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Oliveira-Filho AB, Frade PCR, Fonseca RRDS, Sawada L, Martins LC, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R, de Lemos JAR, Fischer B, Kupek E. Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889948. [PMID: 35722295 PMCID: PMC9205188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) can be transmitted between humans by mechanisms associated with horizontal and vertical routes. Recently, high prevalence rates and levels of genetic diversity for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected among people who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) in the Brazilian state of Pará. None of the PWUDs with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 were aware of their carrier condition of the retrovirus, and they ability to spread it to their family group, sexual partners, and other contacts. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in families of PWUDs in the state of Pará, in Northern Brazil. This descriptive study used convenience sampling and accessed 37 PWUDs and their respective families (n = 97) in 18 municipalities in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. All participants provided personal data and were tested for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. HTLV positive samples were selected for Nested-PCR, and viral genotyping by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infections were detected in 15 families of PWUDs: 27 family members of PWUDs were infected with HTLV-1 (27.8%) and another 20 of them with HTLV-2 (20.6%). Subtypes 1a [subgroup A (54.5%)], 2b (20.5%), and 2c (25.0%) were detected. High horizontal (76.9%) and vertical (61.4%) transmission rates of HTLV were ascertained. Factors that facilitate the acquisition and transmission of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were reported by the participants, such as long-term relationships, unprotected sex, breastfeeding, and lack of knowledge about the condition of being a carrier of the retrovirus. Evidence indicates intrafamilial transmission of HTLV from PWUDs to members of their respective families. Key interventions should urgently be employed for the control and prevention of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 to reduce the spread of this retrovirus in PWUDs and the general population in Northern Brazil and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho,
| | | | | | - Leila Sawada
- Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Rosadas C, Brites C, Arakaki-Sanchez D, Casseb J, Ishak R. Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e2020605. [PMID: 34008723 PMCID: PMC8210483 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-605-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV). This subject comprises the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. HTLV-1/2 infection is a public health problem globally, and Brazil has the largest number of individuals living with the virus. HTLV-1 causes several clinical manifestations of neoplasm (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) and inflammatory nature, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and other manifestations such as uveitis, arthritis, and infective dermatitis. These pathologies have high morbidity and mortality and negatively impact the quality of life of infected individuals. This review includes relevant information for health authorities professionals regarding viral transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of individuals living with HTLV-1 and 2 in Brazil. HTLV-1/2 transmission can occur through blood transfusion and derivatives, injectable drug use, organ transplantation, unprotected sexual intercourse, and vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Machado LFA, Fonseca RRDS, Queiroz MAF, Oliveira-Filho AB, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. The Epidemiological Impact of STIs among General and Vulnerable Populations of the Amazon Region of Brazil: 30 years of Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050855. [PMID: 34067165 PMCID: PMC8151421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a worldwide public health problem and, although many of them are curable, they continue to be neglected, especially in areas with a low human development index, such as in the northern region of Brazil. This review describes the results of 30 years of studies at the Virus Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará, including the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, HBV, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis among urban and non-urban populations, and also in vulnerable groups in the Brazilian Amazon. Control strategies and challenges in preventing STIs are discussed considering this immense geographic region, where essential health services are unable to reach the entire population, especially the most vulnerable, such as female sex workers, people who use illicit drugs, remnants of quilombolos and indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68.600-000, Brazil;
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
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Rosadas C, Brites C, Arakaki-Sánchez D, Casseb J, Ishak R. [Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e2020605. [PMID: 33729406 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-497420200006000015.esp1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is related to the chapter about human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) that is part of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Health Ministry. HTLV-1/2 infection is a worldwide public health problem and Brazil has the largest number of individuals living with the virus. HTLV-1 causes a variety of clinical manifestations of a neoplastic nature, such as adult leukemia/T-cell lymphoma, and also of an inflammatory nature, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, as well as other manifestations such as uveitis, arthritis and infective dermatitis. These pathologies have high morbidity and mortality and negatively impact the quality of life of infected individuals. This review includes relevant information for health service managers and workers regarding virus transmission modes, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of individuals living with HTLV-1 and 2 in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Londres, Reino Unido
