The effect of lavender oil on stress, bispectral index values, and needle insertion pain in volunteers

The effect of lavender and bergamot oil applied via inhalation on the anxiety level and sleep quality of surgical intensive care unit patients

OBJECTIVE

Due to numerous stressors in intensive care, common psychosocial problems arise in patients. Among these, decreased anxiety and sleep quality are observed. This study aims to determine the effect of lavender and bergamot oil applied by inhalation on anxiety and sleep quality in surgical intensive care unit patients.

METHODS

Fifty-four patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, were included in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups (Lavender, Bergamot, Control). Intervention groups were exposed to 3 drops of lavender oil or bergamot oil on pillows for 20 min, which were then placed 10 cm away from the patient's head. This intervention was applied for two nights. The patients' sleep quality and anxiety level were evaluated using the "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)" and "Richard-Campbell Sleep Scale (RCSS)." Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA tests.

RESULTS

According to our results, anxiety scores significantly decreased in the lavender and bergamot groups. Sleep quality scores significantly increased (p = <0.001). The control group showed lower sleep quality scores.

CONCLUSION

Lavender and bergamot oil inhalation appeared effective in reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality in surgical intensive care unit patients.

Use of a Combination Lavender/Peppermint Aromatherapy Patch During Port Catheter Placement Under Monitored Anesthesia Care Does Not Reduce Time to Discharge Readiness: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Intraoperative anxiety is a common problem when Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) is used instead of general anesthesia during minor surgical procedures such as port catheter placement. Nonpharmacological anxiolytics such as aromatherapy have been studied for their effects on preoperative anxiety, but no placebo-controlled study of aromatherapy during surgeries under MAC has yet been performed. Methods: After IRB approval, 70 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either a lavender/peppermint aromatherapy patch (Elequil Aromatabs®; Beekley Corporation) or a matching placebo patch. The primary outcome, time to readiness for discharge from postoperative acute care units (PACU; min), was assessed every 15 min until a modified postanesthesia recovery score for ambulatory patients (PARSAP) score of 18 or higher was reached. In the preoperative holding area, the assigned patch/placebo was activated and affixed to a folded towel placed aside the subject's head, contralateral to the side of the planned surgery. The towel and patch/placebo were discarded when the subject left the operating room (OR). Results: No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups on the primary outcome of time to discharge readiness (mean [standard deviation, SD]: 82 [15] vs. 89 [21] min, respectively, p = 0.131). No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups on the secondary outcomes of intraoperative midazolam dose, intraoperative opioid dose, intraoperative ondansetron dose, or intraoperative promethazine dose. No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups in the proportion of subjects requiring rescue postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) medication in the PACU or the proportion of subjects requiring opioids in the PACU. No difference was found between the treatment and placebo groups in pain intensity in PACU, average PONV score in PACU, or patient satisfaction in PACU. PACU patient satisfaction was high for both the patch and placebo groups (35/35 [100%] vs. 32/34 [94%] "very satisfied," p = 0.239). Conclusions: Aromatherapy treatment is not indicated intraoperatively to reduce anxiety or the use of antiemetics in patients requiring Port catheter placement. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT05328973.

Effect of Lavandula angustifolia and Cananga odorata on decrease of blood pressure in high blood pressure volunteers: A randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Hypertension is one of the most dangerous diseases. However, medicine for hypertension may cause adverse effects. Thus, alternative treatments may be beneficial to patients. The aims of the study were to evaluate efficacy and safety of sticker pads containing lavender and ylang ylang oil (LY pads) on decrease blood pressure.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The LY pads had been developed since 2018. The safety of LY pads in healthy volunteers' study and the efficacy and safety of LY pads in high blood pressure volunteers' study were conducted at Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand in October 2020 to December 2022. In the safety of LY pads in healthy volunteers' study, the LY pad was attached to the shirts of 56 healthy volunteers for 2 h. Adverse reactions, irritation score, and quality of life were assessed. In the efficacy and safety of the LY pads in high blood pressure volunteers' study, 34 high blood pressure volunteers were randomly divided into the LY group or the placebo group. The volunteers attached the pad to their shirt for 14 days. Blood pressure, pulse rate, and adverse reactions were investigated.

RESULTS

The LY pad was safe for humans. Using the LY pad for 2 h had no significant adverse reactions in healthy volunteers. Moreover, it significantly improved quality of life (p<0.05). The blood pressure of the LY pad group after at least 3 days use was significantly lower than before using the pad (p<0.05). The systolic blood pressure difference and pulse rate difference were also superior in the LY pad group compared to the placebo group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The LY pad was safe in healthy volunteers and could reduce blood pressure in high blood pressure volunteers without adverse effects. Thus, it may be a supportive or alternative treatment for hypertension.

Use of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil as a complementary therapy in adult health care: A scoping review

Background

In addition to its low toxicity risk, Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) essential oil is recognised worldwide for its sedative, antidepressant, antiseptic, antifungal, relaxing, and antiemetic properties. Thus, the action mechanism of lavender oil has attracted significant attention from researchers interested in improving the physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being of patients.

Objective

To investigate the scope of knowledge regarding the use of L. angustifolia essential oil as a complementary therapy in adult health care.

Methods

A scoping review was carried out using a PRISMA-ScR checklist followed by a critical assessment being performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute level of evidence. The following databases were used: SCOPUS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, SCIELO, Cochrane Library, LILACS, Wiley Online Library, CAPES, and FIOCRUZ Dissertations.

Results

Eighty-three articles published between 2002 and 2022 were selected for the analysis; More articles came from Iran than from any other country and most articles reported clinical trials. The applicability of lavender essential oil and its route of administration in different clinical situations were the main topics addressed in the articles.

Conclusions

Most studies demonstrate the efficacy of L. angustifolia Mill. essential oil in relieving pain and decreasing anxiety. Few studies evaluated the anti-psoriatic, anti-toxoplasmotic, and wound healing properties and the protective actions against cerebral ischemia. One study reported on its safety, specifically the allergenic potential of linalool, the main chemical component of L. angustifolia essential oil. However, most studies did not involve the extensive investigations on this topic or report the safe quantities of this oil for human treatment, meaning further research into the safety of this treatment is required.

Dental pain perception and emotional changes: on the relationship between dental anxiety and olfaction

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the study was to determine to what extent olfactory aromatherapy reduces the intensity of dental pain and the level of dental anxiety. It also attempted to corelate between olfactory aromatherapy, stages of dental visits, and various dental procedures.

