attention for cancer prevention owing to their various health benefits, noticeable lack of toxicity and side effects, and the limitations of chemotherapeutic agents. Andrographolide, a labdane diterpenoid is a principal bioactive constituent of Andrographis paniculata Nees, exhibits significant anticancer activity. OBJECTIVE The efficacy of andrographolide on colon cancer cells is yet to be elucidated completely. Therefore, we investigated the anticancer efficiency of andrographolide in colon cancer DLD1 cell line. METHODS Antiproliferative activity of andrographolide on DLD1 cells was evaluated by MTT assay, LDH release assay, morphological analysis and colony formation assay. Induction of apoptosis was determined by DAPI staining, Annexin V-FITC staining assay, and caspase-3 activation assay. Role of andrographolide induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its association with apoptosis induction in DLD1 cells was elucidated by DCFDA dye. Synergistic ability of andrographolide with 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) and paclitaxel (PTX) was evaluated by MTT assay. RESULTS Results of the present study indicated that andrographolide declined cell viability of DLD1 cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Andrographolide induced apoptosis via nuclear condensation, phosphatidylserine externalization and caspase-3 activation. It also augmented cellular ROS levels which were in turn associated with apoptosis induction in DLD1 cells. Moreover, andrographolide displayed synergistic activity with 5-FU and PTX against DLD1 cells. CONCLUSION The present study showed that andrographolide demonstrated antiproliferative and apoptotic properties, moreover it also displayed synergistic effect with chemotherapeutic drugs in colon cancer DLD1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University,
Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Sadaf Mahfooz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University,
Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Irfan A Ansari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
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Xu J, Ying A, Shi T. Nuciferine Inhibits Skin Cutaneous Melanoma Cell Growth by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:2099-2105. [PMID: 32781974 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200811114607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma causes more than 80% of deaths from all dermatologic cancers. Hence, screening and identifying effective compounds to inhibit the growth of melanoma have crucial importance in basic and clinical treatment. METHODS High throughput screening was performed to screen and identify compounds that have anti-melanoma ability. Melanoma cell and mouse allograft models were used to examine the anti-tumor effects of Nuciferine (NCFR). Western blot, qPCR, and lentivirus overexpression were applied to detect the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. RESULTS NCFR administration significantly suppressed melanoma cell growth and tumor size by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65. NCFR treatment also could suppress TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB signaling. The anti-tumor effect of NCFR might be mediated by targeting Toll-like receptors 4. CONCLUSION NCFR inhibits melanoma cell growth and suppresses tumor size, which provides potential therapeutic strategies for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxing Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No.1. Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao 266011, Shandong, China
| | - Anxin Ying
- Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No.1. Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao 266011, Shandong, China
| | - Tongxin Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No.1. Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao 266011, Shandong, China
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Abdelnabi H, Alshaer W, Azzam H, Alqudah D, Al-Samydai A, Aburjai T. Loading of capsaicin-in-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes into PEGylated liposomes and the inhibitory effect on IL-8 production by MDA-MB-231 and A549 cancer cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 76:503-514. [PMID: 34036759 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) is an active component in Capsicum annuum L. known to have anti inflammatory and anticancer activity. CAP is highly lipophilic and suffers low bioavailability. Therefore, developing delivery systems that enhance solubility and bioavailability can provide more promising therapeutic applications for CAP. In the current work, CAP was complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) to form capsaicin-in-β-cyclodextrin (CAP-in-βCD) inclusion complexes. Then, the CAP-in-βCD inclusion complexes were characterized and loaded into PEGylated liposomes using the thin-film hydration extrusion method. The size, charge, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the PEGylated liposomes were characterized. The levels of IL-8 production were quantified after treatment using array beads. The results of this work showed that the successful formation of inclusion complexes at 1:5 M ratio of CAP to βCD respectively. PEGylated liposomes loaded with βCD/CAP inclusion complexes (CAP-in-βCD-in-liposomes) have a hydrodynamic diameter of (181 ± 36) nm, zeta potential of (-2.63 ± 4.00) mV, encapsulation efficiency (EE) of (38.65 ± 3.70)%, drug loading (DL) of (1.65 ± 0.16)%, and a stable release profile. Both free CAP and liposomal CAP showed a significant reduction in the IL-8 production by the MDA-MB-231 and A549 cancer cell lines after treatment. In conclusion, a liposomal-based drug delivery system for CAP was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Abdelnabi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hanan Azzam
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Dana Alqudah
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ali Al-Samydai
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Talal Aburjai
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Chen M, Xiao C, Jiang W, Yang W, Qin Q, Tan Q, Lian B, Liang Z, Wei C. Capsaicin Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer by Down-Regulating FBI-1-Mediated NF-κB Pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:125-140. [PMID: 33469265 PMCID: PMC7811378 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s269901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background As a natural compound extracted from a variety of hot peppers, capsaicin has drawn increasing attention to its anti-cancer effects against multiple human cancers including breast cancer. FBI-1 is a major proto-oncogene negatively regulating the transcription of many tumor suppressor genes, and plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and progression. However, whether FBI-1 is involved in capsaicin-induced breast cancer suppression has yet to be ascertained. This study aimed to investigate the effects of capsaicin on proliferation and apoptosis and its association with FBI-1 expression in breast cancer. Methods CCK-8 and morphological observation assay were employed to detect cell proliferation. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were conducted to detect cell apoptosis. RNA interference technique was used to overexpress or silence FBI-1 expression. qRT-PCR and/or Western blot analysis were applied to detect the protein expression of FBI-1, Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved-Caspase 3, Survivin and NF-κB p65. Xenograft model in nude mice was established to assess the in vivo effects. Results Capsaicin significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, along with decreased FBI-1, Ki-67, Bcl-2 and Survivin protein expression, increased Bax protein expression and activated Caspase 3. Furthermore, FBI-1 overexpression obviously attenuated the capsaicin-induced anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effect, accompanied with the above-mentioned proteins reversed, whereas FBI-1 silencing generated exactly the opposite response. In addition, as a target gene of FBI-1, NF-κB was inactivated by p65 nuclear translocation suppressed with capsaicin treatment, which was perceptibly weakened with FBI-1 overexpression or enhanced with FBI-1 silencing. Conclusion This study reveals that FBI-1 is closely involved in capsaicin-induced anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis of breast cancer. The underlying mechanism may be related to down-regulation of FBI-1-mediated NF-κB pathway. Targeting FBI-1 with capsaicin may be a promising therapeutic strategy in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojian Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chanchan Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Qin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixing Tan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lian
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liang
- Department of Gland Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University & The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyuan Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
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Unraveling the molecular mechanisms and the potential chemopreventive/therapeutic properties of natural compounds in melanoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:266-282. [PMID: 31233829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most fatal form of skin cancer. Current therapeutic approaches include surgical resection, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However, these treatment strategies are associated with development of drug resistance and severe side effects. In recent years, natural compounds have also been extensively studied for their anti-melanoma effects, including tumor growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, angiogenesis and metastasis suppression and cancer stem cell elimination. Moreover, a considerable number of studies reported the synergistic activity of phytochemicals and standard anti-melanoma agents, as well as the enhanced effectiveness of their synthetic derivatives and novel formulations. However, clinical data confirming these promising effects in patients are still scanty. This review emphasizes the anti-tumor mechanisms and potential application of the most studied natural products for melanoma prevention and treatment.
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Dominici S, Visvikis A, Pieri L, Paolicchi A, Valentini MA, Comporti M, Pompella A. Redox Modulation of NF-κB Nuclear Translocation and DNA Binding in Metastatic Melanoma. The Role of Endogenous and γ-Glutamyl Transferase-Dependent Oxidative Stress. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 89:426-33. [PMID: 14606649 DOI: 10.1177/030089160308900416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background The transcription factor NF-κB is implicated in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. In melanoma, high constitutive levels of NF-κB activation are usually observed. NF-κB is regulated by oxidation/reduction (redox) processes, and the occurrence of constitutive oxidative stress in melanoma cells has been documented. Recent studies of our laboratories showed that the membrane-bound gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzyme activity – expressed by a number of malignancies, including melanoma – can act as a basal source of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and other prooxidants. Methods In the present study we utilized the 2/60 clone of Me665/2 human metastatic melanoma, which displays high levels of GGT activity, in order to verify if the presence of this enzyme - through the promotion of redox processes - may influence the activation status of NF-κB. The latter was evaluated by determining the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit (by immunoblot), the DNA binding of NF-kB (by elec-trophoretic mobility shift assay) and its transcriptional activity (by gene transactivation studies). Results Me665/2/60 cells displayed a basal production of hydrogen peroxide. Stimulation of GGT activity by its substrates glutathione and glycyl-glycine caused additional production of hydrogen peroxide, up to levels approx. double the basal levels. Nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit, DNA-binding and gene transactivation were thus investigated in Me665/2/60 cells whose GGT activity was modulated by means of substrates or inhibitors. Stimulation of GGT activity resulted in increased nuclear translocation of p65, while on the other hand NF-κB DNA binding and gene transactivation were paradoxically decreased. NF-κB DNA binding could be restored by treating cell lysates with the thiol-re-ducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). Treatment of cells with exogenous hydrogen peroxide did not affect NF-κB activation status. Conclusions Altogether, the data obtained indicate that GGT activity may impair the redox status of thiols that is critical for NF-κB DNA binding and gene transactivation, through the production of prooxidant species allegedly distinct from hydrogen peroxide. GGT activity therefore appears to be an additional factor in modulation of NF-κB transcriptional activity in melanoma, capable of hindering NF-κB DNA binding even in conditions where continuous oxidative stress would favor NF-κB nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dominici
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa Medical School, Pisa, Italy
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Georgescu SR, Sârbu MI, Matei C, Ilie MA, Caruntu C, Constantin C, Neagu M, Tampa M. Capsaicin: Friend or Foe in Skin Cancer and Other Related Malignancies? Nutrients 2017; 9:E1365. [PMID: 29258175 PMCID: PMC5748815 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin is the main pungent in chili peppers, one of the most commonly used spices in the world; its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties have been proven in various cultures for centuries. It is a lipophilic substance belonging to the class of vanilloids and an agonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor. Taking into consideration the complex neuro-immune impact of capsaicin and the potential link between inflammation and carcinogenesis, the effect of capsaicin on muco-cutaneous cancer has aroused a growing interest. The aim of this review is to look over the most recent data regarding the connection between capsaicin and muco-cutaneous cancers, with emphasis on melanoma and muco-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona-Roxana Georgescu
- Department of Dermatology, Carol DavilaUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Maria-Isabela Sârbu
- Department of Dermatology, Carol DavilaUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Clara Matei
- Department of Dermatology, Carol DavilaUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- Department of Biochemistry, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Dermatology, Prof. N.C. Paulescu National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 76201 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mircea Tampa
- Department of Dermatology, Carol DavilaUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.
