1
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Richter JM, Gunaga P, Yadav N, Bora RO, Bhide R, Rajugowda N, Govindrajulu K, Godesi S, Akuthota N, Rao P, Sivaraman A, Panda M, Kaspady M, Gupta A, Mathur A, Levesque PC, Gulia J, Dokania M, Ramarao M, Kole P, Chacko S, Lentz KA, Sivaprasad Lvj S, Thatipamula RP, Sridhar S, Kamble S, Govindrajan A, Soleman SI, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Priestley ES. Discovery of BMS-986308: A Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel Inhibitor for the Treatment of Heart Failure. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9731-9744. [PMID: 38807539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Recent literature reports highlight the importance of the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel in renal sodium and potassium homeostasis and emphasize the potential impact that ROMK inhibitors could have as a novel mechanism diuretic in heart failure patients. A series of piperazine-based ROMK inhibitors were designed and optimized to achieve excellent ROMK potency, hERG selectivity, and ADME properties, which led to the identification of compound 28 (BMS-986308). BMS-986308 demonstrated efficacy in the volume-loaded rat diuresis model as well as promising in vitro and in vivo profiles and was therefore advanced to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Richter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Prashantha Gunaga
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Navnath Yadav
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Rajesh Onkardas Bora
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Rajeev Bhide
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Nagendra Rajugowda
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kavitha Govindrajulu
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Godesi
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Nagarjuna Akuthota
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Prasanna Rao
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Aneesh Sivaraman
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoranjan Panda
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Mahammed Kaspady
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Paul C Levesque
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jyoti Gulia
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Dokania
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manjunath Ramarao
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Prashant Kole
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Silvi Chacko
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kimberley A Lentz
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sankara Sivaprasad Lvj
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Srikanth Sridhar
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Shyam Kamble
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Arun Govindrajan
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sharif I Soleman
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - E Scott Priestley
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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2
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Jiang J, Ding FX, Zhou X, Bateman TJ, Dong S, Gu X, Keh deJesus R, Pio B, Tang H, Chobanian HR, Levorse D, Hu M, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Margulis M, Koehler M, Weinglass A, Gibson J, Houle K, Yudkovitz J, Hampton C, Pai LY, Samuel K, Cutarelli T, Sullivan K, Parmee ER, Davies I, Pasternak A. Discovery of MK-8153, a Potent and Selective ROMK Inhibitor and Novel Diuretic/Natriuretic. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7691-7701. [PMID: 34038119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK, Kir1.1) is a putative drug target for a novel class of diuretics with potential for treating hypertension and heart failure. Our first disclosed clinical ROMK compound, 2 (MK-7145), demonstrated robust diuresis, natriuresis, and blood pressure lowering in preclinical models, with reduced urinary potassium excretion compared to the standard of care diuretics. However, 2 projected to a short human half-life (∼5 h) that could necessitate more frequent than once a day dosing. In addition, a short half-life would confer a high peak-to-trough ratio which could evoke an excessive peak diuretic effect, a common liability associated with loop diuretics such as furosemide. This report describes the discovery of a new ROMK inhibitor 22e (MK-8153), with a longer projected human half-life (∼14 h), which should lead to a reduced peak-to-trough ratio, potentially extrapolating to more extended and better tolerated diuretic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jiang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Fa-Xiang Ding
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas J Bateman
- Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shuzhi Dong
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reynalda Keh deJesus
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Harry R Chobanian
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dorothy Levorse
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mengwei Hu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brande Thomas-Fowlkes
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Margulis
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Martin Koehler
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Adam Weinglass
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin Houle
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joel Yudkovitz
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Caryn Hampton
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Koppara Samuel
- Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy Cutarelli
- Discovery Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Sullivan
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Emma R Parmee
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ian Davies
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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3
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Aretz CD, Vadukoot AK, Hopkins CR. Discovery of Small Molecule Renal Outer Medullary Potassium (ROMK) Channel Inhibitors: A Brief History of Medicinal Chemistry Approaches To Develop Novel Diuretic Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8682-8694. [PMID: 31034224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel is a member of the inwardly rectifying family of potassium (Kir, Kir1.1) channels. It is primarily expressed in two regions of the kidney, the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and the thick ascending loop of Henle (TALH). At the CCD it tightly regulates potassium secretion while controlling potassium recycling in TALH. As loss-of-function mutations lead to salt wasting and low blood pressure, it has been surmised that inhibitors of ROMK would represent a target for new and improved diuretics for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. In this review, we discuss and provide an overview of the medicinal chemistry approaches toward the development of small molecule ROMK inhibitors over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Aretz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Anish K Vadukoot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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4