METHODS

Female patients were enrolled in a randomized controlled study. Olfactory aromatherapy was performed using lavender oils. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the lavender group, in which patients inhaled 2% lavender vapors, and the control group, in which patients inhaled water vapors. Pain score, anxiety score, and changes in vital signs were among the predictable variables. Anxiety and pain were assessed using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and visual analog scales (VAS). The vital signs were systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and oxygen saturation (Spo2). Variables were evaluated before inhalations, 20 min after inhalations, at the end of settings, and on the following day.

RESULTS

Each group had 175 participants. Pain and anxiety scores were significantly reduced, and all vital signs improved, except for DBP. The MDAS, STAI, and pain scores are reduced by 3.4, 4.2, and 2.4 times, respectively, compared to the control group. Olfactory aromatherapy had the greatest impact during the phase of waiting rooms.

CONCLUSION

When compared to the control group, olfactory aromatherapy reduces anxiety scores three to four times more. Pain perception is reduced by twice as much as in the control group. It also significantly reduces the anxiety associated with minor to moderately stressful dental procedures.

Revisiting the Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils on the Oral Microbiome

The extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the development of drug-resistant bacteria, leading to a decline in the efficacy of traditional antibiotic treatments. Essential oils (EOs) are phytopharmaceuticals, or plant-derived compounds, that possess beneficial properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral, bacteriostatic, and bactericidal effects. In this review, we present scientific findings on the activity of EOs as an alternative therapy for common oral diseases. This narrative review provides a deeper understanding of the medicinal properties of EOs and their application in dentistry. It not only evaluates the effectiveness of these oils as antibacterial agents against common oral bacteria but also covers general information such as composition, methods of extraction, and potential toxicity. Further nonclinical and clinical studies must be conducted to determine their potential use and safety for treating oral diseases.

Effects of inhaling essential oils of Citrus limonum L., Santalum album, and Cinnamomum camphora on human brain activity

INTRODUCTION

Essential oil inhalation has various effects on the human body. However, its effects on cognitive function and the neural basis remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of inhaling lemon, sandalwood, and kusunoki essential oils on human brain activity and memory function using multichannel electroencephalography and brain source activity estimation.

METHODS

Participants performed a letter 2-back working memory task during electroencephalography measurements before and after essential oil inhalation. Brain activation, task difficulty, concentration degree, and task performance were compared among the essential oils and a fragrance-free control.

RESULTS

Task performance significantly improved after lemon essential oil inhalation. Lemon essential oil inhalation resulted in delta and theta band activation in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and insula. During inhalation, persistent alpha band activation was observed in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus. Sandalwood essential oil inhalation led to beta and gamma band activation in the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate gyrus.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrate that different essential oils have specific effects on brain activity related to emotion and memory processing.

Gold Leaf-Based Microfluidic Platform for Detection of Essential Oils Using Impedance Spectroscopy

Drug delivery systems are engineered platforms for the controlled release of various therapeutic agents. This paper presents a conductive gold leaf-based microfluidic platform fabricated using xurography technique for its potential implication in controlled drug delivery operations. To demonstrate this, peppermint and eucalyptus essential oils (EOs) were selected as target fluids, which are best known for their medicinal properties in the field of dentistry. The work takes advantage of the high conductivity of the gold leaf, and thus, the response characteristics of the microfluidic chip are studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) upon injecting EOs into its micro-channels. The effect of the exposure time of the chip to different concentrations (1% and 5%) of EOs was analyzed, and change in electrical resistance was measured at different time intervals of 0 h (the time of injection), 22 h, and 46 h. It was observed that our fabricated device demonstrated higher values of electrical resistance when exposed to EOs for longer times. Moreover, eucalyptus oil had stronger degradable effects on the chip, which resulted in higher electrical resistance than that of peppermint. 1% and 5% of Eucalyptus oil showed an electrical resistance of 1.79 kΩ and 1.45 kΩ at 10 kHz, while 1% and 5% of peppermint oil showed 1.26 kΩ and 1.07 kΩ of electrical resistance at 10 kHz respectively. The findings obtained in this paper are beneficial for designing suitable microfluidic devices to expand their applications for various biomedical purposes.

The effect of topically administered lavender aromatherapy on the pain of insulin injection in diabetic patients: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Needle phobia occurs in more than half of diabetic patients due to the pain caused by frequent insulin injections. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of topically administered lavender aromatherapy on the pain of insulin injections in diabetic patients.

METHODS

In this double-blind randomized controlled and experimental study, patients who met the study criteria were divided into three groups; topical lavender oil (n = 60), placebo (n = 60), and control (n = 60) groups. The data were collected using the "Patient Information Form", the "Follow-up Form", the "Verbal Category Scale (VCS)", and the "Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)".

RESULTS

The results revealed no significant difference between the patients in the topical lavender oil group before and during the insulin injection in terms of VAS and VCS pain scores (p > 0.05). In the placebo and control groups, the mean VAS and VCS pain scores during insulin injection were found to be significantly higher than before insulin injection (p < 0.05). Besides, the mean VAS and VCS scores during insulin injection were significantly higher in the placebo and control groups than the topical lavender oil group (p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION

: The study showed that patients who were administered topical lavender oil felt less pain after insulin injection than those in the placebo and control groups. Therefore, topically applied lavender aromatherapy can be easily used for pain control in insulindependent diabetic patients (clinical trial number NCT04767737).

The effect of lavender on stress in individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Lavender is considered as one of the medicinal plants to manage stress. Although many preliminary studies evaluated the effect of lavender on individuals' stress level, to the best of our knowledge, we did not find a study that summarizes the results. Therefore, the present study aimed to estimate the Pooled effect of lavender on the stress level of individuals using systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHOD

A systematic literature review based on PRISMA 2020 was performed on the SID, MagIran, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) databases, and Google Scholar motor engine using related MeSH/Emtree and ‎Free Text words,‎ including "Lavender*", "Lavandula*", "Stress*", "Stress Disorders, Traumatic", and "Stress, Psychological" with no time limitation until August 2021: We also searched two Iranain free local resourses including MagIran https://www.magiran.com and Scientific Information Database (SID) https://www.sid.ir. The quality assessment of studies was performed using JBI checklist. Heterogeneity among studies was quantified using I² index and Random Effects model was used to combine the data and perform the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

In the initial search, 1520 articles were found. After excluding the irrelevant studies, finally, 21 articles with a sample size of 791 in the intervention group and 804 in the control group were included in the meta-analysis. As a result of combining the studies, stress score after using lavender in the intervention group showed a significant decrease of 0.63 ± 0.13 (95% CI) more than that in the control group (P < 0.001). The results of subgroup analysis demonstrated that the highest standardized mean difference (SMD) before and after the intervention in the intervention group compared to the control group was related to L. angustifolia species with 0.73 ± 0.22, student groups with 2.27 ± 1.34, and diagnostic tool of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) with 0.82 ± 0.42, indicating that the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The pooled estimation of this systematic reiew and meta-analysis revealed that lavender significantly reduces individuals' stress. Therefore, it seems that the use of lavender can be considered as a part of a stress management programs, especially in student groups.

