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Oh J, Kwon TW, Choi JH, Kim Y, Moon SK, Nah SY, Cho IH. Ginsenoside-Re inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by downregulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155065. [PMID: 37856989 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are main active compounds of Panax ginseng with pharmacological effects on immunological/neurological diseases. Recently, ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, whether G-Re has an effect on multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), has not been revealed yet. PURPOSE AND METHODS The purpose of this study was to investigate pharmacological effects of G-Re and related molecular mechanisms using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-immunized experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of MS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bEND.3 cells as an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). RESULTS G-Re attenuated motor impairment of EAE, demyelination, and inflammation in spinal cords of EAE mice. G-Re reduced infiltration/activation of microglia/macrophages and decreased mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines (MIP-1α, MCP-1, and RANTES), and enzymes (iNOS) in spinal cords of EAE mice. G-Re inhibited alterations of BBB constituents (such as astrocytes, cell adhesion molecule (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1), and tight junctional molecules (occludin and zonula occludens-1)) and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MyD88/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in spinal cords of EAE mice and LPS-stimulated bEND.3 cells. Interestingly, combination treatment with G-Re and TLR4 inhibitor (TAK242) significantly inhibited the upregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated bEND.3 cells. TLR4 inhibitor- and activator-treated EAE mice showed conflicting behavior patterns. CONCLUSION G-Re might alleviate motor impairment of EAE and its pathological/inflammatory events in the spinal cord by preventing BBB disruption via downregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. These findings for the first time suggest that G-Re might be a potential therapeutic for MS through maintenance of BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Oh
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunna Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Kwan Moon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Chen H, Li X, Chi H, Li Z, Wang C, Wang Q, Feng H, Li P. A Qualitative Analysis of Cultured Adventitious Ginseng Root's Chemical Composition and Immunomodulatory Effects. Molecules 2023; 29:111. [PMID: 38202694 PMCID: PMC10780104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of ginseng in fields is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Thus, culturing adventitious ginseng root in vitro constitutes an effective approach to accumulating ginsenosides. In this study, we employed UPLC-QTOF-MS to analyze the composition of the cultured adventitious root (cAR) of ginseng, identifying 60 chemical ingredients. We also investigated the immunomodulatory effect of cAR extract using various mouse models. The results demonstrated that the cAR extract showed significant activity in enhancing the immune response in mice. The mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of cAR was analyzed through network pharmacology analysis, revealing potential 'key protein targets', namely TNF, AKT1, IL-6, VEGFA, and IL-1β, affected by potential 'key components', namely the ginsenosides PPT, F1, Rh2, CK, and 20(S)-Rg3. The signaling pathways PI3K-Akt, AGE-RAGE, and MAPK may play a vital role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Tonghua 134123, China; (X.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiangzhu Li
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Tonghua 134123, China; (X.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Hang Chi
- Tonghua Herbal Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Tonghua 134123, China; (X.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qianyun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hao Feng
- College of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (C.W.); (Q.W.)
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Alanazi HH, Elasbali AM, Alanazi MK, El Azab EF. Medicinal Herbs: Promising Immunomodulators for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:8045. [PMID: 38138535 PMCID: PMC10745476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are constantly at high risk of emerging pandemics caused by viral and bacterial infections. The emergence of new pandemics is mainly caused by evolved viruses and bacteria that are highly resistant to existing medications. The rapid evolution of infectious agents demands the urgent investigation of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat these infections at an early stage. One of these therapeutic strategies includes the use of medicinal herbs for their antibacterial and antiviral properties. The use of herbal medicines as remedies is very ancient and has been employed for centuries. Many studies have confirmed the antimicrobial activities of herbs against various pathogens in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic effect of medicinal herbs is mainly attributed to the natural bioactive molecules present in these plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Different mechanisms have been proposed for how medicinal herbs enhance the immune system and combat pathogens. Such mechanisms include the disruption of bacterial cell membranes, suppression of protein synthesis, and limitation of pathogen replication through the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. Medicinal herbs have been shown to treat a number of infectious diseases by modulating the immune system's components. For instance, many medicinal herbs alleviate inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1, IL-6) while promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10). Medicinal herbs also play a role in defense against viral and intracellular infections by enhancing the proliferation and functions of natural killer cells, T-helper-1 cells, and macrophages. In this review, we will explore the use of the most common herbs in preventing and treating infectious and non-infectious diseases. Using current and recently published studies, we focus on the immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects induced by medicinal herbs to enhance immune responses during diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad H. Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Al-Qurayyat 77455, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.); (E.F.E.A.)
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Silvestrini P, Beccaria C, Renna MS, Engler C, Simonutti V, Cellone I, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE, Baravalle C. In vitro evaluation of ginsenoside Rg1 immunostimulating effect in bovine mononuclear cells. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:1-12. [PMID: 36898322 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mammary secretion and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MSMC and PBMC, respectively). The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4 and selected cytokines were evaluated on MSMC after Rg1 treatment. Also, TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression was evaluated on MSMC and PBMC after Rg1 treatment. Phagocytic activity and capacity, ROS production and MHC-II expression were evaluated on MSMC and PBMC after Rg1 treatment and co-culture with Staphylococcus aureus strain 5011. Rg1 induced mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in groups treated with different concentrations and at different times in MSMC, and induced TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression in MSMC and PBMC. Rg1 increased phagocytic capacity and ROS production in MSMC and PBMC. Rg1 increased MHC-II expression by PBMC. However, Rg1 pre-treatment had no effect on cells co-cultured with S. aureus. In conclusion, Rg1 was able to stimulate several sensing and effector activities in these immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Silvestrini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Camila Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Carolina Engler
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Valeria Simonutti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ivana Cellone
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONCET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina.
