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Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Sarker DK, Islam MT, Ali ES, Shilpi JA, Nahar L, Tiralongo E, Sarker SD. Antiviral potential of garlic ( Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 104:219-234. [PMID: 32836826 PMCID: PMC7434784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. However, so far no systematic review on its antiviral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists. SCOPE AND APPROACH The aim of this review is to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to further analyse recent findings on the mechanisms that underpin these antiviral actions. PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1(IEG1) transcription, as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.
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Key Words
- AGE, Aged garlic extract
- AIV-H9N2, Avian influenza virus-H9N2
- ALT, Alanine aminotransferase
- ARVI, Acute respiratory viral infection
- AdV-3, Adenovirus-3
- AdV-41, Adenovirus-41
- Allium sativum
- CBV-3, Coxsackie B −3
- CPE, Cytopathic effect
- CoV, Coronavirus
- DADS, Diallyl disulfide
- DAS, Diallyl sulfide
- DATS, Diallyl trisulfide
- DDB, Dimethyl-4,4′-dimethoxy-5,6,5′,6′-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate
- ECHO11, Echovirus-11
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- ERK, Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- FDA, Food and drug administration
- Functional food
- GE, Garlic extract
- GLRaV‐2, Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2
- GO, Garlic oil
- GRAS, Generally regarded as safe
- HAV, Hepatitis A virus
- HCMV, Human cytomegalovirus
- HIV-1, Human immunodeficiency virus-1
- HPV, Influenza B virus Human papillomavirus
- HRV-2, Human rhinovirus type 2
- HSV-1, Herpes simplex virus-1
- HSV-2, Herpes simplex virus-2
- Hp, Haptoglobin
- IAV-H1N1, IBV Influenza A virus-H1N1
- IEG1, Immediate-early gene 1
- IEGs, Immediate-early genes
- Immunomodulatory
- LGE, Lipid garlic extract
- MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase
- MARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- MDCK cells, Madin-darby canine kidney cells
- MeV, Measles virus
- NA, Not available
- NDV, Newcastle disease virus
- NK, Natural killer
- OSCs, Organosulfur compounds
- Organosulfur compounds
- PGE, Powdered garlic extract
- PIV- 3, Parainfluenza virus-3
- PRRSV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- PRV, Porcine Rotavirus
- PVY, Potato Virus Y
- Pandemic
- RCTs, Randomized clinical trials
- RMCW, Recalcitrant multiple common warts
- RV-SA-11, Rotavirus SA-11
- SAC, Serum antioxidant concentration
- SAMC, S-allyl-mercaptocysteine
- SAMG, S-allyl-mercapto-glutathione
- SARS-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SI, Selectivity index
- SRGE, Sustained release garlic extract
- SWV, Spotted wilt virus
- VSV, Vesicular stomatitis virus
- VV, Vaccinia virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Razina Rouf
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Dipto Kumer Sarker
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Eunus S Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jamil A Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Evelin Tiralongo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Garamszegi L, Donzel C, Carrot G, Nguyen TQ, Hilborn J. Synthesis of thiol end-functional polystyrene via atom transfer radical polymerization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(02)00232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carrot G, Hilborn J, Hedrick JL, Trollsås M. Novel Initiators for Atom Transfer Radical and Ring-Opening Polymerization: A New General Method for the Preparation of Thiol-Functional Polymers. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9904565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Carrot
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099, and Laboratoire de Polymeres, Swiss Federale Institute of Technology Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099, and Laboratoire de Polymeres, Swiss Federale Institute of Technology Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099, and Laboratoire de Polymeres, Swiss Federale Institute of Technology Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikael Trollsås
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120-6099, and Laboratoire de Polymeres, Swiss Federale Institute of Technology Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kubota S, Zhang H, Kitahara S, Pomerantz RJ. Role of lentiviral lytic polypeptide I (LLP-I) in the selective cytotoxicity of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester against human immunodeficiency virus type 1-producing cells. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:121-7. [PMID: 10431611 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective cytotoxic effects of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester (gamma-GCE) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected H-9 T lymphocytic cells were demonstrated previously. However, the mechanism of those effects remained unclear. Here, we report on enhanced cytotoxicity of the lentiviral lytic peptide I (LLP-I) of gp41, the envelope transmembrane glycoprotein of HIV-1, in the presence of gamma-GCE. Without gamma-GCE, the cytotoxic effect of LLP-I was transient, whereas with gamma-GCE, cell death induced by LLP-I remained continuous until termination. Of note, such effects by gamma-GCE were also observed with another unrelated amphipathic peptide toxin, melittin. These results suggest that the synergistic cytotoxic effect of gamma-GCE and LLP-I may play a central role in the molecular mechanism of the selective cytotoxicity of gamma-GCE in HIV-1-infected T lymphocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kubota