Lavender aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: a single-blind randomized clinical trial

Objective

In cardiovascular disease, a patient's anxiety and depression can increase cardiac rehabilitation duration and recovery. Lavender aromatherapy as a non-pharmacological intervention effective in other contexts may be an efficient intervention to alleviating anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS).

Methods

In this study, 110 ACS patients were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups. Inhalation of the lavender fragrance was prescribed for the intervention group and the drop of aromatic almond for the control group for 3 days.

Results

The first-day anxiety and depression were significantly different in the two groups at 1 h and 9 h after the intervention. The ’morning's difference before the intervention was not significant, but it was substantial 1 h after the intervention. On the third morning of the intervention, this difference was confirmed.

Conclusions

This study confirmed the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing anxiety and depression in ACS patients. This ‘study's results enable intensive care nurses to use aromatherapy with lavender oil as a non-pharmacological and cost-effective intervention to reduce their psychological tensions and increase patient satisfaction during hospitalization in the cardiac care units (CCU).

The Effect of Inhalation Aromatherapy on Sedation Level, Analgesic Dosage, and Bispectral Index Values during Donor Site Dressing in Patients with Burns: A Randomized Clinical Trial

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect of inhalation aromatherapy on sedation level, analgesic dosage, and bispectral index (BIS) values during donor site dressing in patients with burns.

METHODS

This trial was conducted on 62 patients with burns requiring donor site dressing who were admitted to the Burn Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. In the intervention group, the patients inhaled damask rose 40% and lavender 10% essential oils during donor site dressing change, whereas in the control group, the site was dressed using routine protocol. Sedatives and analgesics were prescribed until the levels of brain activity achieved light sedation. The brain activity and sedation levels were measured before and after the donor site dressings using the BIS. Data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance and the two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures.

RESULTS

All 62 patients completed the study. The required doses of ketamine (P < .001), fentanyl (P = .003), morphine (P < .001), and propofol (P < .001) were significantly lower in the intervention group. The BIS was also significantly lower in the intervention group (P < .001). Heart rate decreased significantly during the aromatherapy, as well as after analgesic and sedative consumption (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

The inhalation of damask rose and lavender essential oils is an effective intervention to reduce the doses of sedative and analgesic drugs administered as well as BIS during donor site dressing change in patients with burns.

Essential oils as anticancer agents: Potential role in malignancies, drug delivery mechanisms, and immune system enhancement

Cancer retains a central place in fatality rates among the wide variety of diseases known world over, and the conventional synthetic medicaments, albeit used until now, produce numerous side effects. As a result, newer, better, and safer alternatives such as natural plant products, are gravely required. Essential oils (EOs) offer a plethora of bioactivities including antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, therefore, the use of EOs in combination with synthetic drugs or aromatherapy continues to be popular in many settings. In view of the paramount importance of EOs and their potential bioactivities, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the interconnection between EOs and cancer treatment. In particular, the current review presents an updated summary of the chemical composition of EOs, their current applications in cancer treatments based on clinical studies, and the mechanism of action against the cancer cell lines. Similarly, an overview of using EOs in aromatherapy and enhancing immunity during cancer treatment is provided. Further, this review focuses on the recent technological advancements such as the loading of EOs using protein microspheres, ligands, or nanoemulsions/nanoencapsulation, which offer multiple benefits in cancer treatment via site-specific and target-oriented delivery of drugs. The continuing clinical studies of EOs implicate that their pharmacological applications are a rewarding research area.

Lavender aromatherapy: A systematic review from essential oil quality and administration methods to cognitive enhancing effects

Modern society is reviving the practice of aromatherapy, and lavender is reported being the most worldwide purchased plant for essential oil (EO) extraction. Since recent studies reported cognitive enhancing effects of lavender besides the hypno-inducing effects, a literature review is needed. Considering EO quality and diffusion devices, we conducted a systematic review on the effects of lavender EO inhalation on arousal, attention and memory in healthy subjects. Starting from this new multidisciplinary perspective, cognitive effects were reviewed to link outcomes to effective and reproducible protocols. A systematic search on MEDLINE, ERIC, PsycInfo, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using Cognitive Atlas and plant-related keywords was conducted. Among the 1,203 articles yielded, 11 met eligibility criteria. Subjects administered with lavender EO displayed arousal decrease and sustained attention increase. Controversial results emerged regarding memory. Lack of EO quality assessment and protocols heterogeneity did not allow assessing whether different EO composition differentially modulates cognition and whether placebo effect can be discerned from EO effect itself. However, GABAergic pathway modulation exerted by linalool, a major lavender EO constituent, might explain cognitive functions empowerment. We speculate aromatherapy could be a burgeoning cognition enhancing tool, although further investigation is required to reach robust conclusions.

Effect of aromatherapy on the pain of arteriovenous fistula puncture in patients on hemodialysis: a systematic review

Purpose

This study aims to determine the effect of aromatherapy used in reducing the pain caused by fistula puncture in hemodialysis patients.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, the effect of aromatherapy application on fistula puncture was analyzed and carried out by scanning the relevant literature. The literature review was conducted between August and October 2020. While reviewing the literature, the authors used “aromatherapy,” “pain,” “fistula,” “puncture,” “hemodialysis” keywords and various combinations of these; moreover, Google scientist, Pubmed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Medline and Ovid databases and studies, which were conducted in the last 10 years were reviewed. As a result of the literature review, 1183 studies were reached and seven of them were included in the study by taking the inclusion criteria into account.

Findings

The randomized controlled studies are six studies and nonrandomized controlled experimental 1 study were added to the scope of the study and seven studies were included in the sample. In these studies, personal information forms developed by the researchers as data collection tools and the VAS scale, Numerical pain rating, the numeric rating scale were used to evaluate pain.

Practical implications

It has been determined that aromatherapy application in hemodialysis patients has positive effects on reducing pain due to puncture fistula intervention.

Originality/value

This study provides reduction or elimination of fistula needle insertion pain in hemodialysis patients.