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Martins MB, Marcello MA, Batista FDA, Peres KC, Meneghetti M, Ward MAL, Etchebehere ECSDC, da Assumpção LVM, Ward LS. Serum interleukin measurement may help identify thyroid cancer patients with active disease. Clin Biochem 2017; 52:1-7. [PMID: 28987791 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigate the clinical utility of serum interleukin dosages of IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-6, IL-6R, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 in the diagnosis and characterization of patients with DTC. In particular, verify ILs utility in the identification of individuals who are evolving disease-free or with the active disease. METHODS We evaluated 200 patients with malignant nodules (100 patients disease-free and 100 patients with recurrence/active disease); 60 benign nodules and 100 healthy controls, serum levels were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS All ILs, but not IL-4, differentiated these three groups. We observed that IL-2, 2R and 10 serum concentrations were associated with thyroglobulin levels. Serum IL-2 was able to differentiate patients with active disease from the disease-free with a sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 58%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 70% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97% (p=0.0007). IL-6R levels differentiated patients with active disease from the disease-free patients with 56% sensitivity, 63% specificity, PPV of 60% and NPV of 59% (p<0.0001). IL-8 values also distinguished patients with active disease from the disease-free ones with sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 76%, PPV of 68% and NPV of 60% (p=0.0025); using IL-12, we obtained a sensitivity value of 73%, specificity of 66%, PPV of 68% and NPV of 71% (p<0.0001). Furthermore, interleukin levels showed association with some tumor characteristics of aggressiveness. CONCLUSION We suggest that the serum concentration of ILs may assist in the diagnosis and characterization of tumor malignancy helping identify patients with active disease who deserve closer medical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bonjiorno Martins
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marjory Alana Marcello
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Assis Batista
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Colombera Peres
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Meneghetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirela Andrea Latham Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elba Cristina Sá de Camargo Etchebehere
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 251, Vital Brazil St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Vera Montali da Assumpção
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 251, Vital Brazil St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
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An updated review on molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of capsaicin. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1-13. [PMID: 30263503 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for developing anticancer principles from natural sources has a long historical track record and remarkable success stories. The pungent principle of hot chili pepper, capsaicin, has been a subject of research for anticancer drug discovery for more than three decades. However, the majority of research has revealed that capsaicin interferes with various hallmarks of cancer, such as increased cell proliferation, evasion from apoptosis, inflammation, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, and tumor immune escape. Moreover, the compound has been reported to inhibit carcinogen activation and chemically induced experimental tumor growth. Capsaicin has also been reported to inhibit the activation of various kinases and transcription that are involved in tumor promotion and progression. The compound activated mitochondria-dependent and death receptor-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. Considering the growing interest in capsaicin, this review provides an update on the molecular targets of capsaicin in modulating oncogenic signaling.
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Ashour AE, Ahmed AF, Kumar A, Zoheir KMA, Aboul-Soud MA, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Abd-Allah ARA, Cheryan VT, Rishi AK. Thymoquinone inhibits growth of human medulloblastoma cells by inducing oxidative stress and caspase-dependent apoptosis while suppressing NF-κB signaling and IL-8 expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 416:141-55. [PMID: 27084536 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. The transcription factor NF-κB is overexpressed in human MB and is a critical factor for MB tumor growth. NF-κB is known to regulate the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), the chemokine that enhances cancer cell growth and resistance to chemotherapy. We have recently shown that thymoquinone (TQ) suppresses growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in part by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Here we sought to extend these studies in MB cells and show that TQ suppresses growth of MB cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, causes G2M cell cycle arrest, and induces apoptosis. TQ significantly increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while pretreatment of MB cells with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abrogated TQ-induced cell death and apoptosis, suggesting that TQ-induced cell death and apoptosis are oxidative stress-mediated. TQ inhibitory effects were associated with inhibition of NF-κB and altered expression of its downstream effectors IL-8 and its receptors, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, X-IAP, and FLIP, as well as the pro-apoptotic TRAIL-R1, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bcl-xS, and cytochrome c. TQ-triggered apoptosis was substantiated by up-regulation of the executioner caspase-3 and caspase-7, as well as cleavage of the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Interestingly, pretreatment of MB cells with NAC or the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk abrogated TQ-induced apoptosis, loss of cyclin B1 and NF-κB activity, suggesting that these TQ-mediated effects are oxidative stress- and caspase-dependent. These findings reveal that TQ induces both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis in MB cells, and suggest its potential usefulness in the treatment of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader E Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Atallah F Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Vitiligo Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairy M A Zoheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mourad A Aboul-Soud
