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Kireev D, Kirichenko A, Lebedev A, Bobkova M. Alarming Rise of Primary HIV Drug Resistance in Major Regions of Russia. Curr HIV Res 2023; 21:347-353. [PMID: 38058095 DOI: 10.2174/011570162x271430231201075335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to compare the prevalence of surveillance HIV drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) across the main federal districts of Russia. METHODS A pooled analysis was conducted to examine data on HIV primary drug resistance (HIV PrimDR). The analysis was based on published results primarily from Russian regional clinical and scientific laboratories, covering a span of 20 years. RESULTS The findings indicate that three surveyed regions, namely Central, Far Eastern, and Volga, exhibit a low level of HIV PrimDR prevalence (not exceeding 5%), and this prevalence does not show a tendency to increase. In contrast, three major regions, namely Northwestern, Southern, and Siberian, demonstrate a significant and progressive increase in HIV PrimDR prevalence, with recent values surpassing 10%. CONCLUSION Consequently, it was concluded that a change in the HIV treatment strategy in these regions is imperative, emphasizing the need to expedite the transition to the utilization of secondgeneration integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kireev
- Laboratory for Diagnosis and Molecular Epidemiology of HIV, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Street, 3a, Russia
| | - Alina Kirichenko
- Laboratory for Diagnosis and Molecular Epidemiology of HIV, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Street, 3a, Russia
| | - Aleksey Lebedev
- Lentiviruses Biology laboratory, Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera. Mechnikov of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Maly Kazenny Lane, 5a, Russia
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Lentiviruses Biology laboratory, Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera. Mechnikov of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Maly Kazenny Lane, 5a, Russia
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Rudometova NB, Shcherbakova NS, Shcherbakov DN, Mishenova EV, Delgado E, Ilyichev AA, Karpenko LI, Thomson MM. Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance Mutations in Reverse Transcriptase and Protease Genes of HIV-1 Isolates from Southwestern Siberia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:716-723. [PMID: 33677988 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of a pol gene fragment encoding protease and part of reverse transcriptase was carried out for 55 sera collected in 2016 and 2018 from HIV-1-infected patients diagnosed in 2014-2018 living in the south of Western Siberia, Russia: Altai Territory (n = 11), Republic of Altai (n = 15), Kemerovo region (n = 18), and Novosibirsk region (n = 11). CRF63_02A was the dominant genetic form (>70%) in the Altai Territory and Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions, with subsubtype A6 comprising <30% of samples. In the Altai Republic, subsubtype A6 was predominant (53%), with 33% of viruses belonging to CRF63_02A. Four CRF63_02A/A6 unique recombinant forms were identified in the Altai Territory, Kemerovo Region, and the Altai Republic. A majority (11 of 15) of CRF63_02A viruses from Kemerovo were grouped in a cluster. Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance mutations were found in 6 (14%) of 43 drug-naive patients. This study provides new insights in HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and prevalence of transmitted ARV drug resistance mutations in Southwestern Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Rudometova
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S. Shcherbakova
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbakov
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Elena V. Mishenova
- Budgetary Health Care Institution of the Republic of Altai “Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS”, Gorno-Altaysk, Russia
| | - Elena Delgado
- HIV Biology and Variability Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander A. Ilyichev
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Larisa I. Karpenko
- Department of Bioengineering, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Michael M. Thomson
- HIV Biology and Variability Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Maksimenko LV, Totmenin AV, Gashnikova MP, Astakhova EM, Skudarnov SE, Ostapova TS, Yaschenko SV, Meshkov IO, Bocharov EF, Maksyutov RА, Gashnikova NM. Genetic Diversity of HIV-1 in Krasnoyarsk Krai: Area with High Levels of HIV-1 Recombination in Russia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9057541. [PMID: 32964045 PMCID: PMC7501552 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9057541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