Breaking Beyond the Borders of the Brain: Self-Control as a Situated Ability

“I just couldn’t control myself” are the infamous last words of a person that did something that they knew they should not have done. Consistent self-control is difficult to achieve, but it is also instrumental in achieving ambitious goals. Traditionally, the key to self-control has been assumed to reside in the brain. Recently, an alternative has come to light through the emergence of situated theories of self-control, which emphasize the causal role of specific situated factors in producing successful self-control. Some clinical interventions for motivational or impulse control disorders also incorporate certain situated factors in therapeutic practices. Despite remaining a minority, situated views and practices based on these theories have planted the seeds of a paradigm shift in the self-control literature, moving away from the idea that self-control is an ability limited to the borders of the brain. The goal of this paper is to further motivate this paradigm shift by arguing that certain situated factors show strong promise as genuine causes of successful self-control, but this potential role is too often neglected by theorists and empirical researchers. I will present empirical evidence which suggests that three specific situated factors – clenched muscles, calming or anxiety-inducing environmental cues, and social trust – exhibit a specialized effect of increasing the likelihood of successful self-control. Adopting this situated view of the ability to regulate oneself works to reinforce and emphasize the emerging trend to design therapies based on situated cognition, makes self-control more accessible and less overwhelming for laypeople and those who struggle with impulse control disorders, and opens a new avenue of empirical investigation.

Essential Oil Profile and Yield of Corolla, Calyx, Leaf, and Whole Flowering Top of Cultivated Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) from Utah

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender) is an essential-oil-bearing plant in the Lamiaceae family. Volatile oil produced through the steam distillation of lavender was examined to establish the essential oil yield and aromatic profile from each portion of the plant-namely, the corolla, calyx, leaf, and whole flowering top. The resulting essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The different plant parts generally shared similar compounds but in varying relative percentages. Aromatic profiles of the whole flowering top and calyx were similar, with prominent compounds being linalool acetate (34.3%, 32.0%), linalool (26.5%, 32.9%), lavandulyl acetate (5.6%, 4.9%), terpinen-4-ol (5.3%, 7.0%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (4.5%, 5.4%), respectively. Aromatic profiles for the corolla and leaf were unique. Prominent aromatic compounds of the corolla included linalool acetate (18.4%), linalool (10.8%), epi-α-cadinol (10.0%), borneol (7.3%), and lavandulyl acetate (6.3%). Prominent aromatic compounds of the leaf included epi-α-cadinol (19.8%), γ-cadinene (11.0%), borneol (6.0%), caryophyllene oxide (4.9%), and bornyl acetate (4.8%). Complete profiles and essential oil yields of corolla, calyx, leaf, and whole flowering top were established. This study establishes the influence the corolla, calyx, and leaf exert on the aromatic profile of the whole flowering top and provides insight into authentication of lavender essential oil.

Subjective Effects of Inhaling Kuromoji Tea Aroma

Teas and various herbal teas are well-known beverages and are commonly consumed around the world. In this study, we focused on kuromoji tea. Kuromoji is a deciduous shrub of the Lauraceae family, and the plucked leaves and branches have been drunk as a tea in production areas for a long time. However, no studies have investigated the subjective and physiological effects of kuromoji tea. In this study, the effects of kuromoji tea were examined on the basis of the measurements of heart rate variability and cerebral blood flow, core body temperature and subjective assessments. Moreover, the results of this study showed that a pleasant subjective feeling could be obtained by sniffing the aroma of kuromoji teas, especially tea leaves. It was also found that the aroma of kuromoji teas has the potential to stimulate saliva secretion and increase subjective and physiological excitements in the oral cavity. 1,8-Cineole, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, carvone and geraniol were determined in both kuromoji leaves and branches. In this study, the beneficial effects of kuromoji teas when drunk conventionally were investigated.

The effects of Lavender and Chamomile essential oil inhalation aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and stress in older community-dwelling people: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Considering the prevalence of mental health problems in older adults, this study aims to investigate the effect of inhalation aromatherapy using lavender and chamomile essential oils on depression, anxiety, and stress of community-dwelling older people.

METHODS

A three-armed, parallel, randomized, and controlled trial design was used in this study. 183 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to three groups (n = 61): the lavender, chamomile, and control groups. The participants in the experimental groups inhaled three drops of 1.5% lavender and chamomile essential oils for 30 nights. The participants in the control group inhaled only distilled water in a similar fashion. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress-Scale (DASS) at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and one month after the intervention. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, one-way ANOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

Statistically significant improvement occurred in depression, anxiety, and stress levels immediately and one month after the intervention in lavender and chamomile groups compared to the control group (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Inhalation aromatherapy with both lavender and chamomile essential oils helped decrease depression, anxiety, and stress levels in community-dwelling older adults.

The effects of lavender aromatherapy on stress and pain perception in children during dental treatment: A randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Reducing dental anxiety is a major aspect of childmanagement in dental visits. This crossover randomized clinical trial was designed to determine the effect of lavender aromatherapy on anxiety level during dental treatment and pain perception during dental injection in children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-four children aged 7-9 years received restorative treatment with lavender aromatherapy in the intervention session and without aroma in the control session. Salivary cortisol and pulse rate were measured to evaluate child's anxiety level and the Face Rating Scale (FRS) was used for assessing the pain perception during injection in both visits.

RESULTS

The treatment effect on salivary cortisol, pulse rate, and FRS score was -8.01 ± 0.92 nmol/l, -11.17 ± 1.28 (in minutes), and -2.00 ± 0.41 respectively, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Lavender aromatherapy can decrease dental anxiety and experienced pain in dental setting.

Effects of essential oils on central nervous system: Focus on mental health

Essential oils have been used as remedies since ancient times for the treatment of numerous illnesses on account of their wide range of biological activities. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown varying pharmacological responses in the nervous system leading to anxiolytic, antidepressant, sedative, and anticonvulsant effects. Experimentation in animal models has evidenced the involvement of multiple neurotransmitter systems in the mode of action of essential oils, resulting in measurable physiological effects in the brain. Additionally, clinical trials have demonstrated the influence of essential oils in physiological parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, brain waves composition, and cortisol serum levels with concomitant psychological effects. Although there is growing evidence of measurable effects of essential oils in animal brains, more clinical research is required to validate their influence in the human central nervous system. This will enable the development of essential oil-based drugs for the treatment of mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety and dementia.

A Randomized Prospective Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effects of Lavender Aromatherapy on Preoperative Anxiety in Cataract Surgery Patients

PURPOSE

To determine if lavender aromatherapy can reduce preoperative anxiety in cataract surgery patients.

DESIGN

Single-center prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial.

METHODS

Seventy-five patients awaiting cataract surgery were randomized to lavender essential oil or grape seed oil (control) and administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Vital signs were also recorded.

