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Kraus VB, Karsdal MA. Osteoarthritis: Current Molecular Biomarkers and the Way Forward. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:329-338. [PMID: 32367210 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate hope of researchers and patients is a pathway to development of treatments for osteoarthritis to modify the disease process in addition to the symptoms. However, development of disease modifying drugs requires objective endpoints such as measures of joint structure, joint tissue homeostasis and/or joint survival-measures such as provided by imaging biomarkers, molecular biomarkers and joint replacement frequency, respectively. Although biomarkers supporting investigational drug use and drug approval include surrogate endpoints that may not necessarily reflect or directly correlate with the clinical outcome of interest, a formal biomarker qualification process currently exists that is a rigorous three stage process that yields biomarker approvals (or denials) for specific contexts of use. From a cost perspective, biochemical biomarkers are the 'ones to beat'; however, even well-validated biomarkers may not cross the translation gaps for eventual use in healthcare unless they offer an advantage in terms of cost per quality adjusted life year. This review summarizes the case FOR and AGAINST biomarkers in drug development and highlights the current data for a subset of biomarkers in the osteoarthritis research field informing on cartilage homeostasis, joint inflammation and altered subchondral bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Byers Kraus
- Division of Rheumatology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 North Duke St, Box 104775, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
| | - Morten A Karsdal
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
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Effect of Glucosamine Sulfate Alone and Combined with Moderate Intensity Exercise on Serum Levels of CS 846 Epitope and Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/mlj.15.2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bernotiene E, Bagdonas E, Kirdaite G, Bernotas P, Kalvaityte U, Uzieliene I, Thudium CS, Hannula H, Lorite GS, Dvir-Ginzberg M, Guermazi A, Mobasheri A. Emerging Technologies and Platforms for the Immunodetection of Multiple Biochemical Markers in Osteoarthritis Research and Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:572977. [PMID: 33195320 PMCID: PMC7609858 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.572977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers, especially biochemical markers, are important in osteoarthritis (OA) research, clinical trials, and drug development and have potential for more extensive use in therapeutic monitoring. However, they have not yet had any significant impact on disease diagnosis and follow-up in a clinical context. Nevertheless, the development of immunoassays for the detection and measurement of biochemical markers in OA research and therapy is an active area of research and development. The evaluation of biochemical markers representing low-grade inflammation or extracellular matrix turnover may permit OA prognosis and expedite the development of personalized treatment tailored to fit particular disease severities. However, currently detection methods have failed to overcome specific hurdles such as low biochemical marker concentrations, patient-specific variation, and limited utility of single biochemical markers for definitive characterization of disease status. These challenges require new and innovative approaches for development of detection and quantification systems that incorporate clinically relevant biochemical marker panels. Emerging platforms and technologies that are already on the way to implementation in routine diagnostics and monitoring of other diseases could potentially serve as good technological and strategic examples for better assessment of OA. State-of-the-art technologies such as advanced multiplex assays, enhanced immunoassays, and biosensors ensure simultaneous screening of a range of biochemical marker targets, the expansion of detection limits, low costs, and rapid analysis. This paper explores the implementation of such technologies in OA research and therapy. Application of novel immunoassay-based technologies may shed light on poorly understood mechanisms in disease pathogenesis and lead to the development of clinically relevant biochemical marker panels. More sensitive and specific biochemical marker immunodetection will complement imaging biomarkers and ensure evidence-based comparisons of intervention efficacy. We discuss the challenges hindering the development, testing, and implementation of new OA biochemical marker assays utilizing emerging multiplexing technologies and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiva Bernotiene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvardas Bagdonas
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gailute Kirdaite
- Department of Experimental, Preventive and Clinical Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Bernotas
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ursule Kalvaityte
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ilona Uzieliene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Heidi Hannula
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gabriela S. Lorite
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Laboratory of Cartilage Biology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Department of Radiology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Versus Arthritis, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Spitters TW, Stamatialis D, Petit A, Leeuw MGD, Karperien M. In Vitro Evaluation of Small Molecule Delivery into Articular Cartilage: Effect of Synovial Clearance and Compressive Load. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 17:191-200. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim W.G.M. Spitters