More than a quarter of HIV-infected individuals registered in Russia live in Siberia. Unlike Central Russia where HIV-1 subtype A6 is predominant, in most Siberian regions since 2012, a new HIV-1 CRF63_02A1 genetic variant has spread, with the share of this variant attaining 75-85% among newly identified HIV cases. Krasnoyarsk Krai is considered to be a high-risk territory according to morbidity rate and HIV infection incidence among the population. The current paper aims to study the molecular epidemiologic characteristics of HIV-1 spreading in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses of pol (PR-RT, IN) and env regions of the virus were used for genotyping 159 HIV-1 isolated in Krasnoyarsk Krai. 57.2% of the isolates belonged to subtype A (A6) specific to Russia, 12.6% to CRF63_02A1, and 0.6% to CRF02_AGСА, and in 29.6% HIV-1 URFs were detected, including URF63/А (23.9%), URFА/В (4.4%), and URF02/А (1.3%). In 6 of 7, HIV-1 URFА/В identical recombination model was detected; the origin of 38 URF63/А was proven to be the result of individual recombination events. Since 2015, a share of the population with newly diagnosed HIV who were infected with HIV-1 URF reached an exceptionally high rate of 38.6%. As distinct from adjacent Siberian regions, the HIV-1 CRF63_02A1 prevalence rate in Krasnoyarsk Krai is within 16%; however, the increased contribution of new HIV-1 into the regional epidemic development was observed due to the recombination of viruses of subtypes А, В, and CRF63_02A1. The difference between the described molecular epidemiologic picture in Krasnoyarsk Krai and in adjacent areas is likely caused by differences in predominant routes of HIV transmission and by more recent HIV-1 CRF63_02A1 transmission in the PWID group, which had a high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype A by the time of the new virus transmission, resulting in increased possibility of coinfection with various HIV-1 genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada V. Maksimenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Aleksey V. Totmenin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Mariya P. Gashnikova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | | | - Sergey E. Skudarnov
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS, Krasnoyarsk 660049, Russia
| | - Tatyana S. Ostapova
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS, Krasnoyarsk 660049, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Yaschenko
- Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS, Krasnoyarsk 660049, Russia
| | - Ivan O. Meshkov
- Novosibirsk Tuberculosis Research Institute, Novosibirsk 630040, Russia
| | - Evgeniy F. Bocharov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
| | - Rinat А. Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo 630559, Russia
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Schlösser M, Kartashev VV, Mikkola VH, Shemshura A, Saukhat S, Kolpakov D, Suladze A, Tverdokhlebova T, Hutt K, Heger E, Knops E, Böhm M, Di Cristanziano V, Kaiser R, Sönnerborg A, Zazzi M, Bobkova M, Sierra S. HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A6: Settings for Normalised Identification and Molecular Epidemiology in the Southern Federal District, Russia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040475. [PMID: 32331438 PMCID: PMC7232409 DOI: 10.3390/v12040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Russia has one of the largest and fastest growing HIV epidemics. However, epidemiological data are scarce. Sub-subtype A6 is most prevalent in Russia but its identification is challenging. We analysed protease/reverse transcriptase-, integrase-sequences, and epidemiological data from 303 patients to develop a methodology for the systematisation of A6 identification and to describe the HIV epidemiology in the Russian Southern Federal District. Drug consumption (32.0%) and heterosexual contact (27.1%) were the major reported transmission risks. This study successfully established the settings for systematic identification of A6 samples. Low frequency of subtype B (3.3%) and large prevalence of sub-subtype A6 (69.6%) and subtype G (23.4%) were detected. Transmitted PI- (8.8%) and NRTI-resistance (6.4%) were detected in therapy-naive patients. In therapy-experienced patients, 17.3% of the isolates showed resistance to PIs, 50.0% to NRTI, 39.2% to NNRTIs, and 9.5% to INSTIs. Multiresistance was identified in 52 isolates, 40 corresponding to two-class resistance and seven to three-class resistance. Two resistance-associated-mutations significantly associated to sub-subtype A6 samples: A62VRT and G190SRT. This study establishes the conditions for a systematic annotation of sub-subtype A6 to normalise epidemiological studies. Accurate knowledge on South Russian epidemiology will allow for the development of efficient regional frameworks for HIV-1 infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Schlösser
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Vladimir V. Kartashev
- Russian Southern Federal Center for HIV Control, 344000 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (T.T.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rostov State Medical University, 344022 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia;
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Visa H. Mikkola
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Andrey Shemshura
- Clinical Center of HIV/AIDS of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region, 350015 Krasnodar, Russia;
| | - Sergey Saukhat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rostov State Medical University, 344022 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy Kolpakov
- Russian Southern Federal Center for HIV Control, 344000 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Alexandr Suladze
- Russian Southern Federal Center for HIV Control, 344000 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatiana Tverdokhlebova
- Russian Southern Federal Center for HIV Control, 344000 Rostov-na-Donu, Russia; (V.V.K.); (D.K.); (A.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Katharina Hutt
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Eva Heger
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Elena Knops
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Michael Böhm