FINDINGS

Patients in the lavender group showed greater improvements in self-reported anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (P = .023, two-sample t test). Compared with the control group, the effects of lavender on the reduction of anxiety were statistically significant when adjusting for age, gender, and baseline scores (P = .012, analysis of covariance).

CONCLUSIONS

Lavender aromatherapy reduced anxiety in preoperative cataract surgery patients.

Endocrinological effect of lavender aromatherapy on stressful visual stimuli

Introduction

Aromatherapy is prominent in complementary and alternative medicine. Little endocrinological evidence, however, of the effects of aromatherapy has yet been presented. We used salivary stress marker chromogranin A (CgA) to examine the effects of lavender aroma on women watching a stressful video.

Methods

Healthy female university students (n = 23) aged 20-22 years old were randomly assigned to two groups: an aroma group exposed to lavender and an unexposed control group. Both groups watched a stressful video for 10 min. During the protocol, the aroma group was exposed to lavender aroma. Samples of salivary chromogranin A (CgA) were collected immediately before and after watching the video, and at 5 and 10 min after that.

Results

In the aroma group, the levels of CgA statistically significantly decreased throughout the experimental period. In the control group, there was no such change.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that lavender aroma may reduce the stress effects of watching a stressful video.

Effect of Inhalation Aromatherapy on Procedural Pain and Anxiety After Needle Insertion Into an Implantable Central Venous Port Catheter: A Quasi-Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

BACKGROUND

Needle insertion into an implantable central venous port catheter may lead to procedural pain and anxiety in cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of inhalation aromatherapy on procedural pain and anxiety after needle insertion into an implantable central venous port catheter.

METHODS

This study included 123 cancer patients who were scheduled to undergo chemotherapy. Patients were randomly assigned to either the lavender group (n = 41), the eucalyptus group (n = 41), or a control group (n = 41). Participants in the intervention groups inhaled 3 drops of essential oil for 3 minutes before needle insertion into an implantable venous port catheter. Patients in the control group received no intervention before needle insertion. Data were collected using the visual analog scale (VAS) and State Anxiety Inventory.

RESULTS

The average VAS scores of the lavender group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < .05). There were no significant differences in the average VAS scores between the eucalyptus group and the control group (P > .05). In addition, the average State Anxiety Inventory scores of the lavender group, the eucalyptus group, and the control group were not significantly different (P > .05).

CONCLUSION

Inhalation aromatherapy with lavender may be an effective technique to relieve pain related to needle insertion into an implantable central venous port catheter.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Inhalation aromatherapy with lavender oil may be useful in the management of procedural pain levels during needle procedure. However, further randomized controlled trials are needed to validate this study.

Comparing acupressure with aromatherapy using Citrus aurantium in terms of their effectiveness in sleep quality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A randomized clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Poor sleep quality is prevalent in candidates for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). The present study was conducted to compare aromatherapy with acupressure in terms of their effectiveness in sleep quality in patients undergoing PCIs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was conducted on 85 patients undergoing PCIs and randomly assigned, using block randomization, to five groups, namely (1)aromatherapy, (2)placebo aromatherapy, (3)acupressure, (4)placebo acupressure (acupressure applied to a point not traditionally associated with improving sleep) and (5)control. The intervention groups received aromatherapy or acupressure or placebo from 10pm to 8am the following day. The control group received only routine care. Sleep quality was measured in the patients using a visual analog scale (VAS) that was completed by them before and after the intervention.

RESULTS

The mean pretest score of sleep quality was 2.91 ± 0.53 in the aromatherapy group, 2.84 ± 0.47 in the placebo aromatherapy group, 2.98 ± 0.59 in the acupressure group, 2.75 ± 0.41 in the placebo acupressure group and 2.88 ± 0.41 in the controls. ANOVA suggested no significant differences among these groups in the pretest (P = 0.746). The mean posttest score of sleep quality was 3.72 ± 1.84 in the aromatherapy group, 3.70 ± 1.83 in the placebo aromatherapy group, 7.35 ± 0.99 in the acupressure group, 2.67 ± 0.41in the placebo acupressure group and 2.72 ± 0.34 in the controls, suggesting significant differences among the five groups based on the ANOVA results showed significant differences among the five groups (P < 0.001). The mean posttest score of sleep quality was higher than the pretest score by 4.37 in the acupressure group compared to in the other groups (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The present findings provided scientific evidence for the benefits of using different methods, including acupressure, for sleep quality in patients undergoing PCIs.

IRANIAN REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER

IRCT201707248665N6.

Effects of Aromatherapy on Pain and Anxiety Scores in Adult Patients Admitted to a Community Hospital on the Medical Unit or Telemetry Unit: A Pilot Study

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of aromatherapy intervention on pain and anxiety. The hypothesis was that the use of aromatherapy will improve pain and anxiety scores when assessed within 30 to 60 minutes of administration. The study design was a prospective comparison of aromatherapy using a pre-/postdesign study. A convenience sample of patients was recruited from both a medical unit and a telemetry unit with patients aged 18+ years from a 182-bed acute care Magnet community hospital. Pain and anxiety levels were assessed prior to administration of a medication, within 60 minutes of receiving pain medication, and within 60 minutes of receiving aromatherapy. Ninety-six percent of the participants would use aromatherapy if offered again, would use it in the future, and would recommend its use to family and friends. Both pain and anxiety improved after the aromatherapy with a P value of <.0001. This pilot study demonstrated that aromatherapy is safe and effective at reducing pain and anxiety and should be considered as a valuable adjunct to symptom management.

Effects of glycerin oil and lavender oil massages on hemodialysis patients' restless legs syndrome

OBJECTIVES

To determine the effects of glycerin oil and lavender oil massages on hemodialysis patients' restless legs syndrome (RLS).

METHODS

Ninety hemodialysis patients with RLS were randomly allocated into two intervention groups and one control group, each consisting of 35 participants. The control group received routine care, and the intervention groups received effleurage massage with lavender and glycerin oil in addition to routine care for one month. RLS intensity was measured among the three groups using the Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale.

RESULTS

At the beginning of the study, the results showed no significant difference among the three groups' scores. At the end of the study, the mean RLS scores were significantly lower in the intervention groups compared to the control group (F = 63.4, p ≤ 0.001). This difference was not significant between the two intervention groups; nonetheless, the differences between the control and lavender oil groups, as well as the control and glycerin oil groups, were significant (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The findings showed the effectiveness of the oils through the effleurage massage for reducing RLS in a sample of hemodialysis patients.