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Efficacy of Rg1-Oil Adjuvant on Inducing Immune Responses against Bordetella bronchiseptica in Rabbits. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8835919. [PMID: 33575363 PMCID: PMC7864750 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8835919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica) is an obligately aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, nonfermentative Gram-negative coccobacillus. This study is aimed at examining the immune effects of Rg1, Rg1 plus oil, and other common adjuvants on inactivated B. bronchiseptica vaccine in rabbits. The mechanism underlying the adjuvant effect of Rg1 plus oil on the vaccine was also explored. Rg1 (100 μg) plus oil significantly improved the immune effect of B. bronchiseptica vaccine at both the humoral and cellular levels. Rg1-oil adjuvant increased the levels of IL-2 and IL-4 in rabbits after immunization. Rg1 (100 μg) plus oil also significantly increased TLR2 expression and downregulated NF-κB in splenocytes. Rg1-oil adjuvant may increase the levels of IL-2 and IL-4 via upregulating TLR2, thereby enhancing the immune effect of B. bronchiseptica vaccine. In conclusion, Rg1 plus oil could be used as a potential vaccine adjuvant for rabbit B. bronchiseptica vaccine.
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Panossian A, Brendler T. The Role of Adaptogens in Prophylaxis and Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E236. [PMID: 32911682 PMCID: PMC7558817 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of herbal preparations, specifically adaptogens for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections, as well as convalescence, specifically through supporting a challenged immune system, increasing resistance to viral infection, inhibiting severe inflammatory progression, and driving effective recovery. The evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies with Andrographis paniculata, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Glycyrrhiza spp., Panax spp., Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, their combination products and melatonin suggests that adaptogens can be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections at all stages of progression of inflammation as well as in aiding recovery of the organism by (i) modulating innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) anti-inflammatory activity, (iii) detoxification and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage in compromised cells, (iv) direct antiviral effects of inhibiting viral docking or replication, and (v) improving quality of life during convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panossian
- Phytomed AB, Vaxtorp, 31275 Halland, Sweden
- EuropharmaUSA, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
| | - Thomas Brendler
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;
- Traditional Medicinals Inc., Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
- Plantaphile, Collingswood, NJ 08108, USA
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Cho YK, Kim JE, Woo JH. Korean Red Ginseng increases defective pol gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-1-infected patients; inhibition of its detection during ginseng-based combination therapy. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:684-691. [PMID: 31695572 PMCID: PMC6823744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have reported that defective nef and gag genes are induced in HIV-1–infected patients treated with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG). Methods To investigate whether KRG treatment and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affect genetic defects in the pol gene, we amplified and sequenced a partial pol gene (p-pol) containing the integrase portion (1.2 kb) by nested PCR with sequential peripheral blood mononuclear cells over 20 years and compared it with those patients at baseline, in control patients, those taking ginseng-based combination therapy (GCT; KRG plus combinational antiretroviral therapy) and HAART alone. We also compared our findings to look for the full-length pol gene (pol) (3.0-kb) Results Twenty-patients infected with subtype B were treated with KRG for 116 ± 58 months in the absence of HAART. Internal deletion in the pol gene (Δpol) was significantly higher in the KRG group (11.9%) than in the control group and at baseline; its detection was significantly inhibited during GCT as much as during HAART. In addition, the Δpol in p-pol significantly depended on the duration of KRG treatment. In pol, the proportion of Δpol was significantly higher in the KRG group (38.7%) than in the control group, and it was significantly inhibited during GCT and HAART. In contrast, the proportion of stop codon appeared not to be affected by KRG treatment. The PCR success rate was significantly decreased with longer GCT. Conclusion The proportion of Δpol depends on template size as well as KRG treatment. HAART decreases the detection of Δpol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mohammadi H, Hadi A, Kord-Varkaneh H, Arab A, Afshari M, Ferguson AJR, Ghaedi E. Effects of ginseng supplementation on selected markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1991-2001. [PMID: 31161680 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of ginseng administration on serum level of inflammatory biomarkers. We performed a systematic search of all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted up to June 2018 in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. RCTs that investigated the effect ginseng supplementation on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were included for final analysis. A total of seven RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Results indicated significant reduction in IL-6 (mean difference [MD]: -0.265 pg/ml, 95% CI [-0.396, -0.135], p < .001) and TNF-α (MD: -2.471 pg/ml, 95% CI [-2.904, -2.039], p < .001) and no significant change in hs-CRP (MD: -0.125 mg/L, 95% CI [-0.597, 0.347], p = .604). Although there was publication bias across studies, trim and fill analysis showed that results from unpublished studies could not change the results for CRP. However, removing one study in sensitivity analysis did reveal a significant reduction in CRP. We conclude that ginseng supplementation significantly lowered IL-6 and TNF-α but did not significantly lower CRP. However, these findings were not robust, because they showed sensitivity for CRP and IL-6, and future long-term well-designed dose-escalating trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Hadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Arab
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masood Afshari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Sander VA, Corigliano MG, Clemente M. Promising Plant-Derived Adjuvants in the Development of Coccidial Vaccines. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:20. [PMID: 30809529 PMCID: PMC6379251 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidial parasites cause medical and veterinary diseases worldwide, frequently leading to severe illness and important economic losses. At present, drugs, chemotherapeutics and prophylactic vaccines are still missing for most of the coccidial infections. Moreover, the development and administration of drugs and chemotherapeutics against these diseases would not be adequate in livestock, since they may generate unacceptable residues in milk and meat that would avoid their commercialization. In this scenario, prophylactic vaccines emerge as the most suitable approach. Subunit vaccines have proven to be biologically safe and economically viable, allowing researchers to choose among the best antigens against each pathogen. However, they are generally poorly immunogenic and require the addition of adjuvant compounds to the vaccine formulation. During the last decades, research involving plant immunomodulatory compounds has become an important field of study based on their potential pharmaceutical applications. Some plant molecules such as saponins, polysaccharides, lectins and heat shock proteins are being explored as candidates for adjuvant/carriers formulations. Moreover, plant-derived immune stimulatory compounds open the possibility to attain the main goal in adjuvant research: a safe and non-toxic adjuvant capable of strongly boosting and directing immune responses that could be incorporated into different vaccine formulations, including mucosal vaccines. Here, we review the immunomodulatory properties of several plant molecules and discuss their application and future perspective as adjuvants in the development of vaccines against coccidial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Sander
- Unidad de Biotecnología 6-UB6, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Mariana G Corigliano
- Unidad de Biotecnología 6-UB6, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Marina Clemente
- Unidad de Biotecnología 6-UB6, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
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Rehman MU, Wali AF, Ahmad A, Shakeel S, Rasool S, Ali R, Rashid SM, Madkhali H, Ganaie MA, Khan R. Neuroprotective Strategies for Neurological Disorders by Natural Products: An update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:247-267. [PMID: 30207234 PMCID: PMC6425075 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180911124605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has bestowed mankind with surplus resources (natural products) on land and water. Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. These natural products have been experimentally documented to possess various biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. In vitro and in vivo studies have further established the usefulness of natural products in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders. Natural products include phytoconstituents, like polyphenolic antioxidants, found in herbs, fruits, nuts, vegetables and also in marine and freshwater flora. These phytoconstituents may potentially suppress neurodegeneration and improve memory as well as cognitive functions of the brain. Also, they are known to play a pivotal role in the prevention and cure of different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and other neuronal disorders. The large-scale neuro-pharmacological activities of natural products have been documented due to the result of either the inhibition of inflammatory processes, or the up-regulation of various cell survival proteins or a combination of both. Due to the scarcity of human studies on neuroprotective effects of natural products, this review focuses on the various established activities of natural products in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications using the available knowledge in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rehan Khan