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Department of General Virology, Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Saleta Sierra
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany; (M.S.); (V.H.M.); (K.H.); (E.H.); (E.K.); (M.B.); (V.D.C.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-4788-5807
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5
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Neshumaev D, Lebedev A, Malysheva M, Boyko A, Skudarnov S, Ozhmegova E, Antonova A, Kazennova E, Bobkova M. Molecular Surveillance of HIV-1 Infection in Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia: Epidemiology, Phylodynamics and Phylogeography. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:114-125. [PMID: 31210113 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190618155816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The information about the dynamics of the viral population and migration events that affect the epidemic in different parts of the Russia is insufficient. Possibly, the huge size of the country and limited transport accessibility to certain territories may determine unique traits of the HIV-1 evolutionary history in different regions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the Krasnoyarsk region and reconstruct spatial-temporal dynamics of the infection in the region. METHODS The demographic and virologic data from 281 HIV-infected individuals in Krasnoyarsk region collected during 2011-2016 were analyzed. The time to the most recent common ancestor, evolutionary rates, population growth, and ancestral geographic movements was estimated using Bayesian coalescent-based methods. RESULTS The study revealed moderate diversity of the HIV-1 subtypes found in the region, which included A6 (92.3%), CRF063_02A (4.3%), B (1.1%), and unique recombinants (2.5%). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the A6 subtype was introduced into Krasnoyarsk region by one viral lineage, which arose around 1996.9 (1994.5-1999.5). The phylogeography analysis pointed to Krasnoyarsk city as the geographical center of the epidemic, which further spread to central neighboring districts of the region. At least two epidemic growth phases of subtype A6 were identified which included exponential growth in early-2000s followed by the decline in the mid/late 2010s. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a change in the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the Krasnoyarsk region. At the beginning of the epidemic, subtype A6 prevailed, subtypes B and CRF063_02A appeared in the region later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Neshumaev
- Krasnoyarsk Regional AIDS Centre, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey Lebedev
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Malysheva
- Krasnoyarsk Regional AIDS Centre, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly Boyko
- Krasnoyarsk Regional AIDS Centre, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Skudarnov
- Krasnoyarsk Regional AIDS Centre, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Ozhmegova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Antonova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Kazennova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Bobkova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis Formation via ROS-Dependent Upregulation of Twist. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6016278. [PMID: 31885806 PMCID: PMC6915010 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6016278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-induced immune suppression results in the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS-associated malignancies including Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. HIV-infected people are also at an increased risk of “non-AIDS-defining” malignancies not directly linked to immune suppression but associated with viral infections. Their incidence is increasing despite successful antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we obtained daughter clones of murine mammary gland adenocarcinoma 4T1luc2 cells expressing consensus reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 subtype A FSU_A strain (RT_A) with and without primary mutations of drug resistance. In in vitro tests, mutations of resistance to nucleoside inhibitors K65R/M184V reduced the polymerase, and to nonnucleoside inhibitors K103N/G190S, the RNase H activities of RT_A. Expression of these RT_A variants in 4T1luc2 cells led to increased production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, enhanced cell motility in the wound healing assay, and upregulation of expression of Vimentin and Twist. These properties, particularly, the expression of Twist, correlated with the levels of expression RT_A and/or the production of ROS. When implanted into syngeneic BALB/C mice, 4T1luc2 cells expressing nonmutated RT_A demonstrated enhanced rate of tumor growth and increased metastatic activity, dependent on the level of expression of RT_A and Twist. No enhancement was observed for the clones expressing mutated RT_A variants. Plausible mechanisms are discussed involving differential interactions of mutated and nonmutated RTs with its cellular partners involved in the regulation of ROS. This study establishes links between the expression of HIV-1 RT, production of ROS, induction of EMT, and enhanced propagation of RT-expressing tumor cells. Such scenario can be proposed as one of the mechanisms of HIV-induced/enhanced carcinogenesis not associated with immune suppression.