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Research Chair, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adel R A Abd-Allah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vino T Cheryan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Arun K Rishi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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12
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Thang ND, Nghia PT, Kumasaka MY, Yajima I, Kato M. Treatment of vemurafenib-resistant SKMEL-28 melanoma cells with paclitaxel. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:699-705. [PMID: 25684511 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.2.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vemurafenib has recently been used as drug for treatment of melanomas with BRAFV600E mutation. Unfortunately, treatment with only vemurafenib has not been sufficiently effective, with recurrence after a short period. In this study, three vemurafenib-resistant BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines, A375PR, A375MR and SKMEL-28R, were established from the original A375P, A375M and SKMEL-28 cell lines. Examination of the molecular mechanisms showed that the phosphorylation levels of MEK and ERK, which play key roles in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, were reduced in these three cell lines, with increased phosphorylation levels of pAKTs limited to SKMEL-28R cells. Treatment of SKMEL-28R cells with 100 nM paclitaxel resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased cellular proliferation, invasion and colony formation via reduction of expression levels of EGFR and pAKTs. Moreover, vemurafenib-induced pAKTs in SKMEL-28R were decreased by treatment with an AKT inhibitor, MK-2206. Taken together, our results revealed that resistance mechanisms of BRAFV600E-mutation melanoma cells to vemurafenib depended on the cell type. Our results suggested that paclitaxel should be considered as a drug in combination with vemurafenib to treat melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dinh Thang
- Department of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam E-mail :
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13
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SINKOVICS JOSEPHG. The cnidarian origin of the proto-oncogenes NF-κB/STAT and WNT-like oncogenic pathway drives the ctenophores (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1211-29. [PMID: 26239915 PMCID: PMC4583530 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell survival pathways of the diploblastic early multicellular eukaryotic hosts contain and operate the molecular machinery resembling those of malignantly transformed individual cells of highly advanced multicellular hosts (including Homo). In the present review, the STAT/NF-κB pathway of the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis is compared with that of human tumors (malignant lymphomas, including Reed-Sternberg cells) pointing out similarities, including possible viral initiation in both cases. In the ctenophore genome and proteome, β-catenin gains intranuclear advantages due to a physiologically weak destructive complex in the cytoplasm, and lack of natural inhibitors (the dickkopfs). Thus, a scenario similar to what tumor cells initiate and achieve is presented through several constitutive loss-of-function type mutations in the destructive complex and in the elimination of inhibitors. Vice versa, malignantly transformed individual cells of advanced multicellular hosts assume pheno-genotypic resemblance to cells of unicellular or early multicellular hosts, and presumably to their ancient predecessors, by returning to the semblance of immortality and to the resumption of the state of high degree of resistance to physicochemical insults. Human leukemogenic and oncogenic pathways are presented for comparisons. The supreme bioengineers RNA/DNA complex encoded both the malignantly transformed immortal cell and the human cerebral cortex. The former generates molecules for the immortality of cellular life in the Universe. The latter invents the inhibitors of the process in order to gain control over it.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOSEPH G. SINKOVICS
- St. Joseph Hospital's Cancer Institute Affiliated with the H.L. Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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14
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Rotelli MT, Bocale D, De Fazio M, Ancona P, Scalera I, Memeo R, Travaglio E, Zbar AP, Altomare DF. IN-VITRO evidence for the protective properties of the main components of the Mediterranean diet against colorectal cancer: A systematic review. Surg Oncol 2015; 24:145-52. [PMID: 26303826 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) vary over 10-fold worldwide where within Westernized societies lower rates are observed amongst populations living within the Mediterranean basin, suggesting a significant influence of environment and dietary style in CRC carcinogenesis. Interpretation of the data concerning the benefits of mediterranean (MD) diet is difficult in vivo because of the variability of alimentary regimens used, the differing compliance with dietary supplementation and because of the non-uniform duration of patient cohort observation. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the in-vitro effects on colorectal cancer cell lines. METHODS the literature concerning the in-vitro effects of 4 of the principal components symbolizing the MD such as olive oil (polyphenol), red chili (capsaicin), tomato (lycopene) and red grapes (resveratrol) have been systematically reviewed. RESULTS Several studies have demonstrated that polyphenols form olive oil, lycopene, resveratrol and capsaicin have multiple anticancer properties affecting several metabolic pathways involved in cancerogenesis, apoptosis, and metastasis in CRC cell lines. CONCLUSION This review summarizes some of the most recent data potentially supportive of the use of MD in CRC chemoprevention, analyzing the in vitro effects of individual components of the MD on CRC cell development, progression, metastasis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Rotelli
- DETO Dept of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Italy.