Evaluation of aromatherapy with lavender oil on academic stress: A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Academic stress is prevalent among pharmacy students. Several factors such as hectic schedules, courses and exam load as well as lack of recreational time during semester have been reported as determinants of academic stress. Studies revealed; the use of aroma oils especially with relaxant properties may help ease stress.

METHODS

This study aimed to investigate the effect of lavender oil on academic stress during exams in pharmacy students. A randomized-single-blind placebo-controlled trial providing aromatherapy with lavender oil as an intervention was conducted in male pharmacy students. The outcomes assessed included stress, stool pattern, headache and vital signs that comprised of systolic, diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and heart rate (HR). The study was approved from concerned authority and registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT#03460626).

RESULTS

The placebo and experimental group showed a significant (p < 0.01) difference in stress score (F = 244.865, p < 0.0001), headache VAS score (F = 8.187, p < 0.0001), SBP (F = 11.141, p < 0.0001), DBP (F = 3.873, p < 0.001) and HR (F = 8.537, p < 0.0001); at during-exam time-point as compared to control group. No significance was achieved; among three treatment groups in stool pattern (F = 2.143, p > 0.05) and, at post-exam time-point (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Aromatherapy with lavender oil did not have any effect on academic stress.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study was registered prospectively on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT#03460626) on 19th February 2018.

Genotyping of Candida albicans isolated from animals using 25S ribosomal DNA and ALT repeats polymorphism in repetitive sequence

Background and Purpose:

Candida albicans is the most prevalent Candida species isolated from animals. Candidiasis can be systemic in animals or may affect a single organ, such as the mouth, urinary tract, and skin. The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity of C. albicans isolated from different animals and investigate the presence of a relationship between host specificity and genetic typing of C. albicans.

Materials and Methods:

For the purpose of the study, DNA extraction was performed on 27 clinical isolates of C. albicans obtained from animals. Subsequently, they were subjected to 25S ribosomal DNA amplification and ALT repeats in repetitive sequences (RPSs). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, nystatin, amphotericin B, and caspofungin were determined using the microdilution method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-S4 standard.

Results:

Out of 27 C. albicans strains, 11, 6, 5, and 5 cases were recognized as genotypes A (40.8%), E (22.2%), B (18.5%), and C (18.5%), respectively, through amplification using AS-I, which revealed 17 different types of C. albicans. By combining the two typing methods, 27 C. albicans strains were finally divided into 22 genotypes.

Conclusion:

Different genotypes showed genetic diversity among the C. albicans strains isolated from animal sources. The results revealed no special genotype relationship according to the host, anatomical source of isolation, and antifungal susceptibility.

The Use of the Buzzy, Jet Lidokaine, Bubble-blowing and Aromatherapy for Reducing Pediatric Pain, Stress and Fear Associated with Phlebotomy

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Buzzy, Jet lidokaine, bubble-blowing and inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essence on pain, stress and fear in children undergoing phlebotomy.

DESIGNS AND METHODS

This study was a prospective, randomized controlled trial. The sample was comprised of children aged 5 to 10 years requiring blood tests. Children were assigned to five subgroups through randomization performed using a computer program: the Buzzy group (n = 39), Jet lidokaine group (n = 39), bubble-blowing group (n = 39), inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essence group (n = 39) and control group (n = 39). The children's levels of pain were evaluated and reported by the parents, observers and the children, who self-reported using the Oucher Pain Scale. The children's fear levels were assessed using the Children's Fear Scale, and salivary cortisol analysis was conducted to evaluate stress levels.

RESULTS

A significant difference was found between the intervention and control groups in terms of levels of pain during and after phlebotomy in favor of the Buzzy group (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the fear scores of the children in the intervention and control groups before phlebotomy (p < 0.05). This difference was found to be caused by the bubble-blowing method. There was a significant difference between intervention and control groups fear levels in favor of the Buzzy group during phlebotomy (p < 0.05).

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

It is recommended that the Buzzy and bubble-blowing be used during phlebotomy in children to reduce the severity of their pain.

Lavandula Essential Oils: A Current Review of Applications in Medicinal, Food, and Cosmetic Industries of Lavender

The global essential oil market has been steadily increasing in size over the past few years, and is estimated to reach ca. $7.5 billion USD per annum by 2018. Lavenders ( Lavandula; Lamiaceae) contribute significantly to this market, yielding ca. 1500 tons of essential oils which are primarily used in cosmetics, personal care products, and medicines. Recent literature indicates that these oils may also have applications in food preservation and pest control, among others. The medicinal and pharmaceutical properties of lavenders are chiefly due their essential oils, in particular the major essential oil constituents linalool and linalyl acetate, although certain activities have been attributed to the phenolic compounds. In addition, there is evidence that the major and minor essential oil constituents act synergistically to provide various biological effects. A substantial amount of current research focuses on evaluating the biological activities of lavender essential oils for potential use in traditional and complementary medicine, food systems, cosmetic and fragrance formulations, and insect control products. This review examines recent progress in these areas, and highlights the current and future implications for these economically and medicinally valuable plants.

Using essential oils to enhance nursing practice and for self-care

With the growing popularity of integrative medicine, essential oils have found their way back into healthcare. Essential oils provide a simple way to alleviate certain physical symptoms, promote emotional well-being, and provide comfort. This article discusses the administration and common uses of essential oils; their reported benefits, potential risks, and contraindications; and the current state of associated research.

The Efficacy of Lavender Aromatherapy in Reducing Preoperative Anxiety in Ambulatory Surgery Patients Undergoing Procedures in General Otolaryngology

Background

Preoperative anxiety is a common problem in hospitals and other health care centers. This emotional state has been shown to negatively impact patient satisfaction and outcomes. Aromatherapy, the therapeutic use of essential oils extracted from aromatic plants, may offer a simple, low-risk and cost-effective method of managing preoperative anxiety. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of lavender aromatherapy in reducing preoperative anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients undergoing procedures in general otolaryngology.

Methods

A prospective and controlled pilot study was conducted with 100 patients who were admitted to New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center for ambulatory surgery from January of 2015 to August of 2015. The subjects were allocated to two groups; the experimental group received inhalation lavender aromatherapy in the preoperative waiting area while the control group received standard nursing care. Both groups reported their anxiety with a visual analog scale (VAS) upon arriving to the preoperative waiting area and upon departure to the operating room.

Results

According to a Welch's two sample t-test, the mean reduction in anxiety was statistically greater in the experimental group than the control group (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

Lavender aromatherapy reduced preoperative anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients. This effect was modest and possibly statistically significant. Future research is needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of lavender aromatherapy.

Level of Evidence

2b.