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Ishak R, Guimarães Ishak MDO, Azevedo VN, Machado LFA, Vallinoto IMC, Queiroz MAF, Costa GDLC, Guerreiro JF, Vallinoto ACR. HTLV in South America: Origins of a silent ancient human infection. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa053. [PMID: 33133639 PMCID: PMC7585626 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of the first human retrovirus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), was soon associated with an aggressive lymphoma and a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Later, other associated clinical manifestations were described, affecting diverse target organs in the human body and showing the enormous burden carried by the virus and the associated diseases. The epidemiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 showed that they were largely distributed around the world, although it is possible to locate geographical areas with pockets of low and very high prevalence and incidence. Aboriginal Australians and indigenous peoples of Brazil are examples of the large spread of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, respectively. The epidemiological link of both situations is their occurrence among isolated, epidemiologically closed or semi-closed communities. The origin of the viruses in South America shows two different branches with distinct timing of entry. HTLV-1 made its probable entrance in a more recent route through the east coast of Brazil at the beginning of the slave trade from the African continent, starting in the 16th century and lasting for more than 350 years. HTLV-2 followed the ancient route of human migration from the Asian continent, crossing the Behring Strait and then splitting in South America as the population became separated by the Andes Mountains. By that time, HTLV-2c probably arose and became isolated among the indigenous populations in the Brazilian Amazon. The study of epidemiologically closed communities of indigenous populations in Brazil allowed tracing the most likely route of entry, the generation of a new molecular subtype (HTLV-2c), the elucidation of the vertical transmission of HTLV-2, the intrafamilial aggregation of cases and the escape and spread of the virus to other areas in Brazil and abroad. Despite the burden and impact of both viruses, they are maintained as silent infections among human populations because 1, health authorities in most South American countries in which national surveillance is poor have little interest in the disease, 2, the information is commonly lost as indigenous groups do not have specific policies for HTLV and other sexually transmitted infections, and 3, health access is not feasible or properly delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Vânia Nakauth Azevedo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Izaura Maria Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Greice de Lemos Cardoso Costa
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
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Ishak R, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Vallinoto ACR. The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil. Retrovirology 2020; 17:4. [PMID: 32059740 PMCID: PMC7023703 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 was the first described human retrovirus and was soon found to be associated with severe clinical diseases, including a devastating lymphoma/leukemia and other inflammatory diseases. Although HTLV-2 is not usually pathogenic, it is widely distributed among native Indian populations in Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region of the country. Presently, HTLV spreads mainly by the sexual route and from mother to child, and virus persistence is an active biological factor aiding its transmission. Recently, the use of illicit drugs has been shown to be an additional risk factor, showing the influence of new habits on the epidemiology of HTLV in the region. Despite the detection of the virus in several different populations in the Amazon region of Brazil for almost 30 years, the exact prevalence of HTLV-1/2 is not well defined. The original biases in sampling and the selection of epidemiologically unsuitable populations were commonly repeated in most prevalence studies, generating unreliable and conflicting figures that do not represent the actual prevalence of HTLV. The improvements in clinical and laboratory facilities have resulted in the description of several clinical manifestations that were previously unknown in the region. The extent of the spread of the virus must be defined in this region, which is the largest geographical area of the country. As prophylaxis advances toward the use of vaccines against HTLV-1, it is important to determine who is at risk of being infected and developing a disease to successfully implement preventive measures, particularly as proposals are made to eradicate the virus among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos R Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
