1
|
Inglis TJJ. A systematic approach to microbial forensics. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38305344 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic accelerated developments in biotechnology that underpin infection science. These advances present an opportunity to refresh the microbial forensic toolkit. Integration of novel analytical techniques with established forensic methods will speed up acquisition of evidence and better support lines of enquiry. A critical part of any such investigation is demonstration of a robust causal relationship and attribution of responsibility for an incident. In the wider context of a formal investigation into agency, motivation and intent, the quick and efficient assembly of microbiological evidence sets the tone and tempo of the entire investigation. Integration of established and novel analytical techniques from infection science into a systematic approach to microbial forensics will therefore ensure that major perspectives are correctly used to frame and shape the evidence into a clear narrative, while recognizing that forensic hypothesis generation, testing and refinement comprise an iterative process. Development of multidisciplinary training exercises that use this approach will enable translation into practice and efficient implementation when the need arises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J J Inglis
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Western Australian Country Health Service, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frégeau CJ, Laurin N. Processing biological samples from simulated radiological terrorist events using Rapid DNA instruments. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 354:111887. [PMID: 38007870 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Two commercially available portable Rapid DNA instruments were evaluated for their ability to process 1 µL and 10 µL saliva samples deposited on metal and plastic surfaces and contaminated with surrogates of cesium (Cs)-137, strontium (Sr)-90 and cobalt (Co)-60; radioactive materials potentially released during a nuclear weapon accident or a radiological dispersal device detonation. A comparable success rate was noted for both Rapid DNA instruments when considering the number of complete and balanced DNA profiles, the number of profiles with a minimum of 10 autosomal STR loci (out of 23 [FlexPlex™ 27] or 21 [GlobalFiler™ Express]), and the possibility to search a national DNA database in Canada and the United States. Cobalt had an adverse impact on the quality of the megaplex short tandem repeat (STR) DNA profiles derived on each instrument for two of the three contamination levels tested in this study, i.e., 0.05 M and 0.1 M as reflected by a reduced number of detected alleles and decreased profile peak heights. Strontium exhibited some adverse effect on the Rapid DNA results when used at the highest contamination level (0.1 M) whereas cesium had none. No new artifacts were observed in the Rapid DNA profiles of samples spiked with the non-radiogenic surrogates. Importantly, in the context of a radiological/nuclear (RN) event, the ANDE™ 6C offers the possibility to dispose of all radioactive materials associated with contaminated samples quickly using a chip on which all steps of the Rapid DNA process are performed whereas the RapidHIT™ ID accumulates radioactive materials for many days before disposal. An individual handling 25 samples in a week (5 per day) on the RapidHIT™ ID at a 30.5 cm distance with a 5 min exposure to the radioactive source estimated at every run would exceed the 0.042 µSv/5 min limit with gamma dose rates for Cs at 0.13 mSv and for Co at 3.8 mSv. Beta dose rates calculated for the surrogate isotopes at the three concentrations tested were also above the recommended radiation exposure limit of 1 mSv/yr (0.042 µSv/5 min). Various potential mechanisms of action behind the interference noted for Sr and Co at high concentrations are presented. These elements may play a role in the steps prior to PCR (at the DNA molecule by binding to bases or to phosphate groups), during PCR (at the DNA polymerase as cofactors for catalytic sites), or even during amplified DNA fragment detection (as fluorescence quenchers).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal J Frégeau
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, National Forensic Laboratory Services, Biology Policy & Program Support, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2, Canada.