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase X, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India; E-mail:
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Beccaria C, Silvestrini P, Renna MS, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE, Baravalle C. Panax ginseng extract reduces Staphylococcus aureus internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells but does not affect macrophages phagocytic activity. Microb Pathog 2018; 122:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ahn H, Han BC, Kim J, Kang SG, Kim PH, Jang KH, So SH, Lee SH, Lee GS. Nonsaponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng attenuates cytokine production via inhibition of TLR4 expression. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:291-299. [PMID: 30976167 PMCID: PMC6437451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides of Korean Red Ginseng extracts (RGE) and its saponin components suppress secretion of inflammasome-mediating cytokines, whereas the nonsaponin fraction (NS) of RGE oppositely stimulates cytokine secretion. Although direct exposure of NS to macrophages in mice induces cytokine production, oral administration of NS has not been studied in inflammasome-related disease in animal models. Methods Mice were fed RGE or NS for 7 days and then developed peritonitis. Peritoneal cytokines were measured, and peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) were collected to assay expression levels of a set of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in response to NS ingestion. In addition, the role of intestinal bacteria in NS-fed mice was assessed. The effect of preexposure to NS in bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) on cytokine production was further confirmed. Results NS ingestion attenuated secretion of peritoneal cytokines resulting from peritonitis. In addition, the isolated PECs from NS-fed mice presented lower TLR transcription levels than PECs from control diet–fed mice. BMDMs treated with NS showed downregulation of TLR4 mRNA and protein expression, which was mediated by the TLR4-MyD88-NFκB signal pathway. BMDMs pretreated with NS produced less cytokines in response to TLR4 ligands. Conclusion NS administration directly inhibits TLR4 expression in inflammatory cells such as macrophages, thereby reducing secretion of cytokines during peritonitis.
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Key Words
- Alum, aluminum potassium sulfate
- BMDMs, bone marrow–derived macrophages
- Cytokine
- HKST, heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium
- IL, interleukin
- Korean Red Ginseng extracts
- LB, Luria-Bertani
- LCCM, L929 cell-conditioned medium
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Lys, lysate
- MSU, monosodium urate crystal
- NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NLRP3, (NOD)2-like receptor protein 3
- NOD, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
- NS, nonsaponin fraction
- Non, nontreatment
- Nonsaponin fraction
- PECs, peritoneal exudate cells
- Peritonitis
- RGE, Korean Red Ginseng extracts
- SF, saponin fraction
- Sup, supernatant
- TLR4
- TLRs, toll-like receptors
- ip, intraperitoneally
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijeong Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeung-Hyeun Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jang
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho So
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Zhu J, Shen L, Lin X, Hong Y, Feng Y. Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine compounds and their preparations for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:854-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Silvestrini P, Beccaria C, Pereyra EAL, Renna MS, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE, Baravalle C. Intramammary inoculation of Panax ginseng plays an immunoprotective role in Staphylococcus aureus infection in a murine model. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:211-220. [PMID: 28505549 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunoprotective effect of Panax ginseng (Pg) extract was investigated in a mouse mastitis model. Lactating female mice were intramammarily inoculated with Pg or placebo, and then were challenged with S. aureus, while other group was inoculated with S. aureus alone. The number of bacteria recovered from mammary glands was significantly lower in Pg-treated S. aureus-infected mice (group I) compared with placebo-treated S. aureus-infected mice (group II) and S. aureus-infected mice (group III). The mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, IL-1α and TNF-α was influenced by treatment; being the transcript levels for all genes higher in group I compared with group II and III. Activation of NF-κB and the number of monocytes-macrophages in mammary gland tissue was significantly increased in group I compared with group II and III. Pg extract was able to trigger an adequate immune response to confront an infection demonstrating its protective effect and potential for preventing bovine intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silvestrini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L F Calvinho
- Departamento de Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - B E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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15
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Han BC, Ahn H, Lee J, Jeon E, Seo S, Jang KH, Lee SH, Kim CH, Lee GS. Nonsaponin fractions of Korean Red Ginseng extracts prime activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:513-523. [PMID: 29021698 PMCID: PMC5628333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng extracts (RGE) have been suggested as effective immune modulators, and we reported that ginsenosides possess anti-inflammasome properties. However, the properties of nonsaponin components of RGE have not been well studied. Methods To assess the roles of nonsaponin fractions (NS) in NLRP3 inflammasome activation, we treated murine macrophages with or without first or second inflammasome activation signals with RGE, NS, or saponin fractions (SF). The first signal was nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-mediated transcription of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and NLRP3 while the second signal triggered assembly of inflammasome components, leading to IL-1β maturation. In addition, we examined the role of NS in IL-6 production and IL-1β maturation in mice. Results NS induced IL-1β and NLRP3 transcription via toll-like receptor 4 signaling, whereas SF blocked expression. During the second signal, SF attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation while NS did not. Further, NS-injected mice presented increased IL-1β maturation and IL-6 production. Conclusion SF and NS of RGE play differential roles in the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Hence, RGE can be suggested as an NLRP3 inflammasome modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Cheol Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Huijeong Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsaem Jeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jang
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon Ho Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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16
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Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-López F, Teles M, MacKenzie S. The response of fish to immunostimulant diets. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:34-69. [PMID: 27389620 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to maintain fish health and to improve performance immunostimulants have been used as dietary additives to improve weight gain, feed efficiency, and/or disease resistance in cultured fish. In aquaculture, non-specific immunostimulants have been widely used probably due to the limited knowledge of the immune response in fish and the ease of their application. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effect of dietary immunostimulants in fish including algal derivatives, herb and plant extract containing diets using a wide range of downstream analytical techniques. Many immunostimulants are based upon tradition and folklore transferred through generations and specific to certain geographical regions rather than known biological properties. However, there are studies in which it is possible to observe a clear and direct dose-dependent stimulatory effect upon the immune system. Other dietary supplements used contain PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns) as immunostimulants whose recognition depends upon PRR (pathogen recognition receptor) interactions including the TLRs (Toll-like receptor). Despite the growing interest in the use of immunostimulants across the aquaculture industry the underlying mechanisms of ligand recognition, extract composition and activation of the fish immune response remains fragmented. In this review we focus upon the last 15 years of studies addressing the assessment of: (1) plant, herb and algae extracts; and (2) PAMPs, upon non-specific immune parameters of activation and immunostimulant diet efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA Stirling, UK.
