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Cai K, Chen J, Liu Y, Khan BM, Zhao Y. Heparin purification by expanded bed anion exchange in a countercurrent chromatography column. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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2
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Hu QY, Fink E, Grant CK, Elder JH. Selective interaction of heparin with the variable region 3 within surface glycoprotein of laboratory-adapted feline immunodeficiency virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115252. [PMID: 25521480 PMCID: PMC4270745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) can act as binding receptors for certain laboratory-adapted (TCA) strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Heparin, a soluble heparin sulfate (HS), can inhibit TCA HIV and FIV entry mediated by HSPG interaction in vitro. In the present study, we further determined the selective interaction of heparin with the V3 loop of TCA of FIV. Our current results indicate that heparin selectively inhibits infection by TCA strains, but not for field isolates (FS). Heparin also specifically interferes with TCA surface glycoprotein (SU) binding to CXCR4, by interactions with HSPG binding sites on the V3 loop of the FIV envelope protein. Peptides representing either the N- or C-terminal side of the V3 loop and containing HSPG binding sites were able to compete away the heparin block of TCA SU binding to CXCR4. Heparin does not interfere with the interaction of SU with anti-V3 antibodies that target the CXCR4 binding region or with the interaction between FS FIV and anti-V3 antibodies since FS SU has no HSPG binding sites within the HSPG binding region. Our data show that heparin blocks TCA FIV infection or entry not only through its competition of HSPG on the cell surface interaction with SU, but also by its interference with CXCR4 binding to SU. These studies aid in the design and development of heparin derivatives or analogues that can inhibit steps in virus infection and are informative regarding the HSPG/SU interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong-Ying Hu
- School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Elizabeth Fink
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Chris K. Grant
- Custom Monoclonals International, Inc., W. Sacramento, California, United States
| | - John H. Elder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States
- * E-mail:
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3
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Ponedel’kina IY, Lukina ES, Odinokov VN. Acid glycosaminoglycans and their chemical modification. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ponedel’kina IY, Odinokov VN, Saitgalina EA, Lukina ES, Dzhemilev UM. Conjugation of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine with heparin. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500808040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Wang J, Rabenstein DL. Interaction of heparin with two synthetic peptides that neutralize the anticoagulant activity of heparin. Biochemistry 2008; 45:15740-7. [PMID: 17176096 PMCID: PMC2527756 DOI: 10.1021/bi061346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two synthetic analogues of the heparin-binding domain of heparin/heparan sulfate-interacting protein (Ac-SRGKAKVKAKVKDQTK-NH2) and the all-d-amino acid version of the same peptide (l-HIPAP and d-HIPAP, respectively) were synthesized, and their efficacy as agents for neutralization of the anticoagulant activity of heparin was assayed. The two analogue peptides were found to be equally effective for neutralization of the anticoagulant activity of heparin, as measured by restoration of the activity of serine protease factor Xa by the Coatest heparin method. The finding that l-HIPAP and d-HIPAP are equally effective suggests that d-amino acid peptides show promise as proteolytically stable therapeutic agents for neutralization of the anticoagulant activity of heparin. The interaction of l-HIPAP and d-HIPAP with heparin was characterized by 1H NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and heparin affinity chromatography. The two peptides were found to interact identically with heparin. Analysis of the dependence of heparin-peptide binding constants on Na+ concentration by counterion condensation theory indicates that, on average, 2.35 Na+ ions are displaced from heparin per peptide molecule bound and one peptide molecule binds per hexasaccharide segment of heparin. The analysis also indicates that both ionic and nonionic interactions contribute to the binding constant, with the ionic contribution decreasing as the Na+ concentration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Fernández C, Hattan CM, Kerns RJ. Semi-synthetic heparin derivatives: chemical modifications of heparin beyond chain length, sulfate substitution pattern and N-sulfo/N-acetyl groups. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1253-65. [PMID: 16712822 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan heparin is a polyanionic polysaccharide most recognized for its anticoagulant activity. Heparin binds to cationic regions in hundreds of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins, termed heparin-binding proteins. The endogenous ligand for many of these heparin-binding proteins is a structurally similar glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulfate (HS). Chemical and biosynthetic modifications of heparin and HS have been employed to discern specific sequences and charge-substitution patterns required for these polysaccharides to bind specific proteins, with the goal of understanding structural requirements for protein binding well enough to elucidate the function of the saccharide-protein interactions and/or to develop new or improved heparin-based pharmaceuticals. The most common modifications to heparin structure have been alteration of sulfate substitution patterns, carboxyl reduction, replacement N-sulfo groups with N-acetyl groups, and chain fragmentation. However, an accumulation of reports over the past 50 years describe semi-synthetic heparin derivatives obtained by incorporating aliphatic, aryl, and heteroaryl moieties into the heparin structure. A primary goal in many of these reports has been to identify heparin-derived structures as new or improved heparin-based therapeutics. Presented here is a perspective on the introduction of non-anionic structural motifs into heparin structure, with a focus on such modifications as a strategy to generate novel reduced-charge heparin-based bind-and-block antagonists of HS-protein interactions. The chemical methods employed to synthesize such derivatives, as well as other unique heparin conjugates, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fernández
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Huang L, Kerns RJ. Diversity-oriented chemical modification of heparin: Identification of charge-reduced N-acyl heparin derivatives having increased selectivity for heparin-binding proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2300-13. [PMID: 16314105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The diversity-oriented chemical modification of heparin is shown to afford charge-reduced heparin derivatives that possess increased selectivity for binding heparin-binding proteins. Variable N-desulfonation of heparin was employed to afford heparin fractions possessing varied levels of free amine. These N-desulfonated heparin fractions were selectively N-acylated with structurally diverse carboxylic acids using a parallel synthesis protocol to generate a library of 133 heparin-derived structures. Screening library members to compare affinity for heparin-binding proteins revealed unique heparin-derived structures possessing increased affinity and selectivity for individual heparin-binding proteins. Moreover, N-sulfo groups in heparin previously shown to be required for heparin to bind specific proteins have been replaced with structurally diverse non-anionic moieties to afford identification of charge-reduced heparin derivatives that bind these proteins with equivalent or increased affinity compared to unmodified heparin. The methods described here outline a process that we feel will be applicable to the systematic chemical modification of natural polyanionic polysaccharides and the preparation of synthetic oligosaccharides to identify charge-reduced high affinity ligands for heparin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusheng Huang
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Burkhard MJ, Hoover EA. IgG from acutely infected cats blocks mucosal feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:87-95. [PMID: 15910995 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown an absence of detectable systemic or local infection in cats exposed to an infectious (100 TCID(50)) feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) plasma inoculum via either the rectal or vaginal mucosa. In contrast, this same plasma inoculum was infectious via parenteral inoculation. Moreover an equivalent dose of cell-free tissue culture-origin virus inoculum infected 100% of cats by either the rectal or vaginal exposure route. To evaluate this phenomena, we used a tissue culture system to identify a heat-stable factor in the plasma of cats acutely (3 weeks) infected with FIV that blocked infection of naive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by either cell-free or cell-associated FIV in vitro. A single application of as little as a 1:200 dilution of either heparinized or Alsevier's anticoagulated plasma effectively inhibited production of FIV p26 in culture over a 21-day co-culture period. Depletion of antibody using a protein A column abrogated the inhibitory effect of FIV plasma against in vitro FIV infection. Co-inoculation of heat-inactivated plasma with 400 TCID(50) FIV-B-2542 cell-free supernatant virus onto the vaginal mucosa of two cats resulted in complete inhibition of infection in one cat and increased time to infection in the second. Thus, antibody found in the plasma of cats acutely infected with FIV blocks cell-associated and cell-free infection, inhibits virus production in previously infected cells, and reduces mucosal transmission efficiency in vivo. Extrapolation may help explain the relatively inefficient mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and other lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Martinez MJA, Olmo LMBD, Benito PB. Antiviral Activities of Polysaccharides from Natural Sources. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2005. [PMCID: PMC7172397 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The ever increasing resistance of human pathogens to current anti-infective agents is a serious medical problem, leading to the need to develop novel antibiotic prototype molecules. In the case of viruses, the search for antiviral agents involves additional difficulties, particularly due to the nature of the infectious viral agents. Thus, many compounds that may cause the death of viruses are also very likely to injure the host cell that harbours them. Natural products are increasingly appreciated as leads for drug discovery and development. Screening studies have been carried out in order to find antiviral agents from natural sources, and the occurrence of antiviral activity in extracts of plants, marine organisms and fungi is frequent. The evidence indicates that there may be numerous potentially useful antiviral phytochemicals in nature, waiting to be evaluated and exploited. In addition, other plants, not previously utilized medicinally, may also reveal antivirals. Among natural antiviral agents, recent investigations have reconsidered the interest of phyto-polysaccharides, which act as potent inhibitors of different viruses. This chapter will illustrate a variety of antiviral polysaccharides from natural sources since 1990, with the aim of making this matter more accessible to drug development
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Bernfield M, Götte M, Park PW, Reizes O, Fitzgerald ML, Lincecum J, Zako M. Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Annu Rev Biochem 2000; 68:729-77. [PMID: 10872465 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2095] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The heparan sulfate on the surface of all adherent cells modulates the actions of a large number of extracellular ligands. Members of both cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan families, the transmembrane syndecans and the glycosylphosphoinositide-linked glypicans, bind these ligands and enhance formation of their receptor-signaling complexes. These heparan sulfate proteoglycans also immobilize and regulate the turnover of ligands that act at the cell surface. The extracellular domains of these proteoglycans can be shed from the cell surface, generating soluble heparan sulfate proteoglycans that can inhibit interactions at the cell surface. Recent analyses of genetic defects in Drosophila melanogaster, mice, and humans confirm most of these activities in vivo and identify additional processes that involve cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms underlying these activities and on the cellular functions that they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernfield
- Division of Developmental and Newborn Biology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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de Martino M, Veneruso G, Gabiano C, Frongia G, Tulisso S, Lombardi E, Tovo PA, Galli L, Vierucci A. Airway resistance and spirometry in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 1997; 24:406-14. [PMID: 9448232 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199712)24:6<406::aid-ppul5>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Airway resistance was measured by the interrupter technique in 54 children [aged 63.8 months (range: 9.1-131.6 months)], with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection and in a control group of 315 gender, height, and race-matched healthy children. In addition, 14 HIV-infected children, aged 75-131 months, had spirometry performed. Resistance was significantly higher in infected children than in controls (0.84 +/- 0.3 vs 0.64 +/- 0.08 kPa x l(-1) x s; t = 9.991; P < 0.0001). Resistance decreased with age in controls (r = -0.95; P < 0.001), but not in infected children (r= -0.22; P = 0.105). Resistance did not correlate with mothers' intravenous drug addiction, perinatal data, T-cell subset numbers, treatment, clinical course, or presence of respiratory complications. Resistance was higher (t = 3.103; P < 0.003) in p24 antigen-positive than in negative children. Thirty-nine children underwent a second evaluation 12.3 months (range 11.1-14 months) after the first. Resistance was higher (t = 3.960; P < 0.0001) at the second evaluation compared to the first. Eight of 14 children had abnormal spirometric measurements. We conclude that perinatal HIV-1 infection is associated with increased airway resistance and often abnormal spirometry. The degree of abnormalities in resistance depends on the duration of the infection rather than on HIV-1-related respiratory complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Martino
- Department of Medicine, University of Chieti, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rostand
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
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Abstract
In human plasma, HIV activates the complement system, even in the absence of specific antibodies. Complement activation would, however, be harmful to the virus if the reactions were allowed to go to completion, since their final outcome would be virolysis. This is avoided by complement regulatory molecules, which either are included in the virus membrane upon budding from the infected cells (e.g. DAF/CD55) or are secondarily attached to HIV envelope glycoproteins as in the case of factor H. By using this strategy of interaction with complement components, HIV takes advantage of human complement activation for enhancement of infectivity, for follicular localization, and for broadening its target cell range at the same time that it displays an intrinsic resistance against the lytic action of human complement. This intrinsic resistance to complement-mediated virolysis can be overcome by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting recruitment of human factor H to the virus surface, suggesting a new therapeutic principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stoiber
- Institut für Hygiene, Innsbruck, Austria.
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