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Biomaterials Science and Technology Group, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Karsdal MA, Verburg KM, West CR, Bay-Jensen AC, Keller DS, Arends RHGP. Serological biomarker profiles of rapidly progressive osteoarthritis in tanezumab-treated patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:484-492. [PMID: 30576794 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is a need for efficacious and safe pain treatments for OA (osteoarthritis). The nerve growth factor (NGF) antibody tanezumab is associated with high efficacy, but when combined with chronic NSAID treatment shows an increased risk of rapidly progressive osteoarthritis (RPOA) in a small group of patients. AIM The aim of this study was to phenotype with biochemical biomarkers of bone, cartilage, soft tissue, synovial metabolism OA patients who are at risk of developing RPOA type-2, for both limited and chronic NSAIDs users. MATERIAL AND METHODS The dataset consisted of OA patients participating in tanezumab trials who used NSAIDs <90 days (limited NSAID users) or chronic users (NSAIDs ≥90 days) over an average 10 month period. Biomarker data were available for 47 cases (RPOA type-2) and 92 controls. Non-linear and linear multivariable predictive models were developed. RESULTS By use of two biomarkers at baseline the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area for RPOA type-2 in limited NSAID users was 71%, [CI] (60-83%). OA subjects with this biomarker phenotype had 8-fold higher confidence interval [CI][(2-33)] relative risk of developing RPOA type-2 as compared to OA patients without this phenotype. The AUC of the model in chronic NSAIDs users based on 5 biomarkers was 78%, [CI](69-88%), with 4-fold [CI (2-6)] relative risk of developing RPOA type-2. CONCLUSION In this hypothesis generating and exploratory study, we identified combinations of biomarkers associated with OA patients who develop RPOA type-2, which may be related to the pathology of the RPOA type-2 joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - K M Verburg
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - C R West
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - A C Bay-Jensen
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - D S Keller
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - R H G P Arends
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Arends RHGP, Karsdal MA, Verburg KM, West CR, Bay-Jensen AC, Keller DS. Identification of serological biomarker profiles associated with total joint replacement in osteoarthritis patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:866-877. [PMID: 28115232 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establish a biomarker panel associated with all-cause total joint replacement (TJR) through identification of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) who do or do not progress to TJR and investigate effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). DESIGN Serum samples from patients enrolled in phase III trials of tanezumab who experienced TJR (n = 174) or matched patients who did not (n = 321) were analyzed for bone, cartilage, soft tissue, and inflammation markers. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was used to identify biomarker phenotypes associated with TJR. RESULTS At baseline, biomarker combinations for patients who did not use NSAIDs before starting tanezumab and used NSAIDs during tanezumab treatment <90 days ("nonNSAID"), identified 77% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 71-84%) of patients who experienced TJR and 77% (95% CI: 65-86%) who did not over a 6-month study period (on average). These biomarker combinations increased odds of identifying patients to remain free of a TJR by 3.3-fold. In patients who used NSAIDs continuously (during screening and ≥90 days during tanezumab treatment), 64% (95% CI: 54-73%) who had TJR and 75% (95% CI: 68-83%) who did not were identified by biomarker combinations different from nonNSAID patients, with an increase in odds of identifying patients to remain free of a TJR by two-fold. CONCLUSIONS Although validation on other cohorts is necessary, biomarkers may assist in identifying patients who will need TJR. The profiles suggest NSAID use increases importance of bone metabolism in TJR pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H G P Arends
- Pfizer Inc, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
| | - M A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - K M Verburg
- Pfizer Inc, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
| | - C R West
- Pfizer Inc, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
| | - A C Bay-Jensen
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - D S Keller
- Pfizer Inc, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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Wyseure T, Mosnier LO, von Drygalski A. Advances and challenges in hemophilic arthropathy. Semin Hematol 2015; 53:10-9. [PMID: 26805902 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemophilic arthropathy is a form of joint disease that develops secondary to joint bleeding and presents with synovial hypertrophy, cartilage and bony destruction. The arthropathy can develop despite clotting factor replacement and is especially disabling in the aging population. Pathobiological tissue changes are triggered by release of hemoglobin and iron deposition in the joint, but the sequence of events and the molecular mechanisms resulting in joint deterioration are incompletely understood. Treatment options other than clotting factor replacement are limited. Improvements in the treatment of hemophilia necessitate a better understanding of the processes that lead to this disabling condition and better diagnostic tools. Towards that end, studies of the molecular mechanisms leading to the arthropathy, as well as the development of sensitive imaging techniques and biomarkers are needed. These will pave the way to identify the cause of acute pain such as joint bleeding or synovitis, detect early, potentially reversible structural changes, and predict progression of disease. This review describes current imaging techniques and the development of high resolution musculoskeletal ultrasound with power Doppler to afford point-of-care diagnosis and management, the potential utility of diagnostic biomarkers, and summarizes our current knowledge of the pathobiology of hemophilic arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Wyseure