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Improvement of hERG-ROMK index of spirocyclic ROMK inhibitors through scaffold optimization and incorporation of novel pharmacophores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2559-2566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Chobanian HR, Guo Y, Pio B, Tang H, Teumelsan N, Clements M, Frie J, Ferguson R, Guo Z, Thomas-Fowlkes BS, Felix JP, Liu J, Kohler M, Priest B, Hampton C, Pai LY, Corona A, Metzger J, Tong V, Joshi EM, Xu L, Owens K, Maloney K, Sullivan K, Pasternak A. The design and synthesis of novel spirocyclic heterocyclic sulfone ROMK inhibitors as diuretics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1109-1114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Discovery of a potent and selective ROMK inhibitor with improved pharmacokinetic properties based on an octahydropyrazino[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5695-5702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Hampton C, Zhou X, Priest BT, Pai LY, Felix JP, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Liu J, Kohler M, Xiao J, Corona A, Price O, Gill C, Shah K, Rasa C, Tong V, Owens K, Ormes J, Tang H, Roy S, Sullivan KA, Metzger JM, Alonso-Galicia M, Kaczorowski GJ, Pasternak A, Garcia ML. The Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel Inhibitor, MK-7145, Lowers Blood Pressure, and Manifests Features of Bartters Syndrome Type II Phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 359:194-206. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Tang H, Zhu Y, Teumelsan N, Walsh S, Shahripour A, Priest BT, Swensen AM, Felix JP, Brochu R, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Pai LY, Hampton C, Corona A, Hernandez M, Metzger J, Forrest M, Zhou X, Owens K, Tong V, Parmee E, Roy S, Kaczorowski G, Yang L, Alonso-Galicia M, Garcia ML, Pasternak A. Discovery of MK-7145, an Oral Small Molecule ROMK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hypertension and Heart Failure. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:697-701. [PMID: 27437080 PMCID: PMC4948008 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ROMK, the renal outer medullary potassium channel, is involved in potassium recycling at the thick ascending loop of Henle and potassium secretion at the cortical collecting duct in the kidney nephron. Because of this dual site of action, selective inhibitors of ROMK are expected to represent a new class of diuretics/natriuretics with superior efficacy and reduced urinary loss of potassium compared to standard-of-care loop and thiazide diuretics. Following our earlier work, this communication will detail subsequent medicinal chemistry endeavors to further improve lead selectivity against the hERG channel and preclinical pharmacokinetic properties. Pharmacological assessment of highlighted inhibitors will be described, including pharmacodynamic studies in both an acute rat diuresis/natriuresis model and a subchronic blood pressure model in spontaneous hypertensive rats. These proof-of-biology studies established for the first time that the human and rodent genetics accurately predict the in vivo pharmacology of ROMK inhibitors and supported identification of the first small molecule ROMK inhibitor clinical candidate, MK-7145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Tang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nardos Teumelsan
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shawn
P. Walsh
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aurash Shahripour
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Birgit T. Priest
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew M. Swensen
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Felix
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard
M. Brochu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy Bailey
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brande Thomas-Fowlkes
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lee-Yuh Pai
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Caryn Hampton
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aaron Corona
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Melba Hernandez
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph Metzger
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Forrest
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Karen Owens
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Vincent Tong
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Emma Parmee
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sophie Roy
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gregory
J. Kaczorowski
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lihu Yang
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Magdalena Alonso-Galicia
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria L. Garcia
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexander Pasternak
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Ion Channels, In Vivo Pharmacology, Cardiorenal, and Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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10
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Walsh SP, Shahripour A, Tang H, de Jesus RK, Teumelsan N, Zhu Y, Frie J, Priest BT, Swensen AM, Alonso-Galicia M, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Zhou X, Pai LY, Hampton C, Hernandez M, Owens K, Ehrhart J, Roy S, Kaczorowski GJ, Yang L, Garcia ML, Pasternak A. Differentiation of ROMK potency from hERG potency in the phenacetyl piperazine series through heterocycle incorporation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2339-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Walsh SP, Shahripour A, Tang H, Teumelsan N, Frie J, Zhu Y, Priest BT, Swensen AM, Liu J, Margulis M, Visconti R, Weinglass A, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Alonso-Galicia M, Zhou X, Pai LY, Corona A, Hampton C, Hernandez M, Bentley R, Chen J, Shah K, Metzger J, Forrest M, Owens K, Tong V, Ha S, Roy S, Kaczorowski GJ, Yang L, Parmee E, Garcia ML, Sullivan K, Pasternak A. Discovery of a Potent and Selective ROMK Inhibitor with Pharmacokinetic Properties Suitable for Preclinical Evaluation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:747-52. [PMID: 26191360 DOI: 10.1021/ml500440u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new subseries of ROMK inhibitors exemplified by 28 has been developed from the initial screening hit 1. The excellent selectivity for ROMK inhibition over related ion channels and pharmacokinetic properties across preclinical species support further preclinical evaluation of 28 as a new mechanism diuretic. Robust pharmacodynamic effects in both SD rats and dogs have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P. Walsh