| | - Nancy Laurin
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, Science & Strategic Policy, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Procopio N, Lovisolo F, Sguazzi G, Ghignone S, Voyron S, Migliario M, Renò F, Sellitto F, D'Angiolella G, Tozzo P, Caenazzo L, Gino S. "Touch microbiome" as a potential tool for forensic investigation: A pilot study. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 82:102223. [PMID: 34343925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human skin hosts a variety of microbes that can be transferred to surfaces ("touch microbiome"). These microorganisms can be considered as forensic markers similarly to "touch DNA". With this pilot study, we wanted to evaluate the transferability and persistence of the "touch microbiome" on a surface after the deposition of a fingerprint and its exposure for 30 days at room temperature. Eleven volunteers were enrolled in the study. Skin microbiome samples were collected by swabbing the palm of their hands; additionally, donors were asked to touch a glass microscope slide to deposit their fingerprints, that were then swabbed. Both human and microbial DNA was isolated and quantified. Amelogenin locus and 16 human STRs were amplified, whereas the V4 region of 16 S rRNA gene was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq platform. STR profiles were successfully typed for 5 out of 22 "touch DNA" samples, while a microbiome profile was obtained for 20 out of 22 "touch microbiome" samples. Six skin core microbiome taxa were identified, as well as unique donor characterizing taxa. These unique taxa may have relevance for personal identification studies and may be useful to provide forensic intelligence information also when "touch DNA" fails. Additional future studies including greater datasets, additional time points and a greater number of surfaces may clarify the applicability of "touch microbiome" studies to real forensic contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Procopio
- Forensic Science Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Flavia Lovisolo
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Giulia Sguazzi
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- Istituto per La Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante - SS Torino - Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, C/o Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, V.le P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Samuele Voyron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, V.le P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Mario Migliario
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Filippo Renò
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Federica Sellitto
- Forensic Science Research Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Gabriella D'Angiolella
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Pamela Tozzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Luciana Caenazzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Sarah Gino
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oliveira M, Mason-Buck G, Ballard D, Branicki W, Amorim A. Biowarfare, bioterrorism and biocrime: A historical overview on microbial harmful applications. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 314:110366. [PMID: 32683271 PMCID: PMC7305902 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbial Forensics is a field that continues to grow in interest and application among the forensic community. This review, divided into two sections, covers several topics associated with this new field. The first section presents a historic overview concerning the use of microorganisms (or its product, i.e. toxins) as harmful biological agents in the context of biological warfare (biowarfare), bioterrorism, and biocrime. Each case is illustrated with the examination of case reports that span from prehistory to the present day. The second part of the manuscript is devoted to the role of MF and highlights the necessity to prepare for the pressing threat of the harmful use of biological agents as weapons. Preventative actions, developments within the field to ensure a timely and effective response and are discussed herein.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Bacterial Infections
- Biological Warfare/history
- Bioterrorism/history
- Crime/history
- Forensic Sciences
- HIV Infections
- High-Throughput Screening Assays
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Ancient
- History, Medieval
- Humans
- Machine Learning
- Microbiological Techniques
- Toxins, Biological/adverse effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - David Ballard
- King's Forensics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology of the Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - António Amorim
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Ipatimup - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Environmental forensics is a tool that uses chemical, physical, and statistical techniques to investigate contaminants in the environment as a means to determine attribution for legal purposes. Environmental microbiology is a branch of science that has benefited from the use of metagenomics. The term microbial forensics, which includes nucleic acid sequencing methods, is now used to investigate the sources of microorganisms for attribution purposes as well. Environmental microbial forensics can fully address the questions that must be answered for attribution of causation and subsequent remedial actions within a reasonably short time frame. Although sensu stricto forensics refers to obtaining scientific evidence to be presented during legal proceedings, the term sensu lato is used as a description of the procedures used to reconstruct previous events, such as contamination. The term microbial forensics was first used to describe a forensic science approach for attribution purposes, specifically for bioterror as a purposeful release of pathogen microorganisms, but it also especially refers to investigations on the inadvertent or accidental release of pathogenic agents. However, microbial forensics can be used to determine the source of a microorganism or a group of microorganisms, regardless of whether they are pathogenic or not. Microbial forensics has limitations, but it should be used as part of a toolbox of methods to be relied upon when doing forensic studies. Environmental microbial forensics can only benefit from the development of new methods, and we already are experiencing a paradigm change in terms of approaches to the forensic sciences.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bokhari H. Exploitation of microbial forensics and nanotechnology for the monitoring of emerging pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29513060 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1444013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases remain among the leading causes of global mortality. Traditional laboratory diagnostic approaches designed to detect and track infectious disease agents provide a framework for surveillance of bio threats. However, surveillance and outbreak investigations using such time-consuming approaches for early detection of pathogens remain the major pitfall. Hence, reasonable real-time surveillance systems to anticipate threats to public health and environment are critical for identifying specific aetiologies and preventing the global spread of infectious disease. The current review discusses the growing need for monitoring and surveillance of pathogens with the same zeal and approach as adopted by microbial forensics laboratories, and further strengthening it by integrating with the innovative nanotechnology for rapid detection of microbial pathogens. Such innovative diagnostics platforms will help to track pathogens from high risk areas and environment by pre-emptive approach that will minimize damages. The various scenarios with the examples are discussed where the high risk associated human pathogens in particular were successfully detected using various nanotechnology approaches with potential future prospects in the field of microbial forensics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bokhari