- Dorrance H Hamilton Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Kubota S, Shetty S, Zhang H, Kitahara S, Pomerantz RJ. Novel inhibitory effects of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 production and propagation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1200-6. [PMID: 9593150 PMCID: PMC105777 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.5.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-human immunodeficiency virus type I (anti-HIV-1) effects of gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester (gamma-GCE; TEI-2306) were examined in vitro. In initial studies using a vigorously HIV-1-producing human T-lymphocytic cell line, gamma-GCE displayed a novel biphasic repressive effect on chronic HIV-1 infection that was unlike that of other glutathione prodrugs or other reported antioxidants. In high doses, up to a concentration of 2.5 mM, at which neither glutathione (GSH) nor another GSH precursor has shown inhibitory effects, gamma-GCE potently inhibited the production of HIV-1 by a selective cytopathic effect against infected cells, while the viability and growth of uninfected cells were unaffected at the same gamma-GCE concentrations. At lower concentrations (200 to 400 microM), gamma-GCE significantly repressed the virus production from chronically HIV-1-expressing cells without affecting their viability. The discrepancy of the thresholds of the toxic doses between infected and uninfected cells was found to be more than 10-fold. Relatively high doses of gamma-GCE, utilized in acute HIV-1 infection of T-lymphocytic cells, entirely blocked the propagation of HIV-1 and rescued the cells from HIV-1-induced cell death. Furthermore, gamma-GCE at such concentrations was found to directly inhibit the infectivity of HIV-1 within 4 h. Repressive effects of gamma-GCE on acute HIV-1 infection in human primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also demonstrated. Here, the anti-HIV-1 strategy utilizing gamma-GCE is removal of both HIV-1-producing cells and free infectious HIV-1 in vitro, in place of specific immunoclearance in vivo, which might lead to an arrest or slowing of viral propagation in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kubota
- Center for Human Virology, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Ong CW, Chou YM, Wang JN. Novel Rearrangements of 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol Derivatives: Formation of Dialkyl Sulfide, Dialkyl Disulfide, and 1,2,3-Tris(alkylthio)propane. J Org Chem 1996; 61:8244-8247. [PMID: 11667811 DOI: 10.1021/jo960784s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The base alkylation of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol with alkyl halides leads in good yield to 2,3-bis(alkylthio)-1-propanol and dialkyl sulfide. The reaction of 2,3-bis(alkylthio)-1-propanol with catalytic concentrated sulfuric acid proceeds with rearrangement to give 1,2,3-tris(alkylthio)propane and dialkyl disulfide. The rearrangement reaction takes place through a common intermediate thiaranium intermediate 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wi Ong
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat Sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan 804
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Rautonen J, Rautonen N, Martin NL, Wara DW. HIV type 1 Tat protein induces immunoglobulin and interleukin 6 synthesis by uninfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:781-5. [PMID: 7986583 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tat is a potent trans-activating protein encoded by the HIV genome. It is essential for viral replication, but has pleiotropic effects on host cells as well. We demonstrated that exogenous recombinant Tat increases immunoglobulin (Ig) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production in vitro by normal uninfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 100-500%. The optimal Tat concentration was 100 ng/ml, but even a low concentration of 1 ng/ml induced a response in most subjects. The observed induction was inhibited by monoclonal anti-Tat antibodies and 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol. Both anti-IL-6 antibodies and IL-6 antisense oligonucleotides inhibited Tat-induced IgG and IgA synthesis to some degree, whereas induction of IgM appeared to be independent of IL-6. We conclude that Tat can function in vitro in the absence of any other viral structures and induce Ig and IL-6 production; the clinical significance of these findings remains as yet undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rautonen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Kalebic T, Schein PS. Organic thiophosphate WR-151327 suppresses expression of HIV in chronically infected cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:727-33. [PMID: 7521193 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing agents such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione ester (GSE), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have been shown to suppress the induction of HIV expression in chronically infected cells stimulated by cytokines. We present data which show the effects