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Braço ILJ, de Sá KSG, Waqasi M, Queiroz MAF, da Silva ANR, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Lima SS, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Ishak R, Guerreiro JF, Vallinoto ACR. High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) infection in villages of the Xikrin tribe (Kayapo), Brazilian Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:459. [PMID: 31117977 PMCID: PMC6532245 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that the human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) is endemic in several indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon and molecular analyses have shown the exclusive presence of HTLV-2 subtype 2c among the indigenous groups of this geographical region. Methods The present study characterizes the prevalence of HTLV-2 infection in three new villages of the Xikrin tribe, in the Kayapo group, according to their distribution by sex and age. The study included 263 samples from individuals from the Kateté, Djujeko and Oodjã villages. Plasma samples were tested for the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Seropositive samples were confirmed using real-time PCR, nested PCR and sequencing. Results The serological and molecular results confirmed the sole presence of HTLV-2 in 77 (29%) samples, with a prevalence of 38% among women and 18% among men. In these communities, it was found that the prevalence of HTLV-2 infection increased with age. Nucleotide sequences (642 bp, 5’LTR) from eight samples were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by the neighbor-joining method to determine the viral subtype, which confirmed the presence of HTLV-2c. Conclusions The results of the present study establish the presence of HTLV-2 infection in three new villages of the Xikrin tribe and confirm the high endemicity of the infection in the Kayapo indigenous group of the Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Luís Jocene Braço
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para, Brazil
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Ishak R, Machado LFA, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Guimarães Ishak MDO, Vallinoto ACR. Infectious Agents As Markers of Human Migration toward the Amazon Region of Brazil. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1663. [PMID: 28912770 PMCID: PMC5583215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents are common companions of humans and since ancient times they follow human migration on their search for a better place to live. The study of paleomicrobiology was significantly improved in its accuracy of measurement with the constant development of better methods to detect and analyze nucleic acids. Human tissues are constantly used to trace ancient infections and the association of anthropological evidences are important to confirm the microbiological information. Infectious agents which establish human persistent infections are particularly useful to trace human migrations. In the present article, the evidence of infection by viral agents such as human T-lymphotropic virus 1, human T-lymphotropic virus 2, human herpes virus-8, JC virus, and a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, was described using different methodologies for their detection. Their presence was further used as biomarkers associated with anthropological and other relevant information to trace human migration into the Amazon region of Brazil. The approach also evidenced their microbiological origin, emergence, evolution, and spreading. The information obtained confirms much of the archeological information available tracing ancient and more recent human migration into this particular geographical region. In this article, the paleomicrobiological information on the subject was summarized and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
| | - Luiz F A Machado
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio C R Vallinoto
- Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of ParaBelem, Brazil
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Magri MC, Brigido LFDM, Morimoto HK, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2a strains among HIV type 1-coinfected patients from Brazil have originated mostly from Brazilian Amerindians. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1010-8. [PMID: 23484539 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is found mainly in Amerindians and in intravenous drug users (IDUs) from urban areas of the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Worldwide, HTLV-2a and HTLV-2b subtypes are the most prevalent. Phylogenetic analysis of HTLV-2 isolates from Brazil showed the HTLV-2a subtype, variant -2c, which spread from Indians to the general population and IDUs. The present study searched for the types of HTLV-2 that predominate among HIV-1-coinfected patients from southern and southeastern Brazil. Molecular characterization of the LTR, env, and tax regions of 38 isolates confirmed the HTLV-2c variant in 37 patients, and one HTLV-2b in a patient from Paraguay. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences showed different clades of HTLV-2 associated with risk factors and geographic region. These clades could represent different routes of virus transmission and/or little diverse evolutionary rates of virus. Taking into account the results obtained in the present study and the lack of the prototypic North American HTLV-2a strain and HTLV-2b subtypes commonly detected among HIV-coinfected individuals worldwide, we could speculate on the introduction of Brazilian HTLV-2 strains in such populations before the introduction of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Laboratório de Investigaçõe Médica em Hepatologia por Vírus (LIM-47), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando de Macedo Brigido
- Laboratório de Retrovirus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Departmento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, P.R., Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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Magri MC, Morimoto HK, de Macedo Brígido LF, Rodrigues R, Caterino–de–Araujo A. Long terminal repeat sequence analysis of HTLV-2 molecular variants identified in Southern Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:1327-31. [PMID: 20939687 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is endemic in Amerindians and epidemic in intravenous drug users (IDUs). The long terminal repeat (LTR) is the most divergent genomic region of HTLV-2, therefore useful to characterize subtypes. Nucleotide sequence and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of LTR genomic segments of fourteen HTLV-2 strains isolated from HIV-infected patients of Londrina, Southern Brazil, were carried out. Molecular analysis disclosed that all HTLV-2 strains belonged to 2a subtype, and RFLP detected the presence of the a4, a5, and a6 subgroups according to Switzer's nomenclature. RFLP correlated with nucleotide sequence, and phylogenetic analysis clustered HTLV-2 sequences of IDUs into subgroups a5 and a6. HTLV-2 sequences from individuals of sexual risk factor clustered into the a4 subgroup. These results extend the knowledge of the genetic diversity of HTLV-2 circulating in Brazil and provide insights into HTLV-2 transmission and virus movement in this geographic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas—Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology Department—Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR., Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando de Macedo Brígido