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Chanana P, Kumar A. GABA-BZD Receptor Modulating Mechanism of Panax quinquefolius against 72-h Sleep Deprivation Induced Anxiety like Behavior: Possible Roles of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:84. [PMID: 27013946 PMCID: PMC4779932 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale:Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng) is known for its therapeutic potential against various neurological disorders, but its plausible mechanism of action still remains undeciphered. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) plays an important role in sleep wake cycle homeostasis. Thus, there exists rationale in exploring the GABA-ergic potential of Panax quinquefolius as neuroprotective strategy in sleep deprivation induced secondary neurological problems. Objective: The present study was designed to explore the possible GABA-ergic mechanism in the neuro-protective effect of Panax quinquefolius against 72-h sleep deprivation induced anxiety like behavior, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA-axis activation and neuroinflammation. Materials and Methods: Male laca mice were sleep deprived for 72-h by using Grid suspended over water method. Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered alone and in combination with GABA modulators (GABA Cl− channel inhibitor, GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor and GABAA agonist) for 8 days, starting 5 days prior to 72-h sleep deprivation period. Various behavioral (locomotor activity, mirror chamber test), biochemical (lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase, nitrite levels), mitochondrial complexes, neuroinflammation marker (Tumor Necrosis Factor, TNF-alpha), serum corticosterone, and histopathological sections of brains were assessed. Results: Seventy two hours sleep deprivation significantly impaired locomotor activity, caused anxiety-like behavior, conditions of oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial enzyme complex activities, raised serum corticosterone levels, brain TNFα levels and led to neuroinflammation like signs in discrete brain areas as compared to naive group. Panax quinquefolius (100 and 200 mg/kg) treatment restored the behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations. Pre-treatment of GABA Cl− channel inhibitor as well as GABA-benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor, significantly reversed the protective effect of P. quinquefolius (100 mg/kg) in 72-h sleep deprived animals (P < 0.05). However, pretreatment with GABAA agonist, potentiated Panax quinquefolius's protective effect which was significant as compared to their effect per se (p < 0.05). Conclusion: GABA-ergic mechanism could be involved in the neuroprotective effect of P.quinquefolius against sleep deprivation induced anxiety-like behavior, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, HPA axis activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chanana
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
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18
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Garbett J, Wilson SAF, Ralston JC, De Boer AA, Lui EMK, Wright DC, Mutch DM. North American ginseng influences adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk regulation of inflammatory gene expression. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:141-50. [PMID: 27158235 PMCID: PMC4845049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adipocyte–macrophage communication plays a critical role regulating white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammatory gene expression. Because WAT inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic diseases, there is significant interest in understanding how exogenous compounds regulate the adipocyte–macrophage crosstalk. An aqueous (AQ) extract of North American (NA) ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) was previously shown to have strong inflammo-regulatory properties in adipocytes. This study examined whether different ginseng extracts influence adipocyte–macrophage crosstalk, as well as WAT inflammatory gene expression. Methods The effects of AQ and ethanol (EtOH) ginseng extracts (5 μg/mL) on adipocyte and macrophage inflammatory gene expression were studied in 3T3-L1 and RAW264.7 cells, respectively, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Adipose tissue organ culture was also used to examine the effects of ginseng extracts on epididymal WAT (EWAT) and inguinal subcutaneous WAT (SWAT) inflammatory gene expression. Results The AQ extract caused significant increases in the expression of common inflammatory genes (e.g., Mcp1, Ccl5, Tnf-α, Nos2) in both cell types. Culturing adipocytes in media from macrophages treated with the AQ extract, and vice versa, also induced inflammatory gene expression. Adipocyte Ppar-γ expression was reduced with the AQ extract. The AQ extract strongly induced inflammatory gene expression in EWAT, but not in SWAT. The EtOH extract had no effect on inflammatory gene expression in either both cell types or WAT. Conclusion These findings provide important new insights into the inflammo-regulatory role of NA ginseng in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Garbett
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah A F Wilson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica C Ralston
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna A De Boer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ed M K Lui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Baravalle C, Silvestrini P, Cadoche MC, Beccaria C, Andreotti CS, Renna MS, Pereyra EA, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Intramammary infusion of Panax ginseng extract in bovine mammary gland at cessation of milking induces changes in the expression of toll-like receptors, MyD88 and NF-kB during early involution. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee SM. Anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenosides Rg5 , Rz1 , and Rk1 : inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS transcriptional expression. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1893-6. [PMID: 25042112 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the course of this experiment on the anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenosides, protopanaxdiol ginsenosides have shown inhibition activities in inflammatory responses: NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS were induced by TNF-α. The responses of this experiment were evaluated by NF-κB-luciferase assay and RT-PCR experiment of COX-2 and iNOS genes. The NF-κB expressions were inhibited by ginsenosides Rd, Rg5 , Rz1 , and Rk1 in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values were 3.47, 0.61, 0.63, and 0.75 μM, respectively. Particularly, ginsenosides Rg5 , Rz1 , and Rk1 as converted ginsenosides from primary protopanaxdiol ginsenosidess significantly inhibited COX-2 and iNOS gene expression. These inhibition levels were similar to sulfasalazine as reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Myung Lee
- Korea Ginseng Corp. Central Research Institute, Daejon, 305-805, Republic of Korea