of the organic thiophosphate WR-151327 on the expression of latent HIV in U1 cells. The chronically infected promonocytic cell line U1 constitutively expresses low levels of HIV that can be increased by 13-phorbol 12-myristate acetate (PMA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). WR-151327 suppressed, in dose-dependent fashion, the reverse transcriptase (RT) activity induced by TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and PMA. The maximal decrease in RT activity was 70, 80, and 50%, respectively. Pretreatment with WR-151327 also suppressed the induction of total HIV protein synthesis, as shown by Western blot analysis. In addition, WR-151327 suppressed HIV-LTR-CAT activity in transfected human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD). Suppression of HIV expression by WR-151327 was observed in the absence of a cytotoxic or cytostatic effect. Incubation of WR-151327 with human recombinant TNF-alpha for 6 hr at 37 degrees C did not alter the capacity of TNF-alpha to induce the expression of HIV. Our observations further support the hypothesis that reducing agents are important in the control of HIV replication and that the clinical evaluation of WR-151327 may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kalebic
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Buhl R. Imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in the lungs of HIV-seropositive individuals. Chem Biol Interact 1994; 91:147-58. [PMID: 8194131 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(94)90035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Following the initial infection with HIV, there is evidence of immune dysfunction despite an apparent normal clinical state. In the context that the lung is a major site affected by opportunistic infection, and that some components of the immune system are activated during early HIV infection, we hypothesized that there may be activation of alveolar macrophages (AM), a key component of the pulmonary host defense system. Compared to cells from normal individuals, AM of asymptomatic HIV-seropositive (HIV+) individuals (CDC-stage II) spontaneously released significantly more superoxide anion (O2-.) (P < 0.002). The O2-. release by AM of HIV-infected individuals was comparable to the spontaneous O2-.-release by AM of cigarette smokers (P > 0.6), a condition often associated with chronic damage of respiratory tissues. The destructive effects of oxidants are normally suppressed by antioxidant defense systems. Evaluation of the concentrations of glutathione, a major component of the pulmonary antioxidant protective screen, demonstrated that the HIV+ state is also characterized by a significant glutathione deficiency in lung epithelial lining fluid (P < 0.001) and in venous plasma (P < 0.001). This suggests that the alveolar structures of HIV+ individuals are continuously exposed to increased amounts of toxic oxygen radicals without adequate protection, i.e. the reactive oxygen metabolites may cause sufficient tissue damage culminating in interstitial lung disease. Further, since many immune functions are susceptible to injury by extracellular oxidants, the consequences of an unsuppressed oxidant burden in the lung may amplify the extent of local immunocompromise. In addition, since glutathione plays an important role in modulating lymphocyte activation and effector functions independent of its antioxidant activity, the systemic glutathione deficiency may contribute to the progressive global immune dysfunction that characterizes HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Buhl
- Pulmonary Department/ZIM, Frankfurt University Hospital, Germany
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Abstract
No curative drug against HIV has yet been found, despite enormous efforts aimed at reverse transcriptase and a variety of other targets. The long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV-1 has recently become a promising site for antiviral action. This article briefly summarizes information on the nature of this target and potential anti-LTR expression drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Li
- Divn of Cell Growth and Regulation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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Bergamini A, Capozzi M, Ghibelli L, Dini L, Salanitro A, Milanese G, Wagner T, Beninati S, Pesce CD, Amici C. Cystamine potently suppresses in vitro HIV replication in acutely and chronically infected human cells. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:2251-7. [PMID: 8182157 PMCID: PMC294379 DOI: 10.1172/jci117223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of cystamine on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in human lymphocytes and macrophages, the natural targets of HIV in vivo. Treatment of chronically infected macrophages with cystamine, at a concentration (500 microM) that did not show any cytotoxic or cytostatic effects, strongly decreased (> 80%) HIV-p24 antigen production and completely abolished the production of infectious viral particles. Cystamine does not affect viral transcription, translation or protein processing; indeed, all HIV proteins are present in a pattern similar to that of nontreated cells. Instead, cystamine interferes with the orderly assembly of HIV virions, as shown by electron microscopy analysis, that reveals only defective viral particles in treated cells. Moreover, suppression of HIV replication, due to the inhibition of proviral DNA formation was observed in acutely infected lymphocytes and macrophages pretreated with cystamine. These results show that cystamine potently suppresses HIV replication in human cells by contemporaneously blocking at least two independent steps of the viral life cycle, without affecting cell viability, suggesting that this compound may represent a new possibility towards the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bergamini