| | - D Bocale
- DETO Dept of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Italy
| | - M De Fazio
- DETO Dept of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Italy
| | - P Ancona
- DETO Dept of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Italy
| | - I Scalera
- DETO Dept of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Italy
| | - R Memeo
- DETO Dept of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Italy
| | - E Travaglio
- DETO Dept of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Italy
| | - A P Zbar
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D F Altomare
- DETO Dept of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Italy
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15
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Liu H, French BA, Nelson TJ, Li J, Tillman B, French SW. IL-8 signaling is up-regulated in alcoholic hepatitis and DDC fed mice with Mallory Denk Bodies (MDBs) present. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:320-5. [PMID: 26260904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are involved in oncogenesis and in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Various chemokines also promote cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of stressed cells. The chemokine CXCL8, also known as interleukin-8 (IL-8), is a proinflammatory molecule that has functions within the tumor microenvironment. Deregulation of IL-8 signaling is shown to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Mallory-Denk Bodies (MDBs) are prevalent in various liver diseases including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and are formed in mice livers by feeding DDC. By comparing AH livers where MDBs had formed with normal livers, there were significant changes of IL-8 signaling by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses. Real-time PCR analysis of CXCR2 further shows a 6-fold up-regulation in AH livers and a 26-fold up-regulation in the livers of DDC re-fed mice. IL-8 mRNA was also significantly up-regulated in AH livers and DDC re-fed mice livers. This indicates that CXCR2 and IL-8 may be crucial for liver MDB formation. MDB containing balloon hepatocytes in AH livers had increased intensity of staining of the cytoplasm for both CXCR2 and IL-8. Overexpression of IL-8 leads to an increase of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and exacerbates the inflammatory cycle. These observations constitute a demonstration of the altered regulation of IL-8 signaling in the livers of AH and mice fed DDC where MDBs formed, providing further insight into the mechanism of MDB formation mediated by IL-8 signaling in AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Barbara A French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Tyler J Nelson
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology, LABioMed at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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16
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Pyun CW, Kim JH, Han KH, Hong GE, Lee CH. In vivo protective effects of dietary curcumin and capsaicin against alcohol-induced oxidative stress. Biofactors 2014; 40:494-500. [PMID: 24899543 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BALB/c mice were exposed to chronic alcohol-induced oxidative stress by intragastric administration of excessive ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) during the 24-week period. Curcumin (0.016%) or capsaicin (0.014%) containing diets were fed with or without ethanol treatment in four groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the behavioral test between all groups during the experimental period. Only one alcohol-treated mouse fed a normal diet showed a behavioral disorder and died before the raising period was completed. There were no effects on the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the brain. However, curcumin or capsaicin treatment prevented alcohol-induced decline in brain weight. Furthermore, the levels of malondialdehyde and phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide were significantly reduced in the brain tissue extract. The findings of this study demonstrated and confirmed the antioxidant effect of curcumin and capsaicin against alcohol-induced oxidative stress, and they suggest a direction for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Pyun
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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17
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Pal S, Bhattacharjee A, Ali A, Mandal NC, Mandal SC, Pal M. Chronic inflammation and cancer: potential chemoprevention through nuclear factor kappa B and p53 mutual antagonism. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:23. [PMID: 25152696 PMCID: PMC4142057 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- κB) as a mechanism of host defense against infection and stress is the central mediator of inflammatory responses. A normal (acute) inflammatory response is activated on urgent basis and is auto-regulated. Chronic inflammation that results due to failure in the regulatory mechanism, however, is largely considered as a critical determinant in the initiation and progression of various forms of cancer. Mechanistically, NF- κB favors this process by inducing various genes responsible for cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion while at the same time antagonizing growth regulators including tumor suppressor p53. It has been shown by various independent investigations that a down regulation of NF- κB activity directly, or indirectly through the activation of the p53 pathway reduces tumor growth substantially. Therefore, there is a huge effort driven by many laboratories to understand the NF- κB signaling pathways to intervene the function of this crucial player in inflammation and tumorigenesis in order to find an effective inhibitor directly, or through the p53 tumor suppressor. We discuss here on the role of NF- κB in chronic inflammation and cancer, highlighting mutual antagonism between NF- κB and p53 pathways in the process. We also discuss prospective pharmacological modulators of these two pathways, including those that were already tested to affect this mutual antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabani Pal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713209, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | | | - Subhash C Mandal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mahadeb Pal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
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18
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Capsaicin-induced activation of p53-SMAR1 auto-regulatory loop down-regulates VEGF in non-small cell lung cancer to restrain angiogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99743. [PMID: 24926985 PMCID: PMC4057320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite decades of research, the treatment options for lung cancer patients remain inadequate, either to offer a cure or even a substantial survival advantage owing to its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy. Our results propose the effectiveness of capsaicin in down-regulating VEGF expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells in hypoxic environment. Capsaicin-treatment re-activated p53-SMAR1 positive feed-back loop in these cells to persuade p53-mediated HIF-1α degradation and SMAR1-induced repression of Cox-2 expression that restrained HIF-1α nuclear localization. Such signal-modulations consequently down regulated VEGF expression to thwart endothelial cell migration and network formation, pre-requisites of angiogenesis in tumor micro-environment. The above results advocate the candidature of capsaicin in exclusively targeting angiogenesis by down-regulating VEGF in tumor cells to achieve more efficient and cogent therapy of resistant NSCLC.