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Annette von Drygalski
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; University of California at San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Bay-Jensen AC, Platt A, Byrjalsen I, Vergnoud P, Christiansen C, Karsdal MA. Effect of tocilizumab combined with methotrexate on circulating biomarkers of synovium, cartilage, and bone in the LITHE study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014; 43:470-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Siebuhr AS, Petersen KK, Arendt-Nielsen L, Egsgaard LL, Eskehave T, Christiansen C, Simonsen O, Hoeck HC, Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC. Identification and characterisation of osteoarthritis patients with inflammation derived tissue turnover. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:44-50. [PMID: 24216059 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease with a subset of patients experiencing joint inflammation, but C-reactive protein (CRP) has shown limited use in OA as a diagnostic marker. The aim was to identify subpopulations of patients with high or low levels of acute (high sensitive CRP (hsCRP)) and/or matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) derived inflammation (CRPM) and investigate the subpopulations' association with biomarkers of collagen degradation and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) score. METHODS hsCRP, CRPM and MMP-degraded type I, II and III collagen (type I collagen degraded by MMP (C1M), type II collagen degraded by MMP (C2M) and type III collagen degraded by MMP (C3M)) were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in serum of 342 patients with symptomatic knee OA of which 60 underwent total knee replacement (TKR). KL was obtained. Patients were divided into quartiles by hsCRP and CRPM levels, where Q1 and Q4 were low or high in both. The biomarker levels of healthy adults provided in the ELISA kits were used as reference level. RESULTS hsCRP was elevated in TKR (5.9(3.6-8.2 95% confidence interval (CI)) μg/mL) compared to reference level (3 μg/mL), while CRPM was highly elevated with OA independent of KL (10-14 ng/mL) compared to reference level (5 ng/mL). Q4 had higher KL than Q1 (P < 0.001), Q2 (P = 0.017) and Q3 (P < 0.001). C1M, C2M and C3M were lowest in Q1. C1M was elevated in Q3 compared to Q2 (P < 0.001), whereas C3M was lower (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION A bigger proportion of patients were elevated in CRPM compared to hsCRP, indicating MMP-derived inflammation as a component of OA. Moreover, the levels of MMP-degraded collagens differed between the subgroups segregated by inflammation, indicating distinctively different subpopulation selected by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Siebuhr
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - K K Petersen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - L Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - L L Egsgaard
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - T Eskehave
- Center for Clinical and Basic Research and C4Pain, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - C Christiansen
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark; Center for Clinical and Basic Research and C4Pain, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - O Simonsen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - H C Hoeck
- Center for Clinical and Basic Research and C4Pain, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - M A Karsdal
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - A C Bay-Jensen
- Rheumatology, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
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Swan AL, Hillier KL, Smith JR, Allaway D, Liddell S, Bacardit J, Mobasheri A. Analysis of mass spectrometry data from the secretome of an explant model of articular cartilage exposed to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli using machine learning. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:349. [PMID: 24330474 PMCID: PMC3878677 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disease of synovial joints involving the loss and degeneration of articular cartilage. The gold standard for evaluating cartilage loss in OA is the measurement of joint space width on standard radiographs. However, in most cases the diagnosis is made well after the onset of the disease, when the symptoms are well established. Identification of early biomarkers of OA can facilitate earlier diagnosis, improve disease monitoring and predict responses to therapeutic interventions. METHODS This study describes the bioinformatic analysis of data generated from high throughput proteomics for identification of potential biomarkers of OA. The mass spectrometry data was generated using a canine explant model of articular cartilage treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 β (IL-1β). The bioinformatics analysis involved the application of machine learning and network analysis to the proteomic mass spectrometry data. A rule based machine learning technique, BioHEL, was used to create a model that classified the samples into their relevant treatment groups by identifying those proteins that separated samples into their respective groups. The proteins identified were considered to be potential biomarkers. Protein networks were also generated; from these networks, proteins pivotal to the classification were identified. RESULTS BioHEL correctly classified eighteen out of twenty-three samples, giving a classification accuracy of 78.3% for the dataset. The dataset included the four classes of control, IL-1β, carprofen, and IL-1β and carprofen together. This exceeded the other machine learners that were used for a comparison, on the same dataset, with the exception of another rule-based method, JRip, which performed equally well. The proteins that were most frequently used in rules generated by BioHEL were found to include a number of relevant proteins including matrix metalloproteinase 3, interleukin 8 and matrix gla protein. CONCLUSIONS Using this protocol, combining an in vitro model of OA with bioinformatics analysis, a number of relevant extracellular matrix proteins were identified, thereby supporting the application of these bioinformatics tools for analysis of proteomic data from in vitro models of cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Swan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kirsty L Hillier