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Kazennova EV, Laga VY, Gromov KB, Sankov MN, Popova ES, Lgumnova EG, Oparina EN, Sorokina TA, Bobkova MR. [Molecular epidemiological analysis of hiv infection in northern seaports of Russia]. Vopr Virusol 2018; 62:154-161. [PMID: 29733164 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-4-154-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The results of the molecular-epidemiological analysis of HIV-1 variants circulating in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk - northern seaports of Russia - were presented. In these seaports the HIV-1 variants belonging to subtype A1 were predominant (93% in Murmansk, 83% in Arkhangelsk). In addition to these variants, viruses of other subtypes such as B, C, D and recombinant forms CRF02_AG and CRF03_AB were identifed. The heterogeneity of circulating HIV-1 variants was higher in Arkhangelsk than in Murmansk. According to the results of phylogenetic analysis, subtype A1 sequences formed the common branch with nucleotide sequences of IDU-A strains found in other regions of Russia. HIV-1 variants of subtype B sub-clustered with sequences of East European B-variants. The recombinant strains CRF02_AG formed the common branch with HIV-1 sequences from Central Asia republics of the former USSR. Among 124 therapy-naive patients from Arkhangelsk and Murmansk (n = 124) the transmitted resistance was less than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kazennova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - V Yu Laga
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - K B Gromov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - M N Sankov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - E S Popova
- Arkhangelsk Clinical Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russian Federation
| | - E G Lgumnova
- Arkhangelsk Clinical Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russian Federation
| | - E N Oparina
- Arkhangelsk Clinical Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russian Federation
| | - T A Sorokina
- Arkhangelsk Clinical Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russian Federation
| | - M R Bobkova
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology «Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya», Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
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8
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Kazennova E, Laga V, Gromov K, Lebedeva N, Zhukova E, Pronin A, Grezina L, Dement'eva N, Shemshura A, Bobkova M. Genetic Variants of HIV Type 1 in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Russia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:1061-1064. [PMID: 28443684 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The men who have sex with men (MSM) population infected with HIV is poorly studied in Russia because of stigma and discrimination. In the first years of the HIV epidemic, the only HIV genetic variant that circulated among MSM was subtype B, usually acquired abroad. Meanwhile, the massive epidemic of HIV in Russia was caused by a highly homogenic subtype A variant, AFSU (A6), and spread mainly among drug users. In this study, 155 HIV pol sequences from MSM collected during the 2006-2016 period were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis found that 19.4% of the viral sequences from MSM clustered with HIV genetic variants A6 and BFSU, which were previously identified only among drug users and their heterosexual partners. These data show that the MSM population in Russia is gradually becoming less isolated from the general epidemic process. Urgent measures should be taken to prevent the spread of HIV among the MSM population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kazennova
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vita Laga
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Gromov
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina Bobkova
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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HIV-1 Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Primary Drug Resistance in the Tyumen Oblast, Russia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2496280. [PMID: 27957489 PMCID: PMC5124469 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2496280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Specific molecular epidemic features of HIV infection in Tyumen Oblast (TO), Russia, were studied. Methods. The genome sequences encoding HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase, integrase, and major envelope protein were examined for 72 HIV-1 specimens isolated from the TO resident infected in 2000-2015. Results. The recorded prevalence of HIV-1 subtype A (A1) is 93.1%; HIV-1 subtype B continues to circulate in MSM risk group (1.4%). Solitary instances of HIV-1 recombinant forms, CRF63_02A1 (1.4%) and CRF03_AB (1.4%), were detected as well as two cases of HIV-1 URF63_A1 (2.8%). Phylogenetic analysis showed no HIV-1 clustering according to the duration of infection and risk groups but revealed different epidemic networks confirming that HIV infection spread within local epidemic foci. A high incidence of CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 variants and a higher rate of secondary mutations influencing the virus fitness (K20R, L10V, and I) are observed among the virus specimens isolated from newly infected individuals. Conclusions. The current HIV-1 epidemic in TO develops within the local epidemic networks. Similar to the previous period, HIV-1 subtype A is predominant in TO with sporadic cases of importation of HIV-1 recombinant forms circulating in adjacent areas.