- Department of Public Health, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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Koken S, Greijer A, Verhoef K, van Wamel J, Bukrinskaya A, Berkhout B. Intracellular analysis of in vitro modified HIV Tat protein. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Garcia JA, Gaynor RB. The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 long terminal repeat and its role in gene expression. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 49:157-96. [PMID: 7863006 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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Holroyd KJ, Buhl R, Borok Z, Roum JH, Bokser AD, Grimes GJ, Czerski D, Cantin AM, Crystal RG. Correction of glutathione deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of HIV seropositive individuals by glutathione aerosol treatment. Thorax 1993; 48:985-9. [PMID: 8256245 PMCID: PMC464806 DOI: 10.1136/thx.48.10.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrations of glutathione, a ubiquitous tripeptide with immune enhancing and antioxidant properties, are decreased in the blood and lung epithelial lining fluid of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive individuals. Since the lung is the most common site of infection in those who progress to AIDS it is rational to consider whether it is possible to safely augment glutathione levels in the epithelial lining fluid of HIV seropositive individuals, thus potentially improving local host defence. METHODS Purified reduced glutathione was delivered by aerosol to HIV seropositive individuals (n = 14) and the glutathione levels in lung epithelial lining fluid were compared before and at one, two, and three hours after aerosol administration. RESULTS Before treatment total glutathione concentrations in the epithelial lining fluid were approximately 60% of controls. After three days of twice daily doses each of 600 mg reduced glutathione, total glutathione levels in the epithelial lining fluid increased and remained in the normal range for at least three hours after treatment. Strikingly, even though > 95% of the glutathione in the aerosol was in its reduced form, the percentage of oxidised glutathione in epithelial lining fluid increased from 5% before treatment to about 40% three hours after treatment, probably reflecting the use of glutathione as an antioxidant in vivo. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible and safe to use aerosolised reduced glutathione to augment the deficient glutathione levels of the lower respiratory tract of HIV seropositive individuals. It is rational to evaluate further the efficacy of this tripeptide in improving host defence in HIV seropositive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Holroyd
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Watson ME, Moore M. A quantitative assay for trans-activation by HIV-1 Tat, using liposome-mediated DNA uptake and a parallel ELISA system. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:861-7. [PMID: 8257635 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A cellular assay is described in which transient high-level expression of a heterologous reporter gene (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, CAT) driven by the HIV LTR is used to determine trans-activation in a cell line constitutively expressing Tat. The use of a parallel ELISA system to determine effects on expression of CAT and of the neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT) marker gene effectively eliminated sample variability caused by cumulative processing errors or cell culture conditions. In addition the use of cationic liposome-mediated transfection minimized delay between DNA treatment that initiates trans-activation and addition of inhibitors, thereby eliminating background expression levels in treated samples. The assay has the potential to discriminate between inhibition of trans-activation and nonspecific effects such as inhibition of transfection and cytotoxicity. It has been adapted to a 96-well format suitable for high-throughput screening of natural products and synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Watson
- Xenova Limited, Slough, Berkshire, England
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Baur A, Harrer T, Peukert M, Jahn G, Kalden JR, Fleckenstein B. Alpha-lipoic acid is an effective inhibitor of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV-1) replication. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1991; 69:722-4. [PMID: 1724477 DOI: 10.1007/bf01649442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid, a naturally occurring disulfide-compound that acts as a cellular coenzyme, inhibits replication of HIV-1 in cultured lymphoid T-cells. Alpha-lipoic acid was added 16 hours after infection of the T-cell lines Jurkat, SupT1 and Molt-4 with HTLV IIIB and HIV-1 Wal (a wild type HIV-1 isolate). We observed a dose dependent inhibition of HIV-1-replication in CPE (Cytopathic effect) formation, reverse transcriptase activity and plaque formation on CD4-transformed HeLa-cells. An over 90% reduction of reverse transcriptase activity could be achieved with 70 micrograms alpha-lipoic acid/ml, a complete reduction of plaque-forming units at concentrations of greater than or equal to 35 micrograms alpha-lipoic acid/ml. An augmentation of the antiviral activity was seen by combination of zidovudine and low dose of alpha-lipoic acid (7 micrograms/ml). Trypan blue staining revealed no toxic effects of alpha-lipoic acids on peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells and T-cell lines even in concentrations of greater than or equal to 70 micrograms/ml. Therefore, we propose the inclusion of alpha-lipoic acid into chemotherapy trials in combination with zidovudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baur