- a Microbiology & Public Health Lab, Department of Biosciences , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Walsh PF. The Biosecurity Threat Environment. INTELLIGENCE, BIOSECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM 2018. [PMCID: PMC7120120 DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-51700-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Murch RS. Bioattribution Needs a Coherent International Approach to Improve Global Biosecurity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:80. [PMID: 26082927 PMCID: PMC4450654 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The forensic investigation of hoax, suspected or actual biological weapons attacks, and bioproliferation activities is recognized by biosecurity-advanced nations as an important pillar in a national biosecurity program. Some nations have taken this seriously; most others have not or are not aware of the potential. When law enforcement and forensic science investigations are performed in a coordinated manner, decisions assigning attribution are informed and accountability is supported through legal and policy decisions and actions. Incorporating public health investigative and tailored scientific assets makes the system even more effective, dynamic, and robust. Perpetrators and enablers must be held at risk of being brought to justice, or through a policy decision resulting in direct action being taken or sanctions imposed. This paper provides a foundation and path forward to establish substantially expanded capability founded on establishing and leveraging national and regional programs and international agreement that attribution is an important component of biosecurity. Specific forward-looking initiatives will be recommended and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall Steven Murch
- School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Arlington, VA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Biothreats are a high priority concern for public safety and national security. The field of microbial forensics was developed to analyze evidence associated with biological crimes in which microbes or their toxins are used as weapons. Microbial forensics is the scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, hoax, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution purposes. Microbial forensics combines the practices of epidemiology with the characterization of microbial and microbial-related evidence to assist in determining the specific source of the sample, as individualizing as possible, and/or the methods, means, processes and locations involved to determine the identity of the perpetrator(s) of an attack.
Collapse
|
10
|
Budowle B, Connell ND, Bielecka-Oder A, Colwell RR, Corbett CR, Fletcher J, Forsman M, Kadavy DR, Markotic A, Morse SA, Murch RS, Sajantila A, Schmedes SE, Ternus KL, Turner SD, Minot S. Validation of high throughput sequencing and microbial forensics applications. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2014; 5:9. [PMID: 25101166 PMCID: PMC4123828 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-5-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
High throughput sequencing (HTS) generates large amounts of high quality sequence data for microbial genomics. The value of HTS for microbial forensics is the speed at which evidence can be collected and the power to characterize microbial-related evidence to solve biocrimes and bioterrorist events. As HTS technologies continue to improve, they provide increasingly powerful sets of tools to support the entire field of microbial forensics. Accurate, credible results allow analysis and interpretation, significantly influencing the course and/or focus of an investigation, and can impact the response of the government to an attack having individual, political, economic or military consequences. Interpretation of the results of microbial forensic analyses relies on understanding the performance and limitations of HTS methods, including analytical processes, assays and data interpretation. The utility of HTS must be defined carefully within established operating conditions and tolerances. Validation is essential in the development and implementation of microbial forensics methods used for formulating investigative leads attribution. HTS strategies vary, requiring guiding principles for HTS system validation. Three initial aspects of HTS, irrespective of chemistry, instrumentation or software are: 1) sample preparation, 2) sequencing, and 3) data analysis. Criteria that should be considered for HTS validation for microbial forensics are presented here. Validation should be defined in terms of specific application and the criteria described here comprise a foundation for investigators to establish, validate and implement HTS as a tool in microbial forensics, enhancing public safety and national security.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Budowle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute of Applied Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nancy D Connell
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Center for Biodefense, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anna Bielecka-Oder
- Department of Epidemiology, The General K. Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rita R Colwell
- CosmosID®, 387 Technology Dr, College Park, MD, USA
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cindi R Corbett
- Bioforensics Assay Development and DiagnosticsSection, Science Technology and Core Services Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Fletcher
- National Institute for Microbial Forensics & Food and Agricultural Biosecurity, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mats Forsman
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Alemka Markotic
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Fran Mihaljevic” and Medical School University of Rijeka, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephen A Morse
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute of Applied Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah E Schmedes
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Institute of Applied Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | | | - Stephen D Turner
- Public Health Sciences, Bioinformatics Core Director, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Designing an effective microbial forensics program for law enforcement and national security purposes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:179-85. [PMID: 24781710 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Forensic capabilities that provide lead information, and investigative, intelligence, prosecution and policy decision support can be invaluable for responding to and resolving bioterrorism events. Attributing biological attacks through scientific and other resources and processes is an important goal, for which science can be instrumental. Some even believe that having effective microbial forensics capabilities along with others can even deter adversaries from using biological weapons. For those nations that do not have such or wish to integrate or upgrade capabilities, thoughtful analysis and consideration of certain design principles will increase the likelihood that success will be attained.