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19
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Todorović-Raković N, Milovanović J. Interleukin-8 in breast cancer progression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:563-70. [PMID: 23697558 PMCID: PMC3793647 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine that has an autocrine and/or paracrine tumor-promoting role and significant potential as a prognostic and/or predictive cancer biomarker. In breast cancer, which is mostly determined by expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), IL-8 could play a specific role. IL-8 is highly expressed in ER- breast cancers, but it increases invasiveness and metastatic potential of both ER- and ER+ breast cancer cells. It is also highly expressed in HER2+ breast cancers. Because of the complex crosstalk between these receptors and IL-8, its role is mainly determined by delicate balance in their signaling pathways. Therefore, the main point of this review was to analyze the possible influence of IL-8 in breast cancer progression related to its interaction with ER and HER2 and the consequent therapeutic implications of these relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Todorović-Raković
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia , Belgrade, Serbia
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20
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Hakim A, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM, Usmani OS. Importin‐7 mediates glucocorticoid receptor nuclear import and is impaired by oxidative stress, leading to glucocorticoid insensitivity. FASEB J 2013; 27:4510-9. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hakim
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College London and Royal Brompton HospitalLondonUK
| | - Peter J. Barnes
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College London and Royal Brompton HospitalLondonUK
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College London and Royal Brompton HospitalLondonUK
| | - Omar S. Usmani
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College London and Royal Brompton HospitalLondonUK
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21
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Bley K, Boorman G, Mohammad B, McKenzie D, Babbar S. A Comprehensive Review of the Carcinogenic and Anticarcinogenic Potential of Capsaicin. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:847-73. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312444471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to capsaicin, the most abundant pungent chili pepper component, is ubiquitous. Evaluation of capsaicin’s carcinogenic potential has produced variable results in in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity and carcinogenicity assays. The capsaicin tested in older studies was often from pepper plant extracts and included other capsaicinoids and diverse impurities. Recent studies utilizing high-purity capsaicin and standardized protocols provide evidence that the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of capsaicin is quite low and that the purity of capsaicin is important. Several small epidemiological studies suggest a link between capsaicin consumption and stomach or gall bladder cancer, but contamination of capsaicin-containing foods with known carcinogens renders their interpretation problematic. The postulated ability of capsaicin metabolites to damage DNA and promote carcinogenesis remains unsupported. Anticancer activities of capsaicin have been widely reported, as it inhibits the activity of carcinogens and induces apoptosis in numerous cancer cell lines in vitro and explanted into rodents. Diverse mechanisms have been postulated for capsaicin’s anticancer properties. One hypothesis is that inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes—particularly CYP2E1—retards carcinogen activation but is contradicted by the low potency of capsaicin for CYP inhibition. The potential for dietary capsaicin to act as a chemopreventative is now widely postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Bley
- NeurogesX, Inc., San Mateo, California, USA
| | - Gary Boorman
- Covance Laboratories Inc., Chantilly, Virginia, USA
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22
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Kuai WX, Wang Q, Yang XZ, Zhao Y, Yu R, Tang XJ. Interleukin-8 associates with adhesion, migration, invasion and chemosensitivity of human gastric cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:979-85. [PMID: 22408359 PMCID: PMC3297059 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i9.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion and chemosensitivity of gastric cancer (GC) cells.
METHODS: The IL-8 cDNA was stably transfected into human GC cell line MKN-45 and selected IL-8-secreting transfectants. The expression of IL-8 in human GC cell line KATO-III was inhibited by RNA interference. The expressions of mRNA and protein of IL-8 in GC cells were detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: The overexpression of IL-8 resulted in an increased cell adhesion, migration and invasion, and a significant resistance to oxaliplatin in MKN-45 cells. Inhibition of IL-8 expression with small interfering RNA decreased the adhesion, migration and invasion functions and oxaliplatin resistance in KATO-III cells. IL-8 increased NF-κB and Akt activities and adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD44 expression in GC cells.
CONCLUSION: Overexpression of IL-8 promotes the adhesion, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance of GC cells, indicating that IL-8 is an important therapeutic target in GC.
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23
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Oka M, Sakaguchi M, Okada T, Nagai H, Ozaki M, Yoshioka T, Inoue H, Mukaida N, Kikkawa U, Nishigori C. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 upregulates interleukin-8 expression at the level of transcription in human melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e50-5. [PMID: 19758315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Many melanoma cells continuously produce interleukin-8 (IL-8). The involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the constant production of IL-8 in melanoma cells was examined. The level of IL-8 production correlated well with that of the phosphorylated (activated) STAT3 in six human melanoma cell lines. Introduction of the constitutively activated form of STAT3 (STAT3-C) into WM35 melanoma cells, that show low levels of IL-8 and phosphorylated STAT3, enhanced IL-8 production. Knockdown of STAT3 suppressed IL-8 production in WM1205Lu cells that contain a high level of IL-8 accompanied by STAT3 phosphorylation. Introduction of STAT3-C markedly increased the luciferase activity in WM1205Lu cells transfected with reporter vectors linked to the 5'-flanking region of the IL-8 gene from -546 to +44 base pair (bp) and from -272 to +44 bp, but not in cells expressing reporter plasmids from -133 to +44 bp and from -98 to +44 bp. These results indicate that the upregulation of IL-8 production is caused by constitutive STAT3 activation at the level of gene transcription in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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24
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NF-kappaB and cancer: how intimate is this relationship. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 336:25-37. [PMID: 19823771 PMCID: PMC3148942 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NF-kappaB, a transcription factor first discovered in 1986, is now known to be closely connected to the process of tumorogenesis based on a multiplicity of evidence. (1) NF-kappaB is activated in response to tobacco, stress, dietary agents, obesity, alcohol, infectious agents, irradiation, and environmental stimuli that account for as much as 95% of all cancers. (2) The transcription factor has been linked with transformation of cells. (3) It is constitutively active in most tumor cells. (4) It has also been linked with the survival of cancer stem cells, an early progenitor cell that has acquired self-renewal potential. (5) NF-kappaB regulates the expression of most anti-apoptotic gene products associated with the survival of the tumor. (6) It also regulates the gene products linked with proliferation of tumors. (7) The transcription factor controls the expression of gene products linked with invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cancer. (8) While most carcinogens activate NF-kappaB, most chemopreventive agents suppress its activation. These observations suggest that NF-kappaB is intimately intertwined with cancer growth and metastasis. The mechanism that leads to constitutive activation of NF-kappaB in hematological, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, gynecological, thoracic head and neck, breast, and skin cancers, and the ways NF-kappaB is activated are the topics of discussion in this review.
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Ghosh AK, Basu S. Fas-associated factor 1 is a negative regulator in capsaicin induced cancer cell apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2009; 287:142-9. [PMID: 19570606 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vanilloid receptor1 (VR1/TRPV1) is expressed on peripheral nerves and involved in sensing of temperature and pain. Recent reports have demonstrated that tumor cells express TRPV1 and that capsaicin (CP), a ligand for TRPV1, induces apoptosis in cancer cells. The mechanism underlying CP-induced tumor cell apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of TRPV1 in tumor apoptosis using TRPV1-expressing cancer cell lines. We demonstrate that iodo-resiniferatoxin (I-RTX), an antagonist of TRPV1 does not inhibit CP mediated apoptosis nor is it cytotoxic by itself, but acts as a partial agonist and shows synergistic effect with CP. We further demonstrate that CP treatment degrades Fas-associated factor1 (FAF1); a TRPV1 associated protein. Moreover, using RNA interference with small inhibitory RNAs (siRNA) for FAF1 we observed that down-regulation of FAF1 by siRNA makes the cell susceptible to enhanced apoptosis with CP. In summary, our data shows for the first time that the underlying mechanisms of CP-induced cancer cell apoptosis involves FAF1, a TRPV1 associated protein and serves as an important foundation for further understanding of anticancer activity of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiya K Ghosh
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, MC1601, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, USA
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26
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Kim YM, Hwang JT, Kwak DW, Lee YK, Park OJ. Involvement of AMPK signaling cascade in capsaicin-induced apoptosis of HT-29 colon cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1095:496-503. [PMID: 17404062 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated during ATP-depleting metabolic states, such as hypoxia, heat shock, oxidative stress, and exercise. As a highly conserved heterotrimeric kinase that functions as a major metabolic switch to maintain energy homeostasis, AMPK has been shown to exert as an intrinsic regulator of mammalian cell cycle. Moreover, AMPK cascade has emerged as an important pathway implicated in cancer control. In this article, we have investigated the effects of capsaicin on apoptosis in relation to AMPK activation in colon cancer cell. Capsaicin-induced apoptosis was revealed by the presence of nucleobodies in the capsaicin-treated HT-29 colon cancer cells. Concomitantly, the activation of AMPK and the increased expression of the inactive form of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were detected in capsaicin-treated colon cancer cells. We showed that both capsaicin and 5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribonucleoside (AICAR), an AMPK activator possess the AMPK-activating capacity as well as apoptosis-inducing properties. Evidence of the association between AMPK activation and the increased apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells by capsaicin treatment, and further findings of the correlation of the activated AMPK and the elevated apoptosis by cotreatment of AICAR and capsaicin support AMPK as an important component of apoptosis, as well as a possible target of cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791, Korea
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Melnikova VO, Bar-Eli M. Bioimmunotherapy for melanoma using fully human antibodies targeting MCAM/MUC18 and IL-8. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 19:395-405. [PMID: 16965268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is associated with high rate of patients' mortality and represents a great challenge for cancer therapies because of its notorious resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Considerable efforts have been made over the last 2 decades in pursuit of new treatment modalities and identification of molecular events associated with melanoma progression and development of metastases. The acquisition of the metastatic phenotype is associated with overexpression of the adhesion molecule MCAM/MUC18 and the angiogenic factor IL-8. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on MCAM/MUC18 and IL-8, their transcriptional regulation, and their role in melanoma growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Further, we report on the development of new fully human antibodies, anti-MCAM/MUC18 (ABX-MA1) and anti-IL-8 (ABX-IL8), and their effects on tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. Collectively, our studies suggest that ABX-MA1 and ABX-IL8 could serve as new modalities for the treatment of melanoma either alone, or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or other antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:1397-421. [PMID: 16563357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1072] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While fruits and vegetables are recommended for prevention of cancer and other diseases, their active ingredients (at the molecular level) and their mechanisms of action less well understood. Extensive research during the last half century has identified various molecular targets that can potentially be used not only for the prevention of cancer but also for treatment. However, lack of success with targeted monotherapy resulting from bypass mechanisms has forced researchers to employ either combination therapy or agents that interfere with multiple cell-signaling pathways. In this review, we present evidence that numerous agents identified from fruits and vegetables can interfere with several cell-signaling pathways. The agents include curcumin (turmeric), resveratrol (red grapes, peanuts and berries), genistein (soybean), diallyl sulfide (allium), S-allyl cysteine (allium), allicin (garlic), lycopene (tomato), capsaicin (red chilli), diosgenin (fenugreek), 6-gingerol (ginger), ellagic acid (pomegranate), ursolic acid (apple, pears, prunes), silymarin (milk thistle), anethol (anise, camphor, and fennel), catechins (green tea), eugenol (cloves), indole-3-carbinol (cruciferous vegetables), limonene (citrus fruits), beta carotene (carrots), and dietary fiber. For instance, the cell-signaling pathways inhibited by curcumin alone include NF-kappaB, AP-1, STAT3, Akt, Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), caspases, PARP, IKK, EGFR, HER2, JNK, MAPK, COX2, and 5-LOX. The active principle identified in fruit and vegetables and the molecular targets modulated may be the basis for how these dietary agents not only prevent but also treat cancer and other diseases. This work reaffirms what Hippocrates said 25 centuries ago, let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Box 143, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Freund A, Jolivel V, Durand S, Kersual N, Chalbos D, Chavey C, Vignon F, Lazennec G. Mechanisms underlying differential expression of interleukin-8 in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2005; 23:6105-14. [PMID: 15208657 PMCID: PMC2668865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression was inversely correlated to estrogen receptor (ER) status and was overexpressed in invasive breast cancer cells. In the present study, we show that IL-8 overexpression in breast cancer cells involves a higher transcriptional activity of IL-8 gene promoter. Cloning of IL-8 promoter from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells expressing high and low levels of IL-8, respectively, shows the integrity of the promoter in both cell lines. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of the promoter demonstrate that NF-kappaB and AP-1 and to a lesser extent C/EBP binding sites play a crucial role in the control of IL-8 promoter activity in MDA-MB-231 cells. Knockdown of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activities by adenovirus-mediated expression of an NF-kappaB super-repressor and RNA interference, respectively, decreased IL-8 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. On the contrary, restoration of Fra-1, Fra-2, c-Jun, p50, p65, C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta expression levels in MCF-7 cells led to a promoter activity comparable to that observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. Our data constitute the first extensive study of IL-8 gene overexpression in breast cancer cells and suggest that the high expression of IL-8 in invasive cancer cells requires a complex cooperation between NF-kappaB, AP-1 and C/EBP transcription factors.
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Chen CW, Lee ST, Wu WT, Fu WM, Ho FM, Lin WW. Signal transduction for inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induction by capsaicin and related analogs in macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:1077-87. [PMID: 14530214 PMCID: PMC1574120 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Although capsaicin analogs might be a potential strategy to manipulate inflammation, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the effects and action mechanisms of vanilloid analogs on iNOS and COX-2 expression were investigated in RAW264.7 macrophages. 2. Capsaicin and resiniferatoxin (RTX) can inhibit LPS- and IFN-gamma-mediated NO production, and iNOS protein and mRNA expression with similar IC50 values of around 10 microm. 3. Capsaicin also transcriptionally inhibited LPS- and PMA-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. However, this effect exhibited a higher potency (IC50: 0.2 microm), and RTX failed to elicit such responses at 10 microm. 4. Interestingly, we found that capsazepine, a competitive TRPV1 antagonist, did not prevent the inhibition elicited by capsaicin or RTX. Nevertheless, it mimicked vanilloids in inhibiting iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 induction with an IC50 value of 3 microm. RT-PCR and immunoblotting analysis excluded the expression of TRPV1 in RAW264.7 macrophages. 5. The DNA binding assay demonstrated the abilities of vanilloids to inhibit LPS-elicited NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation and IFN-gamma-elicited STAT1 activation. The reporter assay of AP-1 activity also supported this action. 6. The kinase assay indicated that ERK, JNK, and IKK activation by LPS were inhibited by vanilloids. 7. In conclusion, vanilloids can modulate the expression of inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 genes in macrophages through interference with upstream signalling events of LPS and IFN-gamma. These findings provide new insights into the potential benefits of the active ingredient in hot chilli peppers in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sho Tone Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen Tung Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Mei Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ming Ho
- Tao-Yuan General Hospital, Department of Health the Executive Yuan, Taoyan, Taiwan
| | - Wan Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Chemoprevention refers to the use of agents to inhibit, reverse or retard tumorigenesis. Numerous phytochemicals derived from edible plants have been reported to interfere with a specific stage of the carcinogenic process. Many mechanisms have been shown to account for the anticarcinogenic actions of dietary constituents, but attention has recently been focused on intracellular-signalling cascades as common molecular targets for various chemopreventive phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Surh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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32
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Smith AP, Kirkwood JM, Edington HD, Jukic DM, Farkas DL, Becker D. Fluorescence Imaging Analysis of Upstream Regulators and Downstream Targets of STAT3 in Melanoma Precursor Lesions Obtained from Patients Before and After Systemic Low-Dose Interferon-α Treatment. Mol Imaging 2003; 2:65-73. [PMID: 12926238 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200302157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical nevi are the precursors and risk markers of melanoma. Apart from persistently monitoring these nevocytic lesions and resecting them at the earliest signs of clinical changes, there is as yet no systemic clinical treatment available to interfere with their progression to melanoma. To explore clinical treatments that might interfere with and possibly prevent atypical nevus progression, a previous study documented that 3 months systemic low-dose interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment of patients with a clinical history of melanoma and numerous atypical nevi, led to inactivation of the STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors in atypical nevi. Based upon this finding, we initiated a second study to determine whether systemic low-dose IFN-α treatment also impairs the expression of upstream regulators and downstream targets of STAT1 and STAT3 in atypical nevi. Using cyanine dye-conjugated antibodies, fluorescence imaging analysis revealed expression of JAK2, JNK1, AKT1, NF-κB, and IFN-αβ receptor in benign and atypical nevi, and early- and advanced-stage melanomas. To determine possible changes in the level of expression of these molecules in atypical nevi, excised before and after 3 months of systemic low-dose IFN-α treatment, newly designed optical imaging software was used to quantitate the captured fluorescent hybridization signals on a cell-by-cell basis and across an entire nevus section. The results of this analysis did not provide evidence that systemic low-dose IFN-α treatment alters the level of expression of upstream regulators or downstream targets of STAT1 and STAT3.
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