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
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Abstract
Viral genes capable of inducing vascular tumors in the skin of transgenic mice are the tat gene of HIV-1 and polyoma virus' middle T antigen gene. Instead of vascular tumors, the tat gene of HTLV-I causes thymic atrophy and mesenchymal tumors in transgenic mice. No proof exists that any of these genes contribute to the induction of KS but HIV-1 tat is a strong suspect. The gene product K-FGF of the oncogene K-fgf/hst (int) uses bFGF receptors, is homologous with bFGF and acts as a mitogen for fibroblasts, endothelial cells and melanocytes. The overexpression of the K-fgf gene in KS is not proven unequivocally; some doubts exist suggesting the activation of this gene during the laboratory procedure of transfection with KS cell heavy DNA. Growth factor(s) not well identified (IL-6?) are released from HTLV-I- or II, or HIV-1- or 2-infected T4 lymphocytes and in particular from HIV-1-infected macrophages. This growth factor(s) promote(s) the continuous proliferation of endothelial cells and KS cells. AIDS-KS cells release other growth factors identical with or closely related to basic FGF, a major inducer of angioneogenesis. In addition, acidic FGF, IL-1 alpha and -beta, GM-CSF, PDGF-B and TGF-beta are released from AIDS-KS cells. The release of GM-CSF is induced by IL-1. GM-CSF promotes granulocytic, monocytic and endothelial cell proliferation. TGF-beta is known to suppress lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and may act as a local immunosuppressive factor together with interferon inactivators. We theorize that when TGF-beta production ceases, TNF-beta (lymphotoxin) production switches on leading to programmed cell death (apoptosis) of KS cells resulting in regression of these lesions. The newly discovered angiogenesis factors VEGF/VPF may emerge as protooncogene-oncogene products analogous to PDGF and c-sis activation. AIDS-KS heavy DNA transfects NIH3T3 cells. NIH3T3 cells carrying this gene induced angiosarcomas when implanted in mice. An as yet unidentified large virus (mycoplasma?) was derived from these cells during passages in culture. No causative relationship between this agent and Kaposi sarcoma has as yet been established. Even though IFN-alpha exerts antiretroviral effects in AIDS, we propose that the therapeutic effect of IFN-alpha in AIDS-KS is based on antiangiogenesis activity by suppressing protooncogenes-oncogenes of the FGF family.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Sinkovics
- Department of Medicine and Medical Microbiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa
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Kalebic T, Kinter A, Poli G, Anderson ME, Meister A, Fauci AS. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected monocytic cells by glutathione, glutathione ester, and N-acetylcysteine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:986-90. [PMID: 1704137 PMCID: PMC50939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.3.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of glutathione (GSH), glutathione ester (GSE), and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on the induction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression were investigated in the chronically infected monocytic U1 cell line, a previously described cellular model for HIV latency. U1 cells constitutively express low levels of virus, which can be increased by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and other inducers. GSH, GSE, and NAC suppressed in a dose-dependent fashion the induction of HIV expression mediated by PMA, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, in the absence of cytotoxic or cytostatic effects. Reverse transcriptase activity, inducible by PMA, TNF-alpha, or IL-6, was decreased by 80-90% after pretreatment with GSH, GSE, or NAC. The induction of total HIV protein synthesis was also decreased appreciably after pretreatment with GSH, GSE, or NAC. The accumulation of HIV mRNA was substantially suppressed after pretreatment with NAC but to a lesser extent after pretreatment with GSH or GSE. Although PMA induces the expression of TNF-alpha in U1 cells, the suppressive effect of GSH, GSE, and NAC on PMA-induced HIV expression in U1 cells was not associated with the inhibition of TNF-alpha expression. The present findings, which elucidate relationships between cellular GSH and HIV expression, suggest that therapy with thiols may be of value in the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kalebic
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Chapter 14. Antiviral Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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