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - David Allaway
- WALTHAM® Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Susan Liddell
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- Proteomics Laboratory, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jaume Bacardit
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, Claremont Tower, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, The University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahad Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Schools of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
- Comparative Physiology, Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Osteoarthritis, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Type VI collagen turnover-related peptides-novel serological biomarkers of muscle mass and anabolic response to loading in young men. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:267-75. [PMID: 23943593 PMCID: PMC3830008 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-013-0114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immobilization-induced loss of muscle mass is a complex phenomenon with several parallels to sarcopenic and cachectic muscle loss. Muscle is a large organ with a protein turnover that is orders of magnitude larger than most other tissues. Thus, we hypothesize that muscle loss and regain is reflected by peptide biomarkers derived from type VI collagen processing released in the circulation. METHODS In order to test this hypothesis, we set out to develop an ELISA assay against an type VI collagen N-terminal globular domain epitope (IC6) and measured the levels of IC6 and an MMP-generated degradation fragment of collagen 6, (C6M) in a human immobilization-remobilization study setup with young (n = 11) and old (n = 9) men. They were subjected to 2 weeks of unilateral lower limb immobilization followed by 4 weeks of remobilization including thrice weekly resistance training, using the contralateral leg as internal controls. Subjects were sampled for strength, quadriceps muscle volume and blood at baseline (PRE), post-immobilization (2W), and post-remobilization (4W). Blood were subsequently analyzed for levels of the C6M and IC6 biomarkers. We subsequently tested if there was any correlation between C6M, IC6, or the C6M/IC6 ratio and muscle mass or strength at baseline. We also tested whether there was any relation between these biomarkers and changes in muscle mass or strength with immobilization or remobilization. RESULTS The model produced significant loss of muscle mass and strength in the immobilized leg. This loss was bigger in young subjects than in elderly, but whereas the young recovered almost fully, the elderly had limited regrowth of muscle. We found a significant correlation between IC6 and muscle mass at baseline in young subjects (R (2) = 0.6563, p = 0.0045), but none in the elderly. We also found a significant correlation between C6M measured at the 4W time point and the change in muscle mass during remobilization, again only manifesting in the young men(R (2) = 0.6523, p = 0.0085). This discrepancy between the young and the elderly may be caused in part by much smaller changes in muscle mass in the elderly and partly by the relative small sample size. CONCLUSION While we cannot rule out the possibility that these biomarkers in part stem from other tissues, our results strongly indicate that these markers represent novel biomarkers of muscle mass or change in muscle mass in young men.
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Wang J, Willumsen N, Zheng Q, Xue Y, Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC. Bringing cancer serological diagnosis to a new level: focusing on HER2, protein ectodomain shedding and neoepitope technology. Future Oncol 2013; 9:35-44. [PMID: 23252562 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease and consequently an exact diagnosis is as important as the actual therapy. Therefore, identification of novel diagnostic biomarker targets is urgently needed. Physiological and pathological changes are reflected by post-translational modifications of proteins. Each post-translational modification (e.g., proteolytic cleavage) is the result of a specific local process and may produce disease-specific neoepitopes. Neoepitopes have been successfully used as biomarkers in many diseases, and may also serve as promising tools in the development of future diagnostic assays within oncology. By specifically targeting neoepitopes, more information regarding disease-type and -state may be obtained and future research into neoepitopes will provide important and novel means for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment efficacy in cancer. In this paper, we focus on protein ectodomain shedding and the generation of neoepitopes as future noninvasive (serological) cancer biomarkers. We use the protein ectodomain shedding of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, which is associated with breast cancer, as an example. We assess the current status of measuring human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and discuss how this potentially could be improved. Furthermore, we expand the discussion to include examples of other cancer associated proteins.