Collapse
|
12
|
Webb-Robertson BJ, Corley C, McCue LA, Wahl K, Kreuzer H. Fusion of laboratory and textual data for investigative bioforensics. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 226:118-24. [PMID: 23313599 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and biological forensic programs focus on the identification of a threat and acquisition of laboratory measurements to determine how a threat agent may have been produced. However, to generate investigative leads, it might also be useful to identify institutions where the same agent has been produced by the same or a very similar process, since the producer of the agent may have learned methods at a university or similar institution. We have developed a Bayesian network framework that fuses hard and soft data sources to assign probability to production practices. It combines the results of laboratory measurements with an automatic text reader to scan scientific literature and rank institutions that had published papers on the agent of interest in order of the probability that the institution has the capability to generate the sample of interest based on laboratory data. We demonstrate the Bayesian network on an example case from microbial forensics, predicting the methods used to produce Bacillus anthracis spores based on mass spectrometric measurements and identifying institutions that have a history of growing Bacillus spores using the same or highly similar methods. We illustrate that the network model can assign a higher posterior probability than expected by random chance to appropriate institutions when trained using only a small set of manually analyzed documents. This is the first example of an automated methodology to integrate experimental and textual data for the purpose of investigative forensics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie-Jo Webb-Robertson
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cliff JB, Kreuzer HW, Ehrhardt CJ, Wunschel DS. The Microbe: The Basics of Structure, Morphology, and Physiology as They Relate to Microbial Characterization and Attribution. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL SIGNATURES FOR MICROBIAL FORENSICS 2012. [PMCID: PMC7123343 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-219-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This chapter is meant to (1) review classical methods used to characterize and classify microbes and (2) introduce new molecular methods used in microbial characterization. The fundamental composition of microbes is discussed as well as their importance in classification of microbes into genus and species. Classical microbiological methods in general seek to define the common features of specific bacterial groups as a means of classification and identification of microbes. Thus, the focus was to describe the common features which discriminated closely related groups of organisms. In contrast, the newer molecular methods often seek to expand the classification of microbes not only as a means to organize microbial phylogeny but also to differentiate signatures between microbes identified within a species in greater detail. Molecular biology tools are used both as an adjunct to established methods and as replacement for classical methods for detection, discrimination, or identification of bacterial and viral species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B. Cliff
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 West Australia Australia
| | - Helen W. Kreuzer
- Chemical and Biological Signature Scienc, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, MS P7-50, Richland, 99352 Washington USA
| | - Christopher J. Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1020 W. Main Street, Richmond, 23284 Virginia USA
| | - David S. Wunschel
- Chemical and Biological Signature Scienc, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, MS P7-50, Richland, 99352 Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reutter D, Schutzer SE, Craft CM, Fletcher J, Fricke FL, Holowachuk SA, Johnson RC, Keim PS, Pearson JL, Sibert RW, Velsko S. Planning for exercises of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) forensic capabilities. Biosecur Bioterror 2011; 8:343-55. [PMID: 21142761 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2010.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A forensic capability to help identify perpetrators and exclude innocent people should be an integral part of a strategy against terrorist attacks. Exercises have been conducted to increase our preparedness and response capabilities to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) terrorist attacks. However, incorporating forensic components into these exercises has been deficient. CBRN investigations rely on forensic results, so the need to integrate a forensic component and forensics experts into comprehensive exercises is paramount. This article provides guidance for planning and executing exercises at local, state, federal, and international levels that test the effectiveness of forensic capabilities for CBRN threats. The guidelines presented here apply both to situations where forensics is only a component of a more general exercise and where forensics is the primary focus of the exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Reutter