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Nikolopoulos GK, Kostaki EG, Paraskevis D. Overview of HIV molecular epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe and Asia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:256-268. [PMID: 27287560 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
HIV strains continuously evolve, tend to recombine, and new circulating variants are being discovered. Novel strains complicate efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV and may exhibit higher transmission efficiency and virulence, and elevated resistance to antiretroviral agents. The United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) set an ambitious goal to end HIV as a public health threat by 2030 through comprehensive strategies that include epidemiological input as the first step of the process. In this context, molecular epidemiology becomes invaluable as it captures trends in HIV evolution rates that shape epidemiological pictures across several geographical areas. This review briefly summarizes the molecular epidemiology of HIV among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Europe and Asia. Following high transmission rates of subtype G and CRF14_BG among PWID in Portugal and Spain, two European countries, Greece and Romania, experienced recent HIV outbreaks in PWID that consisted of multiple transmission clusters including subtypes B, A, F1, and recombinants CRF14_BG and CRF35_AD. The latter was first identified in Afghanistan. Russia, Ukraine, and other Former Soviet Union (FSU) states are still facing the devastating effects of epidemics in PWID produced by AFSU (also known as IDU-A), BFSU (known as IDU-B), and CRF03_AB. In Asia, CRF01_AE and subtype B (Western B and Thai B) travelled from PWID in Thailand to neighboring countries. Recombination hotspots in South China, Northern Myanmar, and Malaysia have been generating several intersubtype and inter-CRF recombinants (e.g. CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, CRF33_01B etc.), increasing the complexity of HIV molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K Nikolopoulos
- Hellenic Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Amarousio, Greece; Hellenic Scientific Society for the Study of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Transmission Reduction Intervention Project-Athens site, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia-Georgia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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A uniquely prevalent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutation in Russian subtype A HIV-1 viruses. AIDS 2014; 28:F1-8. [PMID: 25259833 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subtype A variant in the Former Soviet Union (A(FSU)) causes most of Russia's HIV-1 infections. However, the spectrum of drug-resistance mutations (DRMs) in antiretroviral experienced patients with this variant has not been studied. METHODS Between 2010 and 2013, genotypic resistance testing was performed on plasma samples from 366 antiretroviral-experienced patients in Siberia. RESULTS Three-hundred patients (82%) had subtype A(FSU) and 55 (15%) had CRF02_AG viruses. The pattern of DRMs was consistent with patient antiretroviral history with one exception. G190S was the most common nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance mutation, occurring in 55 (33%) subtype A(FSU) viruses from 167 NNRTI-experienced patients compared with none of 37 CRF02_AG viruses from NNRTI-experienced patients (P < 0.001). The next most common subtype A(FSU) NNRTI-resistance mutation, K103N, occurred in 25 (15%) viruses. Wild-type glycine (G) at position 190 is encoded by GGC in more than 99% of published A(FSU) strains. By contrast, G190 is encoded by GGA or GGG in 97% of other subtypes and in subtype A strains outside of the FSU. Therefore, G190S results from a single G→A transition: G (GGC) → S (AGC) almost exclusively in subtype A(FSU) viruses. CONCLUSION The predisposition of subtype A(FSU) to G190S is concerning because G→A is the most common HIV-1 mutation and because G190S causes higher levels of nevirapine and efavirenz resistance than K103N. This study exemplifies the need for characterizing the genetic mechanisms of resistance in diverse populations and warrants studies to verify that NRTI/NNRTI regimens are as efficacious in treating subtype A(FSU) as viruses belonging to other subtypes.