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13
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Mobasheri A. Osteoarthritis year 2012 in review: biomarkers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1451-64. [PMID: 22842200 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biomarkers provide useful diagnostic information by detecting cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA), reflecting disease-relevant biological activity and predicting the course of disease progression. They also serve as surrogate endpoints in the drug discovery process. The aim of this narrative review was to focus on OA biomarker-related papers published between the osteoarthritis research society international (OARSI) 2011 meeting in San Diego and the OARSI 2012 meeting in Barcelona. METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE and SciVerse Scopus bibliographic databases were searched using the keywords: 'biomarker' and 'osteoarthritis' and/or 'biomarker' and 'proteomics'. RESULTS Ninety-eight papers were found with the keywords 'biomarker' and 'osteoarthritis'. Fifteen papers were found with the keywords 'biomarker' and 'proteomics'. Review articles were also included. The most relevant published studies focused on extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in body fluids. Enrichment of the deamidated epitope of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (D-COMP) suggests that OA disease progression is associated with post-translational modifications that may show specificity for particular joint sites. Fibulin-3 peptides (Fib3-1 and Fib3-2) have been proposed as potential biomarkers of OA along with follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1), a new serum biomarker with the capacity to reflect the severity of joint damage. The 'membrane attack complex' (MAC) component of complement has also been implicated in OA. CONCLUSION Novel OA biomarkers are needed for sub-clinical disease diagnosis. Proteomic techniques are beginning to yield useful data and deliver new OA biomarkers in serum and urine. Combining biochemical markers with tissue and cell imaging techniques and bioinformatics (i.e., machine learning, clustering, data visualization) may facilitate the development of biomarker combinations enabling earlier detection of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mobasheri
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK.
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Karsdal MA, Nielsen MJ, Sand JM, Henriksen K, Genovese F, Bay-Jensen AC, Smith V, Adamkewicz JI, Christiansen C, Leeming DJ. Extracellular matrix remodeling: the common denominator in connective tissue diseases. Possibilities for evaluation and current understanding of the matrix as more than a passive architecture, but a key player in tissue failure. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012; 11:70-92. [PMID: 23046407 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2012.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased attention is paid to the structural components of tissues. These components are mostly collagens and various proteoglycans. Emerging evidence suggests that altered components and noncoded modifications of the matrix may be both initiators and drivers of disease, exemplified by excessive tissue remodeling leading to tissue stiffness, as well as by changes in the signaling potential of both intact matrix and fragments thereof. Although tissue structure until recently was viewed as a simple architecture anchoring cells and proteins, this complex grid may contain essential information enabling the maintenance of the structure and normal functioning of tissue. The aims of this review are to (1) discuss the structural components of the matrix and the relevance of their mutations to the pathology of diseases such as fibrosis and cancer, (2) introduce the possibility that post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as protease cleavage, citrullination, cross-linking, nitrosylation, glycosylation, and isomerization, generated during pathology, may be unique, disease-specific biochemical markers, (3) list and review the range of simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) that have been developed for assessing the extracellular matrix (ECM) and detecting abnormal ECM remodeling, and (4) discuss whether some PTMs are the cause or consequence of disease. New evidence clearly suggests that the ECM at some point in the pathogenesis becomes a driver of disease. These pathological modified ECM proteins may allow insights into complicated pathologies in which the end stage is excessive tissue remodeling, and provide unique and more pathology-specific biochemical markers.