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aurash Shahripour
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nardos Teumelsan
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jessica Frie
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yuping Zhu
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lihu Yang
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Emma Parmee
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | - Alexander Pasternak
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Cardiometabolic
Diseases, ∥Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥Department of Chemistry
Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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12
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Martelli A, Testai L, Breschi MC, Calderone V. Inhibitors of the renal outer medullary potassium channel: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1035-51. [PMID: 26004420 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension represents a substantial cardiovascular risk factor. Among anti-hypertensive drugs, diuretics play an important role. Nevertheless, they present adverse effects such as hypokalemia or hyperkalemia. In this panorama, inhibitors of the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels are emerging because they are predicted to give a diuretic/natriuretic activity higher than that provided by loop diuretics, without hypokaliemic and hyperkaliemic side effects. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current literature, including all the patents published in the field of inhibitors of the ROMK channels for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure and correlated diseases. The patent examination has been carried out using electronic databases Espacenet. EXPERT OPINION Although anti-hypertensive drugs armamentarium enumerates a plethora of therapeutic classes, including diuretics, the novel class of ROMK inhibitors may find a place in this crowded market, because of the diuretic/natriuretic effects, devoid of worrying influence on potassium balance. The patent examination highlights, as a strength, the individuation of a successful template: almost all the compounds show noteworthy potency. However, only few selected compounds underwent an in vivo investigation of diuretic and anti-hypertensive activities, and no data on the hERG channel are given in these patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Martelli
- a 1 Department of Pharmacy , via Bonanno 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy +39 50 2219598 ; +39 50 2210680 ;
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Huan T, Esko T, Peters MJ, Pilling LC, Schramm K, Schurmann C, Chen BH, Liu C, Joehanes R, Johnson AD, Yao C, Ying SX, Courchesne P, Milani L, Raghavachari N, Wang R, Liu P, Reinmaa E, Dehghan A, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Hernandez DG, Bandinelli S, Singleton A, Melzer D, Metspalu A, Carstensen M, Grallert H, Herder C, Meitinger T, Peters A, Roden M, Waldenberger M, Dörr M, Felix SB, Zeller T, Vasan R, O'Donnell CJ, Munson PJ, Yang X, Prokisch H, Völker U, van Meurs JBJ, Ferrucci L, Levy D. A meta-analysis of gene expression signatures of blood pressure and hypertension. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005035. [PMID: 25785607 PMCID: PMC4365001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered numerous genetic variants (SNPs) that are associated with blood pressure (BP). Genetic variants may lead to BP changes by acting on intermediate molecular phenotypes such as coded protein sequence or gene expression, which in turn affect BP variability. Therefore, characterizing genes whose expression is associated with BP may reveal cellular processes involved in BP regulation and uncover how transcripts mediate genetic and environmental effects on BP variability. A meta-analysis of results from six studies of global gene expression profiles of BP and hypertension in whole blood was performed in 7017 individuals who were not receiving antihypertensive drug treatment. We identified 34 genes that were differentially expressed in relation to BP (Bonferroni-corrected p<0.05). Among these genes, FOS and PTGS2 have been previously reported to be involved in BP-related processes; the others are novel. The top BP signature genes in aggregate explain 5%–9% of inter-individual variance in BP. Of note, rs3184504 in SH2B3, which was also reported in GWAS to be associated with BP, was found to be a trans regulator of the expression of 6 of the transcripts we found to be associated with BP (FOS, MYADM, PP1R15A, TAGAP, S100A10, and FGBP2). Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that the BP-related global gene expression changes include genes involved in inflammatory response and apoptosis pathways. Our study provides new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying BP regulation, and suggests novel transcriptomic markers for the treatment and prevention of hypertension. The focus of blood pressure (BP) GWAS has been the identification of common DNA sequence variants associated with the phenotype; this approach provides only one dimension of molecular information about BP. While it is a critical dimension, analyzing DNA variation alone is not sufficient for achieving an understanding of the multidimensional complexity of BP physiology. The top loci identified by GWAS explain only about 1 percent of inter-individual BP variability. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of gene expression profiles in relation to BP and hypertension in 7017 individuals from six studies. We identified 34 differentially expressed genes for BP, and discovered that the top BP signature genes explain 5%–9% of BP variability. We further linked BP gene expression signature genes with BP GWAS results by integrating expression associated SNPs (eSNPs) and discovered that one of the top BP loci from GWAS, rs3184504 in SH2B3, is a trans regulator of expression of 6 of the top 34 BP signature genes. Our study, in conjunction with prior GWAS, provides a deeper understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of BP regulation, and identifies several potential targets and pathways for the treatment and prevention of hypertension and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Huan