- Forensic Science Center , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hari KL, Goates AT, Jain R, Towers A, Harpin VS, Robertson JM, Wilson MR, Samant VS, Ecker DJ, McNeil JA, Budowle B. The Microbial Rosetta Stone: a database system for tracking infectious microorganisms. Int J Legal Med 2008; 123:65-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-008-0247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Morse SA, Budowle B. Microbial forensics: application to bioterrorism preparedness and response. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 20:455-73, xi. [PMID: 16762747 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Morse
- Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fletcher J, Bender C, Budowle B, Cobb WT, Gold SE, Ishimaru CA, Luster D, Melcher U, Murch R, Scherm H, Seem RC, Sherwood JL, Sobral BW, Tolin SA. Plant pathogen forensics: capabilities, needs, and recommendations. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:450-71. [PMID: 16760310 PMCID: PMC1489535 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00022-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A biological attack on U.S. crops, rangelands, or forests could reduce yield and quality, erode consumer confidence, affect economic health and the environment, and possibly impact human nutrition and international relations. Preparedness for a crop bioterror event requires a strong national security plan that includes steps for microbial forensics and criminal attribution. However, U.S. crop producers, consultants, and agricultural scientists have traditionally focused primarily on strategies for prevention and management of diseases introduced naturally or unintentionally rather than on responding appropriately to an intentional pathogen introduction. We assess currently available information, technologies, and resources that were developed originally to ensure plant health but also could be utilized for postintroduction plant pathogen forensics. Recommendations for prioritization of efforts and resource expenditures needed to enhance our plant pathogen forensics capabilities are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Fletcher
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brokopp C, Resultan E, Holmes H, Wagner MM. Laboratories. HANDBOOK OF BIOSURVEILLANCE 2006. [PMCID: PMC7150189 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369378-5/50010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Schutzer and colleagues give guidance for physicians who believe that one of their patients has been a victim of an act of bioterror or another biocrime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Schutzer
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Budowle B, Murch R, Chakraborty R. Microbial forensics: the next forensic challenge. Int J Legal Med 2005; 119:317-30. [PMID: 15821943 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-005-0535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens and toxins can be converted to bioweapons and used to commit bioterrorism and biocrime. Because of the potential and relative ease of an attack using a bioweapon, forensic science needs to be prepared to assist in the investigation to bring perpetrators to justice and to deter future attacks. A new subfield of forensics--microbial forensics--has been created, which is focused on characterization of evidence from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, hoax, or an inadvertent release. Forensic microbiological investigations are essentially the same as any other forensic investigation regarding processing. They involve crime scene(s) investigation, chain of custody practices, evidence collection, handling and preservation, evidence shipping, analysis of evidence, interpretation of results, and court presentation. In addition to collecting and analyzing traditional forensic evidence, the forensic investigation will attempt to determine the etiology and identity of the causal agent, often in a similar fashion as in an epidemiologic investigation. However, for attribution, higher-resolution characterization is needed. The tools for attribution include genetic- and nongenetic-based assays and informatics to attempt to determine the unique source of a sample or at least eliminate some sources. In addition, chemical and physical assays may help determine the process used to prepare, store, or disseminate the bioweapon. An effective microbial forensics program will require development and/or validation of all aspects of the forensic investigative process, from sample collection to interpretation of results. Quality assurance (QA) and QC practices, comparable to those used by the forensic DNA science community, are being implemented. Lastly, partnerships with other laboratories will be requisite, because many of the necessary capabilities for analysis will not reside in the traditional forensic laboratory.
Collapse
|