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Chen-An P, Andreassen KV, Henriksen K, Li Y, Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC. The inhibitory effect of salmon calcitonin on tri-iodothyronine induction of early hypertrophy in articular cartilage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40081. [PMID: 22768225 PMCID: PMC3386925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salmon calcitonin has chondroprotective effect both in vitro and in vivo, and is therefore being tested as a candidate drug for cartilage degenerative diseases. Recent studies have indicated that different chondrocyte phenotypes may express the calcitonin receptor (CTR) differentially. We tested for the presence of the CTR in chondrocytes from tri-iodothyronin (T3)-induced bovine articular cartilage explants. Moreover, investigated the effects of human and salmon calcitonin on the explants. METHODS Early chondrocyte hypertrophy was induced in bovine articular cartilage explants by stimulation over four days with 20 ng/mL T3. The degree of hypertrophy was investigated by molecular markers of hypertrophy (ALP, IHH, COLX and MMP13), by biochemical markers of cartilage turnover (C2M, P2NP and AGNxII) and histology. The expression of the CTR was detected by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. T3-induced explants were treated with salmon or human calcitonin. Calcitonin down-stream signaling was measured by levels of cAMP, and by the molecular markers. RESULTS Compared with untreated control explants, T3 induction increased expression of the hypertrophic markers (p<0.05), of cartilage turnover (p<0.05), and of CTR (p<0.01). Salmon, but not human, calcitonin induced cAMP release (p<0.001). Salmon calcitonin also inhibited expression of markers of hypertrophy and cartilage turnover (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS T3 induced early hypertrophy of chondrocytes, which showed an elevated expression of the CTR and was thus a target for salmon calcitonin. Molecular marker levels indicated salmon, but not human, calcitonin protected the cartilage from hypertrophy. These results confirm that salmon calcitonin is able to modulate the CTR and thus have chondroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Chen-An
- Cartilage Biology and Biomarkers, Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Henriksen
- Bone Biology and Pharmacology, Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Yadong Li
- Orthopedic Surgery Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Sondergaard BC, Catala-Lehnen P, Huebner AK, Bay-Jensen AC, Schinke T, Henriksen K, Schilling S, Haberland M, Nielsen RH, Amling M, Karsdal MA. Mice over-expressing salmon calcitonin have strongly attenuated osteoarthritic histopathological changes after destabilization of the medial meniscus. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:136-43. [PMID: 22122987 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcitonin is well-known for its inhibitory actions on bone-resorbing osteoclasts and recently potential beneficial effects on cartilage were shown. We investigated effects of salmon calcitonin (sCT) on the articular cartilage and bone, after destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in normal and sCT over-expressing mice. DESIGN Bone phenotype of transgenic (TG) C57Bl/6 mice over-expressing sCT at 6 months and 12 months was investigated by (1) serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline and (2) dynamic and normal histomorphometry of vertebrae bodies. In subsequent evaluation of cartilage and subchondral bone changes, 44 10-week old TG or wild-type (WT) mice were randomized into four groups and subjected to DMM or sham-operations. After 7 weeks animals were sacrificed, and knee joints were isolated for histological analysis. RESULTS Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) increased 150% after 6 months and 300% after 12 months in sCT-expressing mice when compared to WT controls (P<0.05). Osteoblast number, bone formation rate and osteocalcin measurements were not affected in TG mice over-expressing sCT. In WT animals, a 5-fold increase in the quantitative erosion index was observed after DMM, and the semi-quantitative OARSI score showed over 400% (P<0.001) increase, compared to sham-operated WT mice. DMM-operated TG mice were protected against cartilage erosion and showed a 65% and 64% (P<0.001) reduction, respectively, for the two histopathological evaluation methods. CONCLUSIONS sCT over-expressing mice had higher bone volume, and were protected against cartilage erosion. These data suggest that increased levels of sCT may hamper the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). However more studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Sondergaard
- Cartilage Biology and Biomarker R&D, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.
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Mobasheri A. Applications of proteomics to osteoarthritis, a musculoskeletal disease characterized by aging. Front Physiol 2011; 2:108. [PMID: 22207853 PMCID: PMC3246359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of age-related musculoskeletal impairment is steadily rising throughout the world. Musculoskeletal conditions are closely linked with aging and inflammation. They are leading causes of morbidity and disability in man and beast. Aging is a major contributor to musculoskeletal degeneration and the development of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a degenerative disease that involves structural changes to joint tissues including synovial inflammation, catabolic destruction of articular cartilage and alterations in subchondral bone. Cartilage degradation and structural changes in subchondral bone result in the production of fragments of extracellular matrix molecules. Some of these biochemical markers or "biomarkers" can be detected in blood, serum, synovial fluid, and urine and may be useful markers of disease progression. The ability to detect biomarkers of cartilage degradation in body fluids may enable clinicians to diagnose sub-clinical OA as well as determining the course of disease progression. New biomarkers that indicate early responses of the joint cartilage to degeneration will be useful in detecting early, pre-radiographic changes. Systems biology is increasingly applied in basic cartilage biology and OA research. Proteomic techniques have the potential to improve our understanding of OA physiopathology and its underlying mechanisms. Proteomics can also facilitate the discovery of disease-specific biomarkers and help identify new therapeutic targets. Proteomic studies of cartilage and other joint tissues may be particularly relevant in diagnostic orthopedics and therapeutic research. This perspective article discusses the relevance and potential of proteomics for studying age-related musculoskeletal diseases such as OA and reviews the contributions of key investigators in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mobasheri
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Division of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
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Mobasheri A. Identification and validation of early biomarkers of osteoarthritis in companion animals: Are we ready for the challenge? Vet J 2011; 190:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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