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Búfalo MC, Bordon-Graciani AP, Conti BJ, de Assis Golim M, Sforcin JM. The immunomodulatory effect of propolis on receptors expression, cytokine production and fungicidal activity of human monocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:1497-504. [PMID: 24934761 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Propolis is a beehive product and its immunomodulatory action has been documented; however, little is known concerning its mechanisms of action on human cells. Propolis influence on the initial events of the immune response was assessed, evaluating cell markers, cytokine production and the fungicidal activity of human monocytes. METHODS Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, human leukocyte antigen-DR and cluster of differentiation (CD)80 expression by human monocytes was assessed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer, cytokine production (tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10) was determined by ELISA and the candidacidal activity was investigated after monocytes incubation with propolis and challenged with Candida albicans. The role of TLR-2 and TLR-4 on propolis action was assessed as well. KEY FINDINGS Propolis upregulated TLR-4 and CD80 expression and affected TNF-α and IL-10 production, depending on concentration. Propolis also increased the fungicidal activity of monocytes. Cytokine production was decreased by blocking TLR-4, whereas the fungicidal activity was affected by blocking TLR-2. CONCLUSIONS Propolis exerted an immunomodulatory action on cell receptors, cytokine production and fungicidal activity of human monocytes without affecting cell viability and depending on concentration. TLR-2 and TLR-4 may be involved in its mechanism of action.
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Fu P, Yang L, Sun Y, Ye L, Cao Z, Tang K. Target network differences between western drugs and Chinese herbal ingredients in treating cardiovascular disease. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15 Suppl 4:S3. [PMID: 25104437 PMCID: PMC4095000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-s4-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Western drugs have achieved great successes in CVDs treatment. However, they may lead to some side effects and drug resistance. On the other hand, more and more studies found that Traditional Chinese herbs have efficient therapeutic effects for CVDs, while their therapeutic mechanism is still not very clear. It may be a good view towards molecules, targets and network to decipher whether difference exists between anti-CVD western drugs and Chinese herbal ingredients. Results Anti-CVD western drugs and Chinese herbal ingredients, as well as their targets were thoroughly collected in this work. The similarities and the differences between the herbal ingredients and the western drugs were deeply explored based on three target-based perspectives including biochemical property, regulated pathway and disease network. The biological function of herbal ingredients' targets is more complex than that of the western drugs' targets. The signal transduction and immune system associated signaling pathways, apoptosis associated pathways may be the most important pathway for herbal ingredients, however the western drugs incline to regulate vascular smooth muscle contraction associated pathways. Chinese herbal ingredients prefer to regulate the downstream proteins of apoptosis associated pathway; while the western drugs incline to regulate the upstream proteins of VECC (Vascular Epidermal Cells Contraction) related pathways. Conclusion In summary, the characteristics identified in this study would be valuable for designing new network-based multi-target CVD drugs or vaccine adjuvants.
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Bromfield M, McQuillan R, John R, Avila-Casado C. The significance of tubuloreticular inclusions as a marker of systemic stimulation by interferons in a case of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Clin Kidney J 2014; 7:174-8. [PMID: 25852866 PMCID: PMC4377766 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sft156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of large numbers of tubuloreticular inclusions (TRIs) in renal biopsies may be useful to raise diagnostic suspicion for certain clinical entities, particularly autoimmune diseases and viral infections. We report a case of a 65-year-old female with a 2-week history of malaise, massive proteinuria and lower extremity edema of acute onset. A renal biopsy was performed and the diagnosis of non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tip-located, early focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) was established. The electron microscopy examination was remarkable for the presence of diffuse foot process effacement and frequent TRIs in the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillary loops, endothelium of arterioles and cytoplasm of fibroblasts in the interstitium, highly suggestive of an underlying etiology. Patient clinical and laboratory workup revealed the absence of an autoimmune disease but the presence of a subclinical cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Therefore, we highlight that the identification of TRIs is a useful indicator of systemic interferon activity. In the present case, the unusual location of numerous TRIs was associated with a subclinical CMV infection in an immunocompetent patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiri Bromfield
- Department of Pathology , Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto ON , Canada
| | - Rory McQuillan
- Department of Nephrology , Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of dfToronto , Toronto ON , Canada
| | - Rohan John
- Department of Pathology , Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto ON , Canada
| | - Carmen Avila-Casado
- Department of Pathology , Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto ON , Canada
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Kang S, Min H. Ginseng, the 'Immunity Boost': The Effects of Panax ginseng on Immune System. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:354-68. [PMID: 23717137 PMCID: PMC3659612 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of literatures have described the diverse role of ginseng in physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In particular, ginseng has been extensively reported to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and to enhance resistance to illness or microbial attacks through the regulation of immune system. Immune system comprises of different types of cells fulfilling their own specialized functions, and each type of the immune cells is differentially influenced and may be simultaneously controlled by ginseng treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng on immune system. We discuss how ginseng regulates each type of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. We also describe how ginseng exhibits beneficial effects on controlling inflammatory diseases and microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soowon Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Cho A, Roh YS, Uyangaa E, Park S, Kim JW, Lim KH, Kwon J, Eo SK, Lim CW, Kim B. Protective effects of red ginseng extract against vaginal herpes simplex virus infection. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:210-8. [PMID: 23717174 PMCID: PMC3659631 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested that Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract has various immune modulatory activities both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used a mouse model to examine the effects of orally administered KRG extract on immunity against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Balb/c mice were administered with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg oral doses of KRG extract for 10 d and then vaginally infected with HSV. We found that KRG extract rendered recipients more resistant against HSV vaginal infection and further systemic infection, including decreased clinical severity, increased survival rate, and accelerated viral clearance. Such results appeared to be mediated by increased vaginal IFN-γ secretion. Moreover, increased mRNA expression of IFN-γ, granzyme B, and Fas-ligand was identified in the iliac lymph node and vaginal tracts of KRG extract treated groups (200 and 400 mg/kg). These results suggest that the activities of local natural killer cells were promoted by KRG extract consumption and that KRG may be an attractive immune stimulator for helping hosts overcome HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Cho