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Rosangela Rodrigues
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino–de–Araujo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas—Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Immunology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
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Santos ELD, Tamegão-Lopes B, Machado LFA, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R, Lemos JARD, Vallinoto ACR. [Molecular characterization of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors in Belém, State of Pará: first description of HTLV-2b subtype in the Amazon region]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:271-6. [PMID: 19684974 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to perform molecular characterization on the human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infecting blood donors attended at the Hematology and Hemotherapy Center-Foundation of Pará. DNA samples from 79 HTLV-seropositive individuals were analyzed by means of the polymerase chain reaction on the pX, env and 5'LTR genomic regions; restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis; and sequencing of the 5'LTR region with subsequent phylogenetic analysis. From this, the HTLV types and subtypes circulating in the study population were defined. There was higher prevalence of HTLV-1 (71%) than of HTLV-2 (29%). HTLV-1 samples were classified as belonging to the Cosmopolitan subtype, Transcontinental subgroup; and the HTLV-2 samples as HTLV-2c. Analysis on the restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the env region and sequencing of the 5'LTR region identified a sample of HTLV-2b, for the first time in the Brazilian Amazon region. This emphasizes the need for ongoing molecular studies in this region, in order to have better understanding of the epidemiology of HTLV transmission in the population, and to enable epidemiological surveillance of the emergence of new types and subtypes.
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Kleine Neto W, Sanabani SS, Jamal LF, Sabino EC. Prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização genética dos vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 e 2 em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 nas Cidades de Ribeirão Preto e São Paulo. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:264-70. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi definir a prevalência dos vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 e 2 em pacientes positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Avaliamos 319 indivíduos atendidos em clínicas de Ribeirão Preto e Capital. Os pacientes foram entrevistados e testados sorologicamente. Foram seqüenciadas as regiões tax e long terminal repeat para diferenciação e determinação do subtipo. A soroprevalência geral foi de 7,5% (24/319) e esteve associada somente com uso de drogas injetáveis e ao vírus da hepatite tipo C (p<0, 001). O genoma viral foi detectado em 13 das 24 amostras, sendo 12 caracterizadas como HTLV-2 subtipo 2c e uma como 1a. Nossos dados mostraram que o uso de drogas injetáveis é um importante fator de risco para a transmissão de HTLV-2 em populações infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1.
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Morimoto HK, Morimoto AA, Reiche EMV, Ueda LT, Matsuo T, Reiche FV, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Difficulties in the diagnosis of HTLV-2 infection in HIV/AIDS patients from Brazil: comparative performances of serologic and molecular assays, and detection of HTLV-2b subtype. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008; 49:225-30. [PMID: 17823751 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic virus type-2 (HTLV-2) infection is based on the search of specific antibodies; nevertheless, several studies conducted in Brazil pointed deficiencies of the commercially available kits in detecting HTLV-2, mostly in HIV/AIDS patients. This study searched for the presence of HTLV-1 and -2 in 758 HIV/AIDS patients from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Serum samples were screened for HTLV-1/2 antibodies using two EIA kits (Vironostika and Murex), and confirmed by WB (HTLV Blot 2.4, Genelabs). The results obtained by EIA disclosed 49 (6.5%) reactive sera: 43 positive by both EIA kits, and six with discordant results. WB confirmed HTLV-1 infection in seven samples (0.9%) and HTLV-2 in 21 sera (2.8%). Negative and indeterminate results were detected in four (0.5%) and 16 (2.1%) sera, respectively. Blood from 47 out of 49 HTLV seroreactive patients were collected and analyzed for the presence of env, LTR and tax genomic segments of HTLVs by PCR. PCR confirmed six cases of HTLV-1 and 37 cases of HTLV-2 infection (14 out of 16 that were found to be WB indeterminate). Restriction analysis of the env PCR products of HTLV-2 disclosed 36 isolates of HTLV-2a/c subtype, and one of HTLV-2b subtype. These results emphasize the need of improving serologic tests for detecting truly HTLV-2 infected patients from Brazil, and confirm the presence of HTLV-2b subtype in the South of this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Departamento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
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