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Shadrina O, Krotova O, Agapkina J, Knyazhanskaya E, Korolev S, Starodubova E, Viklund A, Lukashov V, Magnani M, Medstrand P, Karpov V, Gottikh M, Isaguliants M. Consensus HIV-1 subtype A integrase and its raltegravir-resistant variants: design and characterization of the enzymatic properties. Biochimie 2014; 102:92-101. [PMID: 24594066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Model studies of the subtype B and non-subtype B integrases are still required to compare their susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs, evaluate the significance of resistance mutations and identify the impact of natural polymorphisms on the level of enzymatic reactivity. We have therefore designed the consensus integrase of the HIV-1 subtype A strain circulating in the former Soviet Union territory (FSU-A) and two of its variants with mutations of resistance to the strand transfer inhibitor raltegravir. Their genes were synthesized, and expressed in E coli; corresponding His-tagged proteins were purified using the affinity chromatography. The enzymatic properties of the consensus integrases and their sensitivity to raltegravir were examined in a series of standard in vitro reactions and compared to the properties of the integrase of HIV-1 subtype B strain HXB2. The consensus enzyme demonstrated similar DNA-binding properties, but was significantly more active than HXB-2 integrase in the reactions of DNA cleavage and integration. All integrases were equally susceptible to inhibition by raltegravir and elvitegravir, indicating that the sporadic polymorphisms inherent to the HXB-2 enzyme have little effect on its susceptibility to drugs. Insensitivity of the mutated enzymes to the inhibitors of strand transfer occurred at a cost of a 30-90% loss of the efficacies of both 3'-processing and strand transfer. This is the first study to describe the enzymatic properties of the consensus integrase of HIV-1 clade A and the effects of the resistance mutations when the complex actions of sporadic sequence polymorphisms are excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shadrina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physical Chemical Biology and Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1/40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krotova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilov str 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleja str 16, 123098 Moscow, Russia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Agapkina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physical Chemical Biology and Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1/40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Knyazhanskaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physical Chemical Biology and Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1/40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Korolev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physical Chemical Biology and Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1/40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Starodubova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilov str 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alecia Viklund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Lukashov
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleja str 16, 123098 Moscow, Russia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino "Carla Bo", Via Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Patrik Medstrand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vadim Karpov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilov str 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gottikh
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physical Chemical Biology and Chemistry Department, Leninskie gory 1/40, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria Isaguliants
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleja str 16, 123098 Moscow, Russia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ross LL, Horton J, Hasan S, Brown JR, Murphy D, DeJesus E, Potter M, LaMarca A, Melendez-Rivera I, Ward D, Uy J, Shaefer MS. HIV-1 transmission patterns in antiretroviral therapy-naïve, HIV-infected North Americans based on phylogenetic analysis by population level and ultra-deep DNA sequencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89611. [PMID: 24586911 PMCID: PMC3935917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors that contribute to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), especially drug-resistant HIV-1 variants remain a significant public health concern. In-depth phylogenetic analyses of viral sequences obtained in the screening phase from antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected patients seeking enrollment in EPZ108859, a large open-label study in the USA, Canada and Puerto Rico (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00440947) were examined for insights into the roles of drug resistance and epidemiological factors that could impact disease dissemination. Viral transmission clusters (VTCs) were initially predicted from a phylogenetic analysis of population level HIV-1 pol sequences obtained from 690 antiretroviral-naïve subjects in 2007. Subsequently, the predicted VTCs were tested for robustness by ultra deep sequencing (UDS) using pyrosequencing technology and further phylogenetic analyses. The demographic characteristics of clustered and non-clustered subjects were then compared. From 690 subjects, 69 were assigned to 1 of 30 VTCs, each containing 2 to 5 subjects. Race composition of VTCs were significantly more likely to be white (72% vs. 60%; p = 0.04). VTCs had fewer reverse transcriptase and major PI resistance mutations (9% vs. 24%; p = 0.002) than non-clustered sequences. Both men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) (68% vs. 48%; p = 0.001) and Canadians (29% vs. 14%; p = 0.03) were significantly more frequent in VTCs than non-clustered sequences. Of the 515 subjects who initiated antiretroviral therapy, 33 experienced confirmed virologic failure through 144 weeks while only 3/33 were from VTCs. Fewer VTCs subjects (as compared to those with non-clustering virus) had HIV-1 with resistance-associated mutations or experienced virologic failure during the course of the study. Our analysis shows specific geographical and drug resistance trends that correlate well with transmission clusters defined by HIV sequences of similarity. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the utility of molecular and epidemiological analysis of VTCs for identifying population-specific risks associated with HIV-1 transmission and developing effective local healthcare strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Ross
- ViiV HealthCare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph Horton
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - James R. Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Edwin DeJesus
- Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Potter
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anthony LaMarca
- Therafirst Medical Center, Ft Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Douglas Ward
- Dupont Circle Physicians Group, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jonathon Uy
- Amicus Therapeutics, Cranbury, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Shaefer
- ViiV HealthCare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Krotova O, Starodubova E, Petkov S, Kostic L, Agapkina J, Hallengärd D, Viklund A, Latyshev O, Gelius E, Dillenbeck T, Karpov V, Gottikh M, Belyakov IM, Lukashov V, Isaguliants MG. Consensus HIV-1 FSU-A integrase gene variants electroporated into mice induce polyfunctional antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62720. [PMID: 23667513 PMCID: PMC3648577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective is to create gene immunogens targeted against drug-resistant HIV-1, focusing on HIV-1 enzymes as critical components in viral replication and drug resistance. Consensus-based gene vaccines are specifically fit for variable pathogens such as HIV-1 and have many advantages over viral genes and their expression-optimized variants. With this in mind, we designed the consensus integrase (IN) of the HIV-1 clade A strain predominant in the territory of the former Soviet Union and its inactivated derivative with and without mutations conferring resistance to elvitegravir. Humanized IN gene was synthesized; and inactivated derivatives (with 64D in the active site mutated to V) with and without elvitegravir-resistance mutations were generated by site-mutagenesis. Activity tests of IN variants expressed in E coli showed the consensus IN to be active, while both D64V-variants were devoid of specific activities. IN genes cloned in the DNA-immunization vector pVax1 (pVaxIN plasmids) were highly expressed in human and murine cell lines (>0.7 ng/cell). Injection of BALB/c mice with pVaxIN plasmids followed by electroporation generated potent IFN-γ and IL-2 responses registered in PBMC by day 15 and in splenocytes by day 23 after immunization. Multiparametric FACS demonstrated that CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of gene-immunized mice stimulated with IN-derived peptides secreted IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. The multi-cytokine responses of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells correlated with the loss of in vivo activity of the luciferase reporter gene co-delivered with pVaxIN plasmids. This indicated the capacity of IN-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells to clear IN/reporter co-expressing cells from the injection sites. Thus, the synthetic HIV-1 clade A integrase genes acted as potent immunogens generating polyfunctional Th1-type CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Generation of such response is highly desirable for an effective HIV-1 vaccine as it offers a possibility to attack virus-infected cells via both MHC class I and II pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krotova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, Russia
- WA Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Starodubova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- WA Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefan Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Kostic
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Agapkina
- WA Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - David Hallengärd
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alecia Viklund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Vadim Karpov
- WA Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Gottikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor M. Belyakov
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Lukashov
- DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria G. Isaguliants