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Kovacs-Nolan J, Kanatani H, Nakamura A, Ibuki M, Mine Y. β-1,4-mannobiose stimulates innate immune responses and induces TLR4-dependent activation of mouse macrophages but reduces severity of inflammation during endotoxemia in mice. J Nutr 2013; 143:384-91. [PMID: 23343679 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.167866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
β-1,4-Mannobiose (MNB) has been shown to exert prebiotic activity and modulate mucosal gene expression. In this study, the immune-modulating effect of MNB in healthy and endotoxemic mice and its role in Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4-mediated macrophage activation were investigated. Mice were supplemented daily with MNB (0, 5, 10, or 25 mg/kg) for 14 d. To examine the effect of MNB during endotoxemia, mice were supplemented with or without MNB (25 mg/kg) for 14 d, followed by challenge with intraperitoneal LPS or saline. MNB induced expression of both T helper (Th) 1- and Th2-type cytokines in the ileum (P < 0.05) and increased fecal IgA production and splenic NK cell activity (P < 0.05) in healthy mice. In endotoxemic mice, MNB reduced the expression of Tnfa, Il-6, iNos (P < 0.05), and Il-10 (P < 0.05), and reduced LPS-induced weight loss but increased Ifng, Il-12p40, Il-5, and Ifna expression (P < 0.05) and NK cell activity relative to positive control (LPS) mice. Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with MNB induced TNF-α and IL-6 secretion (P < 0.05), and this effect was abrogated by inhibiting TLR4, but not TLR2, signaling. Pretreatment of RAW 264.7 cells with MNB induced tolerance to TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, reducing TNF-α production (P < 0.05) upon secondary stimulation with LPS or lipoteichoic acid. These results indicate that MNB can modulate intestinal and systemic immune responses in healthy and endotoxemic mice and prevent LPS-induced immune suppression, as well as directly stimulating innate immune mechanisms in vitro as a TLR4 agonist.
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Chahal DS, Sivamani RK, Rivkah Isseroff R, Dasu MR. Plant-Based Modulation of Toll-like Receptors: An Emerging Therapeutic Model. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1423-38. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dev S. Chahal
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA, USA
| | - Raja K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA, USA
| | - R. Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology; Veterans Affairs; Mather CA, USA
| | - Mohan R. Dasu
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Davis; Sacramento CA, USA
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Yoo DG, Kim MC, Park MK, Song JM, Quan FS, Park KM, Cho YK, Kang SM. Protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract on the infections by H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses in mice. J Med Food 2012; 15:855-62. [PMID: 22856395 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years and is known to have multiple biological and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether Korean red ginseng extract would have preventive and antiviral effects on influenza virus infection. Oral administration to mice of red ginseng extract prior to infection significantly increased survival after infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Daily oral treatment of vaccinated mice with red ginseng extract provided enhanced cross-protection against antigenically distinct H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Naive mice that were infected with virus mixed with red ginseng extract showed significantly enhanced protection, lower levels of lung viral titers and interleukin-6, but higher levels of interferon-γ compared with control mice having virus infections without red ginseng extract, indicating an antiviral effect of ginseng. In addition, ginseng extract exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of influenza virus in vitro. This study provides evidence that intake of ginseng extract will have beneficial effects on preventing lethal infection with newly emerging influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Goon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yoo DG, Kim MC, Park MK, Park KM, Quan FS, Song JM, Wee JJ, Wang BZ, Cho YK, Compans RW, Kang SM. Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on influenza viral infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33678. [PMID: 22442708 PMCID: PMC3307756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng polysaccharide has been known to have multiple immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether Panax ginseng polysaccharide (GP) would have a preventive effect on influenza infection. Administration of mice with GP prior to infection was found to confer a survival benefit against infection with H1N1 (A/PR/8/34) and H3N2 (A/Philippines/82) influenza viruses. Mice infected with the 2009 H1N1 virus suspended in GP solution showed moderately enhanced survival rates and lower levels of lung viral titers and the inflammatory cytokine (IL-6). Daily treatment of vaccinated mice with GP improved their survival against heterosubtypic lethal challenge. This study demonstrates the first evidence that GP can be used as a remedy against influenza viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Goon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Min-Kyung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Chungwoon University, Namjang-Ri, Hongsung-Eup, Hongsung-Kun, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mi Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Song
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Joon Wee
- Research and Development Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Taejeon, Korea
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Young-Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Honda H, Nagai Y, Matsunaga T, Saitoh SI, Akashi-Takamura S, Hayashi H, Fujii I, Miyake K, Muraguchi A, Takatsu K. Glycyrrhizin and isoliquiritigenin suppress the LPS sensor toll-like receptor 4/MD-2 complex signaling in a different manner. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:967-76. [PMID: 22422925 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences suggest that the extracts of plant products are able to modulate innate immune responses. A saponin GL and a chalcone ILG are representative components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which attenuate inflammatory responses mediated by TLRs. Here, we show that GL and ILG suppress different steps of the LPS sensor TLR4/MD-2 complex signaling at the receptor level. Extract of G. uralensis suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α production induced by lipid A moiety of LPS in RAW264.7 cells. Among various G. uralensis-related components of saponins and flavanones/chalcones, GL and ILG could suppress IL-6 production induced by lipid A in dose-dependent manners in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, elevation of plasma TNF-α in LPS-injected mice was attenuated by passive administration of GL or ILG. GL and ILG inhibited lipid A-induced NF-κB activation in Ba/F3 cells expressing TLR4/MD-2 and CD14 and BMMs. These components also inhibited activation of MAPKs, including JNK, p38, and ERK in BMMs. In addition, GL and ILG inhibited NF-κB activation and IL-6 production induced by paclitaxel, a nonbacterial TLR4 ligand. Interestingly, GL attenuated the formation of the LPS-TLR4/MD-2 complexes, resulting in inhibition of homodimerization of TLR4. Although ILG did not affect LPS binding to TLR4/MD-2, it could inhibit LPS-induced TLR4 homodimerization. These results imply that GL and ILG modulate the TLR4/MD-2 complex at the receptor level, leading to suppress LPS-induced activation of signaling cascades and cytokine production, but their effects are exerted at different steps of TLR4/MD-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Honda
- Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama, Japan
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31