An Overview of the Biological Effects of Some Mediterranean Essential Oils on Human Health

Essential oils (EOs), extracted from aromatic plants, are interesting natural products and represent an important part of the traditional pharmacopeia. The use of some EOs as alternative antimicrobial and pharmaceutical agents has attracted considerable interest recently. Most of the EOs and their single constituents have been reported to inhibit several phytopathogens, human pathogens, and insects as well as their effective uses in food and pharmaceutical industries. The current review discussed the chemical composition and bioactivity of some important EOs extracted from some Mediterranean plants and their principal bioactive single constituents. Information has been furnished on the mechanisms, mode of actions, and factors affecting the bioactivity of some single constituents from different Mediterranean plant EOs. The current review gives an insight into some common plant EOs belonging to Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Rutaceae, and Verbenaceae families commonly growing in Mediterranean region. Further information has been provided about the medical uses of some EOs for several human diseases covering the pharmacological effects (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic). The antimicrobial effects have been also considered in the current review. Although plant EOs are considered promising natural alternatives for many chemical drugs, they still need more specific research for wide application especially in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essence on pain associated with intravenous catheter insertion in preschool children: A quasi-experimental study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essence on the pain severity of intravenous catheter insertion in hospitalized preschool children.

METHOD

A quasi-experimental study involving 60 participants using convenience sampling were assigned to control (n = 30) and aromatherapy (n = 30) groups. Children in the aromatherapy group inhaled 5 drops of the essence, while children in the control group inhaled 5 drops of distilled water, 20 min before venipuncture. Pain severity was measured using OUCHER scale 10 min after catheterization.

RESULTS

Mean of pain severity between the aromatherapy and control groups demonstrated a significant difference immediately (P = 0.002) and 5 (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.01) after intravenous catheter insertion. Mean of pain severity in the three assessed time points had significant differences in aromatherapy and control groups (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Aromatherapy with Lavender essence helped to reduce pain severity of intravenous catheter insertion in children.

Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response

The influence of fragrances such as perfumes and room fresheners on the psychophysiological activities of humans has been known for a long time, and its significance is gradually increasing in the medicinal and cosmetic industries. A fragrance consists of volatile chemicals with a molecular weight of less than 300 Da that humans perceive through the olfactory system. In humans, about 300 active olfactory receptor genes are devoted to detecting thousands of different fragrance molecules through a large family of olfactory receptors of a diverse protein sequence. The sense of smell plays an important role in the physiological effects of mood, stress, and working capacity. Electrophysiological studies have revealed that various fragrances affected spontaneous brain activities and cognitive functions, which are measured by an electroencephalograph (EEG). The EEG is a good temporal measure of responses in the central nervous system and it provides information about the physiological state of the brain both in health and disease. The EEG power spectrum is classified into different frequency bands such as delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz), and each band is correlated with different features of brain states. A quantitative EEG uses computer software to provide the topographic mapping of the brain activity in frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital brain regions. It is well known that decreases of alpha and beta activities and increases of delta and theta activities are associated with brain pathology and general cognitive decline. In the last few decades, many scientific studies were conducted to investigate the effect of inhalation of aroma on human brain functions. The studies have suggested a significant role for olfactory stimulation in the alteration of cognition, mood, and social behavior. This review aims to evaluate the available literature regarding the influence of fragrances on the psychophysiological activities of humans with special reference to EEG changes.

Impact of sensory design interventions on image quality, patient anxiety and overall patient experience at MRI

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the effect of sensory stimulation on patient MRI experience and to assess whether sensory stimulation has a significant effect on MR image quality.

METHODS

A case-control study was conducted over 4 months, involving patients undergoing MRI brain, cervical spine, breast and prostate. The study involved 106 patients, 64 cases and 42 controls. Cases underwent sensory stimulation during the scan in the form of a scented cotton pad placed in the scanner near their head and/or calming bird noises were played over headphones. Post-scan, participants completed a questionnaire regarding their experience of MRI. Scanning radiographers completed a questionnaire regarding patient tolerance of the scan. All studies were evaluated by two radiologists for the presence of movement artefact.

RESULTS

39% of cases and 38% of controls reported anxiety in the days preceding MRI. 6.2% of cases required coaching during image acquisition, while 9.7% of controls required coaching. 4.7% of cases and 4.8% controls required sequence repetition owing to movement artefact. Mean patient experience score (as graded by the patient) for controls was 1.74 ± 0.63 standard deviation (SD) and for cases, it was 1.67 ± 0.60 SD. (Lower assigned scores equated to a better experience). Mean patient experience score based on comments on a 5-point scale as graded by two observers was 2.81 ± 0.70 SD for controls, 2.42 + 0.94 SD for sound intervention and 2.46 ± 1.01 SD for scent intervention. Mean motion artefact score graded by the two radiologists was 1.13 ± 0.53 SD for controls and 1.08 ± 0.36 SD for cases. (A lower score equated to less movement artefact). We demonstrated a trend towards a relaxing experience in those patients undergoing MRI for the first time who underwent sensory intervention. Participant positive ratings of the smell pleasantness were associated with a reduced likelihood of experiencing anxiety (p = 0.13). Results were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated a subjectively improved experience of MRI for some patients with the intervention of sound and smell. The study failed to show a significant decrease in patient movement during MRI investigations. This may relate to the small study size and a low level of patient movement in the case group. Advances in knowledge: Sound and olfactory sensory environment interventions at MRI can improve the patient experience. These low-cost interventions are well tolerated, may improve acceptance of MRI in patients with anxiety and offer a competitive advantage to imaging centres.

Aroma Effects on Physiologic and Cognitive Function Following Acute Stress: A Mechanism Investigation

OBJECTIVE

Aromas may improve physiologic and cognitive function after stress, but associated mechanisms remain unknown. This study evaluated the effects of lavender aroma, which is commonly used for stress reduction, on physiologic and cognitive functions. The contribution of pharmacologic, hedonic, and expectancy-related mechanisms of the aromatherapy effects was evaluated.

METHODS

Ninety-two healthy adults (mean age, 58.0 years; 79.3% women) were randomly assigned to three aroma groups (lavender, perceptible placebo [coconut], and nonperceptible placebo [water] and to two prime subgroups (primed, with a suggestion of inhaling a powerful stress-reducing aroma, or no prime). Participants' performance on a battery of cognitive tests, physiologic responses, and subjective stress were evaluated at baseline and after exposure to a stress battery during which aromatherapy was present. Participants also rated the intensity and pleasantness of their assigned aroma.