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Caplinskas S, Loukachov VV, Gasich EL, Gilyazova AV, Caplinskiene I, Lukashov VV. Distinct HIV type 1 strains in different risk groups and the absence of new infections by drug-resistant strains in Lithuania. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013. [PMID: 23186249 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze HIV-1 genotypes in Lithuania and the transmission of drug-resistant viruses, HIV-1 sequences were obtained from 138 individuals, who were diagnosed as HIV-1 infected in 1990-2008 and represented all major risk groups. Subtype A strains, dominating in the former Soviet Union (90% of cases), were found in 60% of individuals, followed by subtype B (22%) and CRF03_AB (12%) strains. The remaining 7% of the strains included variants belonging to subtype C, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, more complex recombinant forms, and strains that could not be reliably genotyped. Analysis of virus genotypes per risk group revealed the circulation of distinct HIV-1 strains in different risk groups: subtype A viruses were present in 82% of injecting drug users (IDUs), but less than a half of heterosexually infected individuals and cases with unknown transmission route, and none of men having sex with men (MSM). We observed no mutations causing drug resistance among 27 newly diagnosed HIV-1 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulius Caplinskas
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS and Faculty of Social Policy, University of Mykolas Romeris, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vladimir V. Loukachov
- Faculties of Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena L. Gasich
- Department of Clinical Virology, Republican Research Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alla V. Gilyazova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irma Caplinskiene
- Centre for Communicable Diseases and AIDS and Faculty of Social Policy, University of Mykolas Romeris, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vladimir V. Lukashov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Transmission of risk-group specific HIV-1 strains among Dutch drug users for more than 20 years and their replacement by nonspecific strains after switching to low-harm drug practices. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62:234-8. [PMID: 23117501 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318279734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize HIV-1 epidemiological networks of men having sex with men (MSM) and drug users (DUs) in the Netherlands for >30 years. DESIGN AND METHODS Previously, we demonstrated different origin of the HIV-1 epidemics in Dutch MSM and DUs. To achieve the study objectives, risk group-specific genetic markers in the pol gene were examined in 315 participants of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV/AIDS who were registered as HIV-1 infected in 1981-2011. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated circulation of distinct virus strains in the 2 networks, with 98% of viruses of MSM clustering together and apart from strains of 73% DUs. Nine genetic markers that significantly distinguished virus strains specific for DUs were identified, of which 3 were ≥90% conserved. Over the total observation period, only 6% of viruses (4 of MSM and 14 of DUs) clustered with those of the other risk group. Among these sequences, the 3 most conserved genetic markers of that other risk group were 87% conserved.All 4 cases of DU-specific viruses among MSM occurred in 1980s-early 1990s. Viruses nonspecific for DUs were causing new infections among DUs at the rate of 20% till 2002 and replaced DU-specific strains among new infections thereafter, coinciding with switching of DUs to low-harm drug practices. CONCLUSIONS Dutch MSM and DUs have remained separate epidemiological networks for decades, despite their geographical and behavioral overlap. Switching to low-harm drug practices among DUs resulted in new infections caused by HIV-1 strains originating from other risk groups.
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Balode D, Westman M, Kolupajeva T, Rozentale B, Albert J. Low prevalence of transmitted drug resistance among newly diagnosed HIV-1 patients in Latvia. J Med Virol 2011; 82:2013-8. [PMID: 20981787 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is a concern because it may reduce the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment. Plasma samples of 119 HIV-1-infected patients who were newly diagnosed at the Infectology Center of Latvia in 2005 and 2006 were analyzed by an in-house genotypic resistance assay to determine the prevalence of TDR in Latvia. TDR was identified using the WHO 2009 list of mutations for surveillance of TDR as implemented in the Stanford Calibrated Population Resistance tool. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analyses were used to determine genetic subtype and investigate the relatedness of the sequences. Resistance testing was successful in 117 of 119 patients. The study population represented ∼20% of all patients that were diagnosed in Latvia in 2005 and 2006 and was well distributed between gender, transmission routes, and areas of residence. Four patients showed evidence of TDR, which represents a prevalence of TDR of 3.4% (95% CI: 0.9-8.5%). All four patients displayed single, but different resistance mutations (M46I, F53L, M41L, and G190A). All patients, except one, were predicted to respond well to standard first-line therapy in Latvia. The prevalence of TDR in Latvia was low, which partly may be due to the low proportion of HIV-1 patients who receive antiretroviral therapy. The results indicate that routine resistance testing in Latvia currently should be focused on patients who display treatment failure, rather than treatment naive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Balode
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
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Avi R, Huik K, Pauskar M, Ustina V, Karki T, Krispin T, Ainsalu K, Paap P, Schmidt J, Nikitina N, Lutsar I. Emerging transmitted drug resistance in treatment-naïve human immunodeficiency virus-1 CRF06_cpx-infected patients in Estonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 43:122-8. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2010.526956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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