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marjolein J. Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI‐NCHA), Leiden and Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luke C. Pilling
- Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Genetics of Obesity & Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian H. Chen
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chunyu Liu
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roby Joehanes
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chen Yao
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sai-xia Ying
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Courchesne
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nalini Raghavachari
- Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Wang
- Genomics Core facility Genetics & Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Poching Liu
- Genomics Core facility Genetics & Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI‐NCHA), Leiden and Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI‐NCHA), Leiden and Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI‐NCHA), Leiden and Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Melzer
- Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maren Carstensen
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Internal Medicine B—Cardiology, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Internal Medicine B—Cardiology, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Universitäres Herzzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ramachandran Vasan
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. O'Donnell
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DL); (LF); (JBJvM); (HP); (UV); (XY)
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
- * E-mail: (DL); (LF); (JBJvM); (HP); (UV); (XY)
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail: (DL); (LF); (JBJvM); (HP); (UV); (XY)
| | - Joyce B. J. van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI‐NCHA), Leiden and Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (DL); (LF); (JBJvM); (HP); (UV); (XY)
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DL); (LF); (JBJvM); (HP); (UV); (XY)
| | - Daniel Levy
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DL); (LF); (JBJvM); (HP); (UV); (XY)
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Garcia ML, Kaczorowski GJ. Targeting the inward-rectifier potassium channel ROMK in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 15:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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HTS assays for developing the molecular pharmacology of ion channels. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 15:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Garcia ML, Priest BT, Alonso-Galicia M, Zhou X, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Liu J, Swensen A, Pai LY, Xiao J, Hernandez M, Hoagland K, Owens K, Tang H, de Jesus RK, Roy S, Kaczorowski GJ, Pasternak A. Pharmacologic inhibition of the renal outer medullary potassium channel causes diuresis and natriuresis in the absence of kaliuresis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 348:153-64. [PMID: 24142912 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel, which is located at the apical membrane of epithelial cells lining the thick ascending loop of Henle and cortical collecting duct, plays an important role in kidney physiology by regulating salt reabsorption. Loss-of-function mutations in the human ROMK channel are associated with antenatal type II Bartter's syndrome, an autosomal recessive life-threatening salt-wasting disorder with mild hypokalemia. Similar observations have been reported from studies with ROMK knockout mice and rats. It is noteworthy that heterozygous carriers of Kir1.1 mutations associated with antenatal Bartter's syndrome have reduced blood pressure and a decreased risk of developing hypertension by age 60. Although selective ROMK inhibitors would be expected to represent a new class of diuretics, this hypothesis has not been pharmacologically tested. Compound A [5-(2-(4-(2-(4-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one)], a potent ROMK inhibitor with appropriate selectivity and characteristics for in vivo testing, has been identified. Compound A accesses the channel through the cytoplasmic side and binds to residues lining the pore within the transmembrane region below the selectivity filter. In normotensive rats and dogs, short-term oral administration of compound A caused concentration-dependent diuresis and natriuresis that were comparable to hydrochlorothiazide. Unlike hydrochlorothiazide, however, compound A did not cause any significant urinary potassium losses or changes in plasma electrolyte levels. These data indicate that pharmacologic inhibition of ROMK has the potential for affording diuretic/natriuretic efficacy similar to that of clinically used diuretics but without the dose-limiting hypokalemia associated with the use of loop and thiazide-like diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Garcia
- Departments of Ion Channels (M.L.G., B.T.P., J.P.F., R.M.B., T.B., B.T.-F., J.L., A.S., G.J.K.), Hypertension (M.A.-G., X.Z., L.-Y.P., J.X., M.H., S.R.), Drug Metabolism (K.O.), and Medicinal Chemistry (H.T., R. K.J., A.P.), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey; and Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania (K.H.)
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Tang H, de Jesus RK, Walsh SP, Zhu Y, Yan Y, Priest BT, Swensen AM, Alonso-Galicia M, Felix JP, Brochu RM, Bailey T, Thomas-Fowlkes B, Zhou X, Pai LY, Hampton C, Hernandez M, Owens K, Roy S, Kaczorowski GJ, Yang L, Garcia ML, Pasternak A. Discovery of a novel sub-class of ROMK channel inhibitors typified by 5-(2-(4-(2-(4-(1H-Tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5829-32. [PMID: 24075732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A sub-class of distinct small molecule ROMK inhibitors were developed from the original lead 1. Medicinal chemistry endeavors led to novel ROMK inhibitors with good ROMK functional potency and improved hERG selectivity. Two of the described ROMK inhibitors were characterized for the first in vivo proof-of-concept biology studies, and results from an acute rat diuresis model confirmed the hypothesis that ROMK inhibitors represent new mechanism diuretic and natriuretic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States; Department of Ions Channels, Cardiovascular Disease, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States; Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacology, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States; Department of Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States.
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