RESULTS

Pharmacologic effects of lavender but not placebo aromas significantly benefited post-stress performance on the working memory task (F(2, 86) = 5.41; p = 0.006). Increased expectancy due to positive prime, regardless of aroma type, facilitated post-stress performance on the processing speed task (F(1, 87) = 8.31; p = 0.005). Aroma hedonics (pleasantness and intensity) played a role in the beneficial lavender effect on working memory and physiologic function.

CONCLUSIONS

The observable aroma effects were produced by a combination of mechanisms involving aroma-specific pharmacologic properties, aroma hedonic properties, and participant expectations. In the future, each of these mechanisms could be manipulated to produce optimal functioning.

The effect of inhalation aromatherapy with damask rose (Rosa damascena) essence on the pain intensity after dressing in patients with burns: A clinical randomized trial

Background:

Pain is one of the common problems encountered by patients with burns, which increases after each dressing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of inhalation aromatherapy with damask rose essence on the pain of patients with burns that is caused after dressing.

Materials and Methods:

A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients with second- and third-degree burn wounds. The baseline pain of the patients was assessed 30 min before they entered into the dressing room on the first and second days of intervention. The patients in the experimental group inhaled five drops of damask rose essence 40% in distilled water, while those in the control group inhaled five drops of distilled water as placebo. The pain intensity was assessed using Visual Analogue Scale at 15 and 30 min after the patients exited from the dressing room. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 18) using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results:

There was significant difference between the mean of pain intensity before and after intervention at 15 and 30 min after dressing (P < 0.001). Moreover, there was significant difference in reduction of pain intensity before and after aromatherapy in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Also, there was a significant reduction in severity of pain after dressing in the experimental group compared with the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Inhalation aromatherapy with damask rose could be effective for relieving the pain caused after dressing in patients with burns. Therefore, it could be suggested as a complementary therapy in burn patients for pain relief.

Evaluating the efficacy of lavender aromatherapy on peripheral venous cannulation pain and anxiety: A prospective, randomized study

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy on pain, anxiety, and level of satisfaction associated with the peripheral venous cannulation (PVC) in patients undergoing surgery.

METHOD

One hundred and six patients undergoing surgery were randomized to receive aromatherapy with lavender essential oil (the lavender group) or a placebo (the control group) during PVC. The patients' pain, anxiety, and satisfaction scores were measured.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significantly difference between the groups in terms of demographic data. After cannulation, the pain and anxiety scores (anxiety 2) of the patients in the lavender group were significantly lower than the control group (for p = 0.01 for pain scores; p < 0.001 for anxiety 2 scores). In addition, patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the lavender group than in the control group (p = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

Lavender aromatherapy had beneficial effects on PVC pain, anxiety, and satisfaction level of patients undergoing surgery.

Essential oils reduce autonomous response to pain sensation during self-monitoring of blood glucose among children with diabetes

BACKGROUND

Essential oils were proven to possess analgesic activity in adults. Children with diabetes are exposed to highly painful interventions such as self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG).

OBJECTIVE

An evaluation of the analgesic properties of two essential oils during SMBG in diabetic children.

SUBJECTS

We included 73 hospitalized children (age<18 years) with well-controlled type 1 diabetes.

METHODS

The study extended over a period of 1 month (2 weeks for control group and 1 week for orange and lavender oil application). The measurements were performed four times per day in a shared room during SMBG. Pain intensity was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) and change of baseline heart rate (ΔHR%). An aromatherapy device was used to disperse essential oils in the testing room.

RESULTS

We performed 647 individual measurements of pain intensity and ΔHR%. Girls reported higher VAS scores [median, Me 0.5 (interquartile range, IQR 0-1) vs. 0 (IQR 0-0.5), p=0.0036]. Both age and duration of diabetes correlated with ΔHR% [r=-0.14, p=0.0005; r=-0.12, p=0.0025]. Negative correlations were also noted for VAS/age [r=-0.12, p=0.0030] and VAS/duration of diabetes [r=-0.12, p=0.0034]. Aromatherapy did not alter the VAS score (p=0.40), while ΔHR% decreased with borderline significance (p=0.0639). After adjustment for patient's age and sex lower ΔHR% was associated with essential oil application (p=0.0252). Aromatherapy did not have any influence on VAS scores in multivariate analysis (p=0.35).

CONCLUSION

Aromatherapy decreased the autonomic response to a painful stimulus by lowering ΔHR%, but did not affect the perception of pain reported by VAS.

The Effect of Massage With Lavender Oil on Restless Leg Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a common problem in patients with chronic renal failure. It can reduce the quality of life and sleep disturbances. This disorder is usually treated pharmacologically. Recently, complementary medicine methods have been suggested because of chemical drugs adverse effects. There is not enough evidence about the effect of aromatherapy on RLS.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of massage with lavender oil on RLS symptoms in hemodialysis patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This randomized clinical trial study included 70 hemodialysis patients with RLS that were randomly assigned into two groups in 2014. The experimental group received effleurage massage using lavender oil and control group received routine care for three weeks. Data was collected with RLS questionnaire and analyzed using independent and paired t-test and Chi-square test.

RESULTS

The mean RLS scores were not significantly different in the two groups at the start of study (22.41 ± 7.67 vs. 22.90 ± 4.38, P = 0.76). At the end of study, the mean RLS score significantly decreased in the intervention group, while this score remained relatively un-changed in the control group (12.41 ± 5.49 vs. 23.23 ± 4.52, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Lavender oil massage was effective to improve RLS in hemodialysis patients. It has no adverse effects, is practical and cost-effective. It is suggested to be used along with routine treatment of RLS in hemodialysis patients.

Essential oils, their therapeutic properties, and implication in dentistry: A review

Background:

Antibacterial treatments currently used for treatment cause several side effects, and bacterial resistance to the antibiotics is also increasing. Therefore, there is need to find better alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) have been used for treatment of various ailments since ancient times and have gained popularity over the years. Safety and efficacy of EOs have been proved by several clinical trials. This review gives an overview on the EOs, their uses, and adverse effects.

Materials and Methods:

A literature search was performed in the PubMed for clinical trial studies and review articles on EOs published up to February 2015. The search was performed during March 2015. The following keywords were used: “Lavender essential oil,” “cinnamon oil,” “clove oil,” “eucalyptus oil,” “peppermint oil,” “lemon EOs,” and “tea tree oil.”

Results:

Total 70 relevant articles were found in PubMed database. After screening of abstracts, 52 articles were selected to be included in the present review.

Conclusion:

On the basis of the available information, it can be concluded that EOs have the potential to be developed as preventive or therapeutic agents for various oral diseases, but further clinical trials are required to establish their safety and efficacy.