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Hashemi S, Davoodi H. Herbal Plants as New Immuno-stimulator in Poultry Industry: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2012.105.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Effects of Panax ginseng on tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated inflammation: a mini-review. Molecules 2011; 16:2802-16. [PMID: 21455094 PMCID: PMC6260618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16042802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng is one of the most commonly used Chinese medicines in China, Asia and Western countries. The beneficial effects of ginseng have been attributed to the biological activities of its constituents, the ginsenosides. In this review, we summarize recent publications on the anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides on cellular responses triggered by different inducers including endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma and other stimuli. Proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and mediators of inflammation including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide orchestrate the inflammatory response. Ginseng extracts and ginsenosides including Rb₁, Rd, Rg₁, Rg₃, Rh₁, Rh₂, Rh₃ and Rp₁ have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties in different studies related to inflammation. Ginsenosides inhibit different inducers-activated signaling protein kinases and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB leading to decreases in the production of cytokines and mediators of inflammation. The therapeutic potential of ginseng on TNF-α-mediated inflammatory diseases is also discussed. Taken together, this summary provides evidences for the anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides as well as the underlying mechanisms of their effects on inflammatory diseases.
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Cho YK, Jung YS. Dosage and Duration Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Intake on Frequency of Gross Deletions in the nef Gene. J Ginseng Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Song X, Hu S. Adjuvant activities of saponins from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Vaccine 2009; 27:4883-90. [PMID: 19559122 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New generation vaccines such as recombinant, antigen purified and DNA vaccines are poorly immunogenic due to the lack of an innate immune stimulus. Therefore, search of new adjuvants for these vaccines has become a topic of interesting. In new adjuvant development, saponins are outstanding candidates. Recently, increased attention has been received on plant-derived saponins in search of new adjuvant candidates from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs such as Panax ginseng, Astragalus species, Panax notoginseng,Cochinchina momordica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Achyranthes bidentata. Many of the saponins have been found to have adjuvant effects on purified protein antigens. The chemical structures of the saponins are related to their adjuvant activities, and influence the nature of the immune responses. Saponin adjuvants have been reported to stimulate secretion of a broad range of cytokines, suggesting that saponins may act by triggering innate immunity. As these plant-originated adjuvants may promote different branches of the immune system, they have the potential to be used in design of new vaccines so as to induce a desired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
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Yang XY, Park GS, Lee MH, Chang IA, Kim YC, Kim SY, Lee JY, Yun YG, Park H. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated immunoregulation by the aqueous extract of Mori Fructus. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1713-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Lee DCW, Yang CLH, Chik SCC, Li JCB, Rong JH, Chan GCF, Lau ASY. Bioactivity-guided identification and cell signaling technology to delineate the immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng on human promonocytic U937 cells. J Transl Med 2009; 7:34. [PMID: 19442267 PMCID: PMC2689162 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng is believed to have beneficial effects against human diseases, and its active components, ginsenosides, may play critical roles in its diverse physiological actions. However, the mechanisms underlying ginseng's effects remain to be investigated. We hypothesize some biological effects of ginseng are due to its anti-inflammatory effects. Methods Human promonocytic U937 cells were used to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of ginseng following TNF-α treatment. A global gene expression profile was obtained by using genechip analysis, and specific cytokine expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. HPLC was used to define the composition of ginsenosides in 70% ethanol-water extracts of ginseng. Activation of signalling kinases was examined by Western blot analysis. Results Seventy percent ethanol-water extracts of ginseng significantly inhibited the transcription and secretion of CXCL-10 following TNF-α stimulation. Nine ginsenosides including Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg3 and Rh1 were identified in our extract by HPLC. Seven out of nine ginsenosides could significantly inhibit TNF-α-induced CXCL-10 expression in U937 cells and give comparable inhibition of CXCL-10 transcription to those with the extract. However, the CXCL-10 suppressive effect of individual ginsenosides was less than that of the crude extract or the mixture of ginsenosides. The CXCL-10 suppression can be correlated with the inactivation of ERK1/2 pathways by ginseng. Conclusion We showed ginseng suppressed part of the TNF-α-inducible cytokines and signalling proteins in promonocytic cells, suggesting that it exerts its anti-inflammatory property targeting at different levels of TNF-α activity. The anti-inflammatory role of ginseng may be due to the combined effects of ginsenosides, contributing in part to the diverse actions of ginseng in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy C W Lee
- Cytokine Biology Group, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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Cho YK, Jung YS, Sung H. Frequent gross deletion in the HIV type 1 nef gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean Red Ginseng: inhibition of detection by highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:419-24. [PMID: 19320564 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty hemophiliacs were infected with Korean subclade B (KSB) of HIV-1 from two cash-paid plasma donors in Korea in 1990. Our previous studies revealed that Korean red ginseng (KRG) intake increases the frequency of gross deletion in the nef gene (gDeltanef). We investigated whether KRG and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affected the frequency of gDeltanef in the 20 hemophiliacs who share common characteristics of the HIV-1 source, mode of transmission, and infection time. Over a 10-year period, we obtained 522 nef amplicons by nested PCR using 172 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Of the 522 nef amplicons, 69 (13.2%) were gDeltanef. Despite a 2-fold higher monthly dose of KRG, the frequency of gDeltanef detection (3.2%) was significantly reduced during HAART compared with that prior to HAART (20.6%) (p < 0.001). gDeltanef was detected significantly more in patients treated with a monthly KRG intake of more than 60 g (26.8%) than in patients treated with a monthly KRG intake of less than 60 g (10.5%) (p < 0.05). These finding suggest that the frequency of gDeltanef is dependent on the amount of KRG intake, although further study is needed. These data might provide a new perspective on the pathogenesis of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Sun Jung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heungsup Sung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Pugh ND, Tamta H, Balachandran P, Wu X, Howell J, Dayan FE, Pasco DS. The majority of in vitro macrophage activation exhibited by extracts of some immune enhancing botanicals is due to bacterial lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1023-32. [PMID: 18486914 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have identified potent monocyte/macrophage activating bacterial lipoproteins within commonly used immune enhancing botanicals such as Echinacea, American ginseng and alfalfa sprouts. These bacterial lipoproteins, along with lipopolysaccharides, were substantially more potent than other bacterially derived components when tested in in vitro monocyte/macrophage activation systems. In experiments using RAW 264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophages the majority (85-98%) of the activity within extracts from eight immune enhancing botanicals was eradicated by treatment with agents (lipoprotein lipase and polymyxin B) known to target these two bacterial components. Alfalfa sprouts exhibited the highest activity of those botanicals tested but the appearance of this activity during the germination of surface sterilized seeds was abolished by the presence of antibiotics. These studies indicate that the majority of the in vitro macrophage activating properties in extracts from these botanicals can be attributed to the presence of lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides derived from bacteria and that bacterial endophytes may be a significant source of these components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal D Pugh
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Liu AJ, Song W, Yang N, Liu YJ, Zhang GR. Cartilage polysaccharide induces apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 23:465-76. [PMID: 17516137 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we extracted a polysaccharide (short-chain polysaccharide [PS]) from porcine cartilage and examined its function in chronic myeloid leukaemia by using human K562 cells and mouse L1210 cells. Results of cell proliferation assay indicated that PS inhibited cancer cell growth at different concentrations, while it had little effect on normal cells. The presence of morphological aspects of apoptosis, such as nuclear shrinkage, was shown in H&E stained sections. The occurrence of PS-induced apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assay and cell cycle analysis. The results of immunofluorescent staining indicated the molecular mechanism underlying. Through interfering with the cell cycle of tumor cells, PS may induce apoptosis by downregulating the expression level of cyclin D1 and upregulating the level of p21 protein. Correlation analysis of apoptosis and MAPK suggested that inactivation of ERK was crucial for PS induced apoptosis, while JNK phosphorylation had a small effect and p38 was not involved. In vivo assay showed that PS inhibited L1210 cell growth in vivo and prolonged the life span of L1210-bearing mice. We conclude that PS is a polysaccharide with anticancer effects and induced apoptosis in human K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-J Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Institute of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, PR China.
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Pan-Hammarström Q, Wen S, Hammarström L. Cytokine gene expression profiles in human lymphocytes induced by a formula of traditional Chinese medicine, vigconic VI-28. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 26:628-36. [PMID: 16978066 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
VI-28 is a formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been used in aged individuals to improve health and, recently, to treat patients with chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. The mechanism underlying its clinical effect is, however, largely unknown. In the current study, we used a transwell culture system that mimics the in vivo situation and applied microarray technology to explore the effect of VI-28 on gene expression in human lymphocytes. The VI-28 treatment induced expression of a number of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and spleen cells, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), growth-related protein-beta (GRO-beta) and epithelial cellderived neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA-78 [CXCL5]). Furthermore, a specific upregulation of interferon- gamma (IFN-gamma), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG [CXCL9]) and interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Ralpha) in spleen cells was noted, whereas tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) and disabled-2 (DAB2) were downregulated. VI-28 might, thus, enhance both innate and acquired immunity, in particular, T cell function. In addition, genes with no obvious immunologic function, such as insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF- 1) and CD9, were also differentially affected. Further analysis of individual and combination of ingredients of VI-28 may shed light on the role of this herbal medicine in combating different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chino A, Sakurai H, Choo MK, Koizumi K, Shimada Y, Terasawa K, Saiki I. Juzentaihoto, a Kampo medicine, enhances IL-12 production by modulating Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways in murine peritoneal exudate macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:871-82. [PMID: 15778123 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Juzentaihoto (TJ-48), a Kampo medicine, has been reported to affect the immune system. Although toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as receptors of innate immunity, the effects of TJ-48 on TLR signaling pathways have not been thoroughly investigated. Here we evaluated the effects of TJ-48 on TLR4 signaling pathways. Peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) isolated from mice orally administered TJ-48 for 11 days were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a ligand of TLR4, in vitro. Production of IL-12 p40 was significantly augmented in TJ-48-treated PEMs compared with that in vehicle PEMs, without affecting the surface expression of TLR4. Treatment with chemical inhibitors of NF-kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in vitro inhibited LPS-induced IL-12 production, whereas JNK and ERK inhibitors increased IL-12 production. Immunoblotting with phosphorylation-state specific antibodies demonstrated that TJ-48 differentially affected LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-kappa B and MAPKs. In PEMs treated with TJ-48, LPS-induced phosphorylation of p65 NF-kappa B and p38 MAPK was augmented, while that of JNK and ERK was attenuated compared with those in vehicle PEMs. These results suggest that selective modulation of the TLR4 signaling pathways by TJ-48 is involved in enhanced production of IL-12 in PEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Chino
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Goldrosen MH, Straus SE. Complementary and alternative medicine: assessing the evidence for immunological benefits. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:912-21. [PMID: 15516970 DOI: 10.1038/nri1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With words such as AIDS, allergy and autoimmunity embedded in the popular lexicon, we often equate health with the precision and the tenor of responses to allergens and microorganisms. This leads many people to seek their own solutions to sustain, restore or even boost their immune competence, hoping to live more comfortably and longer. Here, we consider the social and clinical contexts in which these promises of enhanced immunity are pursued through popular practices known as complementary and alternative medicine and the evidence that supports these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Goldrosen
- Office of Scientific Review, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Suite 